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IRISYS ConfidentialIRISYS Confidential
Thermal Imaging
Training
IRISYS Confidential
IRISYS History
• Established April 1996.
• Low cost, multi-element arrays for commercial markets.
• Market areas– People counters and detectors
– Thermal imagers
IRISYS Confidential
Field of View (60 deg lens) What the Sensor ‘Sees’
People Sensing
x
xx
IRISYS Confidential
Thermal Imaging
IRISYS Confidential
Infrared Theory
IRISYS Confidential
Heat Transmission
• In Measurement/manufacture:
Temperature – most measured variable
• Heat transmitted by:-
Conduction
Convection
RadiationHere we are concerned with radiation
IRISYS Confidential
IRISYS Confidential
InfraRed Discovered
In 1800 Sir William Herschel tested the relationship of radiated heat and light.
He split white light into a spectrum and, masking all the colours but one, measured the individual temperatures of each color.
He found the red end of the spectrum was hotter than the violet end, but also found that an area where he could see no colour, next to the red end of the spectrum, was hotter than the rest of the spectrum.
He called this invisible area infrared or "below the red".
IRISYS Confidential
Electromagnetic Spectrum
ultrav
iolet
Gamma
rays
X-rays
Visible
infra
red
microwave Radio
Visible
VIBGYOR
Infrared
IR spectrum expanded
0.4µm 0.7µm 4 µm 14 µm 100µm
Region of interest
IRISYS Confidential
Measuring Temperature
• Radiated heat is electro-magnetic radiation in the infra red band of the spectrum
• Absolute zero is -273oC • All objects radiate thermal energy above
absolute zero• As an object becomes hotter, its molecular
activity increases, and it radiates more energy
IRISYS Confidential
IRISYS Confidential
Stefan - Boltzmann Law
• Basic relationship between emitted energy, E, and temperature, T, (= Stephan-Boltzmann Constant)
• Emitted radiation increases with temperature
• Proportional to: (absolute temperature)4
• Emitted radiation depends on emissivity
IRISYS Confidential
Energy Plot – Scale 1
0.0
0.10.2
0.30.4
0.5
0.60.7
0.80.9
1.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Wavelangth (m)
En
erg
y 1000
500
200
100
50
20
Temp.(°C)
IRISYS Confidential
Energy Plot – Scale 2
0.0
1.02.0
3.04.0
5.0
6.07.0
8.09.0
10.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Wavelangth (m)
En
erg
y 1000
500
200
100
50
20
Temp.(°C)
IRISYS Confidential
Energy Plot – Scale 3
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Wavelangth (m)
En
erg
y 1000
500
200
100
50
20
Temp.(°C)
IRISYS Confidential
Atmospheric Transmission• Bulk of thermal energy, at ambient temperatures, is in the 5 to 14 micrometer region.
• Atmospheric absorption splits this region into a number of bands (IRI 4010 uses the 8 – 14 micrometer Long Wave band).
IRISYS Confidential
Stefan - Boltzmann Law
• Relationship between emitted energy, E, and temperature, T, must include emissivity ε(= Stephan-Boltzmann Constant)
• For real objects, emitted radiation depends on emissivity
E = T 4
IRISYS Confidential
Emissivity - ε
• Emissivity (ε) is the ratio of energy radiated by an object to the energy radiated by a perfect radiator or blackbody.
• A Black Body has an ε of 1.
• Other objects have ε of less than 1.
• All ε values are between 0 and 1.
IRISYS Confidential
IRISYS Confidential
Kirchhoff’s Law
+ + = 1
• The imager “sees” all three components• The sum of the radiation leaving the surface of an object = 1
Emitted
Transmitted
Reflected
IRISYS Confidential
Rule of Thumb
Emissivity + reflectivity + transmissivity = 1
Objects with
Low emissivity
usually have
High reflectivity
(as few common materials transmit IR)
IRISYS Confidential
Emissivities
Typical emissivities:
• 0.98 = Carbon - filed surface
• 0.64 = Iron - cast oxidised
• 0.05 = Aluminium - polished sheet
• Temperatures of low emissivity objects are difficult to measure accurately
IRISYS Confidential
IR Transmitters
• Germanium
• NaCl (Sodium Chloride)
• Saphire
• Vacuum
• Air
• Zinc Selenide
• Thin Plastics
IRISYS Confidential
Surface Roughness
• Emissivity will increase on a microscopic scale as well
• Roughing a surface will increase emissivity– Sandblasting– Roughing with sandpaper
IRISYS Confidential
Emissivity
• Emissivity is not related to colour. • The coloured labels below are all at the same
temperature
IRISYS Confidential
Emissivity
• A sharp thermal edge on an object in a thermal image is likely to be due to a change of emissivity, as temperature differences usually have a smooth temperature gradient.
