IP Physics (Grade 10)

AUTOMATED LOW-BEAMED

CARBy :

Kristina RizonKrisha Flores

Rationale Collisions are rampant nowadays due to hazardous factors. One of these is the Instant blindness of the driver of a vehicle passing another vehicle with a high beam light. Build a prototype car with the necessary circuits and materials that detects light.

Rationale The prototype carries a Light Sensor and detects light from an approaching entity. The MOST important thing :

It does not only preserve It does not only preserve the life of the driver but the life of the driver but also the passengers as also the passengers as well.well.

Statement of the Problem

The construction of an automated The construction of an automated low – beamed car using materials low – beamed car using materials

for a prototype model that can for a prototype model that can automatically switch its lights from automatically switch its lights from

high beam to low beam when it high beam to low beam when it detects light directly from an detects light directly from an

opposite entity for the purpose of opposite entity for the purpose of preventing accidents.preventing accidents.

Significance of the study

to Answer the problem to car accidents and collisions. to Lessen the damage caused by gasoline – operated cars to the environment.

Significance of the study

to Help the people appreciate and look forward for innovations in relation to safety measures for car building. to Constitute to the previous knowledge about how cars work and deals with the advantages of a self-powered machine or apparatus.

Scope and delimitation The materials used in constructing the prototype can be found in different electrical shops and department stores in Cebu City only. Any other causes to car accidents that does not classify under light sensors and the like is not in the boundary of the study.

Scope and delimitation Since the project is only in its prototype form, some functions of a real car may not be applicable to our study.

The consultants were limited to those who had professions related to or practiced electronics and physics.

Objectives to Construct a prototype car that automatically turns high beam lights to low beam lights. to Demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the constructed prototype.

Objectives

to Identify the advantages of an automated low – beamed car from a conventional regular car. to Appreciate and look forward for innovations in relation to safety measures for car building.

Review of Related Lit. LIGHT and OUR EYESLIGHT and OUR EYES

Human eye can perceive degrees of brightness that range from about 500 million to 1.

The brightest places in our visual field are prevented from outshining the rest.

LATERAL INHIBITIONLATERAL INHIBITION - exaggerates the diff. in brightness at the edges of places.

Whenever a receptor cell on our retina sends a STRONG brightness signal to our brain, it also signals neighboring cells to dim their responses.

This will mean that a blindness effect will occur once strong light will hit the eye.

ILLUMINATION/LIGHTINGILLUMINATION/LIGHTING HeadlightsHeadlights are white or yellow lights placed in the front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. A headlight is a lamp, attached to the front of a vehicle with the purpose of illuminating the road ahead during periods of low visibility, such as night.

headlight properly refers to the beam of light produced and distributed by the device.

Electronics ( Circuits )Electronics ( Circuits )

electric components are the building blocks of electronic circuitry. To design a circuit – to prepare a plan of how the suitable components will be arranged to build an electronic device that is capable of doing a specific job.

Major Components of the Prototype

The CIRCUITThe CIRCUIT

Major Components of the Circuit

RESISTOR

CAPACITOR

TRANSISTOR

IC LF351

Research MethodologyMATERIALS:

For Prototype car & Circuit makingFor Prototype car & Circuit makingRESISTOR

LDR ( 5 mm ) 10 kΩ

27 kΩ 5.6 kΩ 4.7 kΩ

15 kΩ

30 kΩ IC LF351

TRANSISTORBC 547 – NPN 9014

CAPACITOR100 μF ( 116 V ) {microfarads}

MECHANICAL RELAYSWITCH

PCB Board (3 x 5)TOY CAR

BATTERIES

Research MethodologyMATERIALS:

For Set-Up and TestingFor Set-Up and Testing1. Prototype Car

2. Ordinary/Regular Conventional car3. Flashlight

4. Timer

Gather all materials for the assembling of the

circuit. Open the prototype car where the

circuit will be placed.

