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Introductory Biology: Cellular
Dr. Heather Townsend
Chapter 1
Biology…
What is it?? What branches does it encompass? What exactly is cellular biology? What will we cover in this class?
Biology: The Study of Living Things
Living vs. non-living things How similar? How different? How do you classify one or the other?
Characteristic of Life 1. Organized /Order 2. Regulation 3. Growth and development 4. Energy utilization 5. Response to environment 6. Reproduction 7. Evolution
1. Order
Complex, but ordered organization
Living cells are the basis for this organizational scheme
2. Living things are regulated Homeostasis – “staying the same”
Steady state“Relatively” constantPhysical and chemical conditions of the
environment inside the body are maintained
3. Living things grow and develop
Growth Increase in the size
and number of cells
Development All the changes that
occur between conception and death
Stages
4. Living things acquire materials and energy
Energy Capacity to do work
Our cells and tissues need energy
How do we acquire energy?
4. Energy
Where does energy come from?solar energy
captured “self-feeding” life forms producers Photosynthesis
Humans consumers
DecomposersFungi, bacteria
5. Living things respond to stimuli
Dependant on nervous and muscular systems
Plants track the passage of the sun Behavior
Movement of an organism in response to a stimuli
Directed toward minimizing injury, acquiring food, and reproducing
6. Living things reproduce
Life comes from life! All life can reproduce
make another organism like itselfAsexual reproduction
Bacteria, protists, and unicellular organisms split in two
Sexual reproduction Most multicellular organisms union of sperm and egg
7. Living things are adapted
AdaptationsModifications that make an organism suited to
life Ex: Hawk’s hollow bones
Come about through evolution The process by which a species changes through
time Group of similar organisms that interbreed
Leads to the diversity of organisms
Life at its many levels….
Atom Molecule Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
AtomsSmallest particle that is still an element
Composed of subatomic particles:ElectronsProtonsNeutrons
Atomic Nucleus
Chemical levelAtoms combine to make molecules4 macromolecules in the body
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
CellularCells can be eukaryotic or prokaryoticContain cellular organelles (molecules)
Structures within cells that perform dedicated functions (“small organs”)
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
TissueCollection of cells that work together to
perform a specialized function4 basic types of tissue in the human body:
Epithelium Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
OrganMade up of tissue
Heart Brain Liver Pancreas, etc……
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Organ system (11) Made up of a group of related organs that work
together Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
OrganismAn individual human, animal, plant, etc……Made up of organ systemsWork together to sustain life
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Organization of the Biosphere
Population Each organism is part of a
population Community
Populations of different organisms that interact with one another
All species occupy that same area Ecosystem
Created by communities that interact with each other
Biosphere Refers to all parts of Earth’s water,
crust, and atmosphere
Classification of living things Taxonomy
Identifying and classifying organisms according to specific criteria
Each organism placed into a classification system
Provides clues into evolutionary trends
Taxonomy Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species
Domains
ArchaeProkaryotes
BacteriaProkaryotes
EukaryaEukaryotes
Kingdoms
4 main kingdoms:ProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia
Scientific Names
Binomial (two name)Genus name, species name
Examples:
Homo sapiens Alligator mississippiensis Felis domesticus
The Process of Science
The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to know” Science is a way of knowing
Discovery science Describing nature
Hypothesis-driven science Explaining nature
Science
Uses investigative methods to test hypotheses based on previous observations
Scientific method 1. Observe some aspect of the natural world and ask
questions about it 2. Hypothesis 3. Make predictions 4. Test the predictions 5. Repeat the tests or develop new ones 6. Analyze and report the test results and conclusions
The Scientific Method
Why this course?!?!?
Examine concepts of biologySpecifically how it relates to cellsOrganismal Biology
Further examine these concepts in lab
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