Emissivity change Temperature change
IRISYS Confidential
Estimating Emissivity
• Unknown emissivity values can be estimated.• Stick high emissivity labels or electrical tape to the
object of unknown emissivity. Do this carefully if the object is hot. Give the label time to come into thermal equilibrium with the object.
IRISYS Confidential
Estimating Emissivity• Add 2 measurement cursors to the image.• Put 1 on the label, and 1 on the object.• Set emissivity = 1 and record the temperature of the label
(e.g. 60.4°C).
IRISYS Confidential
Estimating Emissivity• Set the RTC (Reflected Temperature Compensation).• Reduce the emissivity until cursor 2 measures similar to
the value recorded before (e.g. 60.6°C).• The emissivity of the object is approximately the value at
which this happens (e.g. 0.77).
IRISYS Confidential
Measuring Low Emissivity Objects
• Coat object with high emissivity material– Paint– Tape
• Take temperature readings from corroded, dirty, rough areas
• Take temperature readings from high emissivity object in contact with target
IRISYS Confidential
Reflected Temperature Compensation - 1
1. Reflected Energy
2. Transmitted Energy
3. Emitted Energy
The imager “sees”:
IRISYS Confidential
Reflected Temperature Compensation - 2The temperature information is given in the emitted radiation, but the imager also “sees” the reflected and transmitted components.
Most materials are opaque to infrared, so we can usually ignore the transmitted energy.
However, many materials (with low emissivity) reflect infrared radiation.
Therefore with these materials we must make a “reflected temperature compensation” (RTC).
IRISYS Confidential
Reflected Temperature Compensation - 3
As the imager is seeing some reflected radiation when looking at objects with emissivity less than 1, it is important to input the reflected temperature of the background.
This temperature can often be input as the ambient temperature, but it may be different if hot or cold objects are in the scene opposite the target object.
The RTC is entered into the imager in the imager’s “measurement settings” submenu.
Reflected Temperature Compensation
IRISYS Confidential
Circular Objects• Radiation varies with angle, so temperatures are
best measured perpendicularly.• Edges of rounded objects can appear colder than
they really are.
IRISYS Confidential
Circular Objects
IRISYS Confidential
IMAGER
FIELD OF VIEW
IRISYS Confidential
Correct temperature measurement
incorrect temperature measurement
incorrect temperature measurement
IRISYS Confidential
IFOV
The “Instantaneous Field of View” is the angle per pixel in mRad.
20°/160 pixels = 0.125 degrees per pixelThis is 0.125 * 2π/360 radians per pixel
The IRI 4010’s IFOV = 2.2 mRad
IRISYS Confidential
FOV Table
IRISYS Confidential
D-S Ratio
tan(20/160) = X/1
X = 0.00218m (2mm @ 1m)
1/X = 458
The IRI 4010’s Distance to Spot ratio is 458:1
Distance to Spot Ratio
IRISYS Confidential
Load CorrectionWhat if during measurements, the load is only 50%? How can you tell
what will happen at full load?
P = I2R
so R = P/I2, and R is constant for a particular component
Pmeas is radiation measured using the imager
Imeas is measured using a multimeter
Imax is the maximum possible load on the component
Pmeas/I2meas = Pmax/I2
max
So Pmax = Pmeas*(I2max/I2
meas)
You can estimate the heat of a component when fully loaded
IRISYS Confidential
Basic Temperature Measurement
• Set the emissivity to 1.00
• Measure the reflected temperature
• Enter the reflected temperature
• Set the target emissivity
• Measure the temperature
IRISYS Confidential
Before You Begin…
• Check that your battery has been inserted:
• Also check that it has been charged:
• Remove the lens cap:
IRISYS Confidential
Power Button:
Press and hold for 2 seconds to switch on / off.
Power
IRISYS Confidential
Calibration
When switching on, the IRI 4010 displays the time and date. If this is not correct, set it immediately (in the menus) so saved images are date-stamped correctly.
The software version number is also displayed
IRISYS Confidential
Default Screen
Once the imager has begun imaging, the screen will be displayed with the following features (clockwise from top left):
SP+ measurementBattery indicatorEmissivity valueTemperature unitsMax span indicatorThermometerMin span indicator4 Hot Button labelsSP+ cursor (centre)
IRISYS Confidential
Controls:
Hotkey 1: Controls the 2x digital zoom function.
Hotkey 2: Controls the freeze and save image functions.
Hotkey 3: Dictates the operation of the directional buttons (up, down, left & right).
Hotkey 4: Toggles between auto & manual modes.