Procedures:

Procedures:

CIRCUIT CONSTRUCTION

Procedures:Testing

Procedures:Without

flash

With flash

Set - Up

Data Presentation & Analysis

Table 1.1

Low beam test light test Low beam test light test for regular car and ALB for regular car and ALB

car car

Type of Car Type of Car Time before Time before car detects car detects

light light

total total mechanical mechanical

abilityability

Automated Automated Low – Low –

Beamed CarBeamed Car

4 seconds4 seconds HighHigh

Regular Car Regular Car Does not Does not detect lightdetect light

Very Very Low Low

Data Presentation & Analysis

Table 1.2

Mechanical Ability Mechanical Ability testtest

Type of Type of Car Car

Ability Ability to to

sense sense or or

detect detect direct direct light light

Ability to Ability to prevent prevent

collision to collision to another another entity entity

Ability to Ability to assess or assess or perceive perceive another another vehicle vehicle

coming its coming its way way

Over all Over all mechanmechan

ical ical ability ability

ALB carALB car HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH HIGH

Regular Regular car car

LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW LOW

Analysis This test was conducted to compare the ability of both cars to sense direct light. The data shows that the Regular car detects no light at all while the automated low – beamed car detects light.

Conclusion Therefore, it is concluded that the prototype detects direct light than the regular car. The ALB car takes only four seconds to become aware of light.

Conclusion This project, if applied in real cars proves to be much more efficient, eco - friendly and life - saving. This does not only preserve the life of the driver but also the life of its passengers.

Conclusion

Therefore, the constructed prototype car

is effective in detecting high beam lights that may

cause accidents.

Recommendations

• You may construct a prototype on any desired vehicle such as motorcycles, trucks or bicycles provided that the circuit and sensors may fit the structure of your prototype.

Recommendations try to use different kinds of LED lights to further enhance the lighting capability of the project.

We hope that by improving the project and enhancing innovations for car building, this study would be more beneficial for the people.

Bibliography Books

Hewitt, Paul G. Conceptual Physics. Glenview, Illinois :Scott, Foresman and Co.,1989.

Navaza, Delia C. and Bienvenido J. Valdez. Physics : You and the natural world. Quezon City : Phoenix Publishing House,1994.

Bibliography Magazines

Reader’s Digest. 1991. Book of the Car. New York: Reader’s Digest Publications

Enriquez, M. Q., Gantalao, F.T. and Lasala, R.M. June 2004. Simple Electronics (Basic). Philippines: Andes Mountain Printers, 2004.

Garcia, N.M., Belisario, R.A. and Tayab, V.L. 2001. Electronics. Philippines: Diwa Scholastic Press Inc.

Bibliography Websites

http://cognoscis.wordpress.com/2008/05/01/sensor-ldr/

http://www.answers.com/resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-

emitting_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://wolfstone.halloweenhost.com/

TechBase/cmprly_Relays.htmlhttp://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/LM/

LM555.pdf

Photos by Rizon, Flores and

VIPs

DocumentationDocumentation

LDRLDR devices that change their resistance when light falls on them. When there is no light, it will have a very high resistance. As the light intensity increases, its resistance decreases. that detects any direct light.

LEDLED a semiconductor diode that emits light when an electric current is applied in the forward direction of the device, as in the simple LED circuit.

In this project, these small lights are to be used as the headlights of the prototype car – both for the low beam and the high beam.

SwitchesSwitches• devices used to break or open an

electric circuit or to divert current from one conductor to another.

• continues or discontinues the flow of electric current through the circuit.

• In this project, the switches are used to signal a high beam light and to turn the circuit on and off.

the Circuitthe Circuit• Uniformly called the IC

(Integrated Circuit).• a circuit contained entirely within

a single block/chip of semiconductor.

• In this prototype circuit, contains a number of circuit elements;

•these are follows:

RESISTORRESISTOR A device used to control current in an electric circuit by providing resistance. are normally designed and operated so that, with varying levels of current, variations of their resistance values are negligible. Functions: tells us the Resistance Resistance value, tolerance, power rating.value, tolerance, power rating.

TransistorTransistor A semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. commonly used as electronic switches, for both high power applications including switched - mode power supplies and low power applications.

Mechanical RelayMechanical Relay It provides isolation from one electrical circuit to another. composed of winding magnetic field. has a positive and negative terminal.

IC LF351

known as the General Purpose Operational Amplifier