Menu Button: This button opens the main menu.
Directional Buttons: Depending on the selection of hotkey 3, these buttons move the selected measurement spot, adjust the level and span control in manual mode or the brightness and contrast of the auto mode.
Hotkeys 1 - 4
Directional Buttons
Menu Button
IRISYS Confidential
Focusing
It is necessary to focus the IRI 4010 on your target object before using it for measurement.
Focused Defocused
IRISYS Confidential
Freeze/Save
Press the “freeze” button to stop the live image.
Now is a good opportunity to move the measurement cursor(s) to areas of interest using the directional buttons.
You may want to add a second cursor, edit the colour palette, use area analysis, etc…
In this case, open the menu.
IRISYS Confidential
Menus
Press the “menu” button to open the main menu
There are 5 submenus:
• Measurement Options• Camera Settings• Image Browser• Set Time & Date• Language
Menu Button
IRISYS Confidential
Submenus
• Emissivity• Reflected Temperature Compensation• 2nd Cursor (Spot X)• Temperature Units °C, °F, K.• Area Analysis• Auto hot & cold spot tracker• Colour Palette (4 palettes)• Auto Power Shutdown• Camera Reset• Image Only• Brightness & Contrast (for auto mode)• Cursor Reset (to centre)• Load Stored Image (& edit stored image)• Set Time & Date• Date Format (US/ROW)• Time Format (12/24 hour)• Language
IRISYS Confidential
Manual Mode
You may also want to adjust the temperature level and span.
In this case press hot button 4 to switch from auto to manual mode.
Press up and down to increase / decrease the level. Press left and right to adjust the span.
IRISYS Confidential
Save Image to PC
To save an image to PC you have 2 options:
1. USB cable2. SD card & card reader
IRISYS Confidential
Image Analysis
Options Window
Thermal Histogram
Thermometer
ImageMenu
Menu Items
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
4
3
1 & 2
5
6 7
8 9 & 10 1112
IRISYS Confidential
Report Writing
IRISYS Confidential
Market Opportunities
IRISYS Confidential
Market OpportunitiesPower Utilities
IRISYS Confidential
Market OpportunitiesEquestrian
IRISYS Confidential
Market OpportunitiesR & D / Production
IRISYS Confidential
Market OpportunitiesPredictive Maintenance
IRISYS Confidential
Market OpportunitiesBuildings
• New Building Regs. – UK / Ireland / EU Countries
• Insulation / Ventilation / CO2 emissions
What colour is your building?
IRISYS Confidential
European Performance of Building Directive (EPBD)
“legislation must be in place in all 25 EU Member States by January 2006.”
Key provisions of the Directive are:• minimum requirements for the energy performance of all new
buildings • minimum requirements for the energy performance of large
existing buildings subject to major renovation • energy certification of all buildings (with frequently visited
buildings providing public services being required to prominently display the energy certificate)
• regular mandatory inspection of boilers and air conditioning systems in buildings.
IRISYS Confidential
Market OpportunitiesMarine
• SOLAS
Two thirds of all ship fires start in the engine
room
IRISYS Confidential
Market OpportunitiesSick Building Syndrome
IRISYS Confidential
Market OpportunitiesOther?
IRISYS Confidential
KPI - RAYTEK/FLUKE Ti 20
FEATURE
PRICE
MEASUREMENT
ACCURACY
CURSORS
∆T
ARRAY SIZE
SENSITIVITY
FRAME RATE
WEIGHT
IRI 4010
€4,995
Yes; all pixels
± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C
Two - moveable
Yes
160 X 120
0.15 Deg C
7.5 Hz
0.75 Kg
Ti 20
€5,500
Yes; centre point
± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C
One - fixed
No
128 X 96
0.20 Deg C
9 HZ
1.2 Kg
IRISYS Confidential
KPI - RAYTEK/FLUKE Ti 20
FEATURE
FOV
IMAGE STORAGE
LASER SIGHTING
TEMP. RANGE
DISPLAY CLARITY
DISPLAY SIZE
BATTERY
REPLACEABLE
BATTERY TIME
IRI 4010
20 X 15
Yes; 1000 @ full res.
Yes
-10 To + 250 Deg C
Excellent
3.5” ( 89 mm )
Li-Ion
Yes
6 hours
Ti 20
20 X 15
50; flash memory
Yes
-10 to + 350 Deg C
Good
2.5” ( 64mm )
Li-Ion or 6 X AA
Yes
3 hours
IRISYS Confidential
KPI – FLIR INFRACAM COMPARISON
FEATURE
PRICE
MEASUREMENT
ACCURACY
CURSORS
∆T
ARRAY SIZE
SENSITIVITY
FRAME RATE
WEIGHT
IRI 4010
€4,995
Yes; all pixels
± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C
Two - moveable
Yes
160 X 120
0.15 Deg C
7.5 Hz
0.75 Kg
FLIR INFRACAM
€5,950
YES; centre point
± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C
One - fixed
No
120 X 120
0.20 Deg C
9 Hz
0.55 Kg
IRISYS Confidential
KPI – FLIR INFRACAM COMPARISON
FEATURE
FOV
IMAGE STORAGE
LASER SIGHTING
TEMP. RANGE
DISPLAY CLARITY
DISPLAY SIZE
BATTERY
REPLACEABLE
BATTERY TIME
IRI 4010
20 X 15
Yes; 1000 @ full res.
Yes
-10 to + 250 Deg C
Excellent
3.5” ( 89 mm )
Li-Ion
Yes
6 hours
FLIR INFRACAM
25 X 25
50; flash memory
Yes
-10 to +350 Deg C
Excellent?
3.5” ( 89 mm )
Li-Ion
Yes
7 hours
IRISYS Confidential
KPI - RAYTEK/FLUKE Ti30
Ti 30
€10,000
Yes; centre point
± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C
One - fixed
No
160 X 120
0.25 Deg C
8 Hz outside of the US
FEATURE
PRICE
MEASUREMENT
ACCURACY
CURSORS
∆T
ARRAY SIZE
SENSITIVITY
FRAME RATE
IRI 4010
€4,995
Yes; all
± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C
Two - moveable
Yes
160 X 120
0.15 Deg C
7.5 Hz
IRISYS Confidential
KPI - RAYTEK/FLUKE Ti30
Ti 30
17 X 12.8
100; flash memory
Yes
0 to + 250 Deg C
Poor
2.5” ( 64mm )
Li-Ion or 6 X AA
Yes
5 hours
FEATURE
FOV
IMAGE STORAGE
LASER SIGHTING
TEMP. RANGE
DISPLAY CLARITY
DISPLAY SIZE
BATTERY
REPLACEABLE
BATTERY TIME
IRI 4010
20 X 15
Yes; 1000 @ full res.
Yes
-10 to + 250 Deg C
Excellent
3.5” ( 89 mm )
Li-Ion
Yes
4 hours
IRISYS Confidential
KPI – FLIR E 25 COMPARISON
IRI 4010
€4,995
Yes; all pixels
± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C
Two - moveable
Yes
160 X 120
0.15 Deg C
7.5 Hz
FLIR E25
€10,000
Yes; centre point
± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C
One - fixed
No
160 X 120
0.20 Deg C
8 Hz outside the US
FEATURE
PRICE
MEASUREMENT
ACCURACY
CURSORS
∆T
ARRAY SIZE
SENSITIVITY
FRAME RATE
IRISYS Confidential
KPI – FLIR E 25 COMPARISON
IRI 4010
20 X 15
Yes; 1000 @ full res.
Yes
-10 T0 + 250 Deg C
Excellent
3.5” ( 89 mm )
Li-Ion
Yes
4 hours
FLIR E25
19 X 14
100; flash memory
Yes
-20 to +250 Deg C
Good
2.5” ( 64 mm )
Li-Ion
Yes
2 hours
FEATURE
FOV
IMAGE STORAGE
LASER SIGHTING
TEMP. RANGE
DISPLAY CLARITY
DISPLAY SIZE
BATTERY
REPLACEABLE
BATTERY TIME
IRISYS Confidential
KPI - SAT (NEC) S - 120
SAT S – 120
€12,000
Yes; all pixels
± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C
One - moveable
No
160 X 120
0.12 Deg C
30 Hz
FEATURE
PRICE
MEASUREMENT
ACCURACY
CURSORS
∆T
ARRAY SIZE
SENSITIVITY
FRAME RATE
IRI 4010
€4,995
Yes; all pixels
± 2 % or ± 2 Deg C
Two - moveable
Yes
160 X 120
0.15 Deg C
7.5 Hz
IRISYS Confidential
KPI - SAT (NEC) S - 120
SAT S – 120
20 X 15
Yes; 2000 flash
No
-20 to + 250 Deg C
Good
2.5” (64 mm)
Li-Ion
Yes
2 hours
FEATURE
FOV
IMAGE STORAGE
LASER SIGHTING
TEMP. RANGE
DISPLAY CLARITY
DISPLAY SIZE
BATTERY
REPLACEABLE
BATTERY TIME
IRI 4010
20 X 15
Yes; 1000 @ full res.
Yes
-10 to + 250 Deg C
Excellent
3.5” ( 89 mm )
Li-Ion
Yes
4 hours
Recommended