Introduction to UNIX. 2 Unix File System zStores Files yText, Programs, Images, etc. zMade up of...

Introduction to UNIX

Unix File System

Stores Files Text, Programs, Images, etc.

Made up of Many Files User, Unix System, Unix Commands

Unix File System

usr var

file1, file2,file3, file4

data m box, letter,prog1, prog2

rdefe jsm ith

x1, x2, x3, x4

save m box, jandatinfo

djones

hom e etc lib

Home Directory Directory

containing all home directories

Top most directory in Unix

Unix File System

Home Directory Personal Directory to store files Usually the Directory Name = login ID Current Directory after successful login

usr var

file1, file2,file3, file4

data m box, letter,prog1, prog2

rdefe jsm ith

x1, x2, x3, x4

save m box, jandatinfo

djones

hom e etc lib

Home directories for: rdefe, jsmith and djones

Unix File System

What Can You Do? Create New Files & Directories Organize Files Locate Files Based on a Directory

Structure Change to a New Directory

Unix File System

File & Directory Naming Guidelines Don’t Use Meta Characters

/ \ “ ` * ; ? { } ( ) [ ] ~ ! $ < > | & #

Do Usea-z A-Z0-9. _ -

Remember Unix is Case Sensitive!

Unix File System

File & Directory Name Examples feb1998, 178987, my_data,

my.data.new mbox, Mbox, mboX, MBOX, mBox prog1..2 .profile

Unix Commands

ls List Files & Directories

$ ls198Aaa.bb.cc.ddbindatefileetcmailmboxmbox.oldunix$

Unix Commands

ls -p -p Show Directories

$ ls -p198Aaa.bb.cc.ddbin/datefileetc/mail/mboxmbox.oldunix/$

Unix Commands

ls [directory1] [directory2] ... List the contents of a directory

$ ls unixawk.dataawk.prgbgraphcpyhomework2homework3unix2test$

$ ls -p198Aaa.bb.cc.ddbin/datefileetc/mail/mboxmbox.oldunix/$

Unix Commands

ls -s -s Show File Size in Blocks Block Sizes

512 bytes1024 bytes2048 bytes

$ ls -stotal 19 1 198 1 A 1 aa.bb.cc.dd 1 bin 1 datefile 1 etc 1 mail 2 mbox 1 unix

Unix Commands

ls -l -l Long Listing

$ ls -ltotal 19-rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 53 Sep 12 21:46 198-rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 62 Sep 12 21:47 Adrwxr-xr-x 2 rdefe unix 96 Sep 4 20:58 bindrwxr-xr-x 3 rdefe unix 80 Aug 29 20:54 dbdrwxr-xr-x 2 rdefe unix 64 Aug 29 20:54 etcdrwxr-xr-x 2 rdefe unix 32 Sep 2 1992 mail-rw------- 1 rdefe unix 984 Sep 12 21:44 mboxdrwxr-xr-x 2 rdefe unix 144 Aug 29 20:54 unix$

Unix Commands

ls -a -a List All Files $ ls -a

.profile

.sh_history198Abindatefiledbetcmboxunix$

$ ls -a....profile.sh_history198Abindatefiledbetcmboxunix$

Include Files That Begin with a ‘.’

Files that begin with a ‘.’ are usually configuration files

Unix Commands

ls -r -r Reverse Sort

ls -R -R List Contents

of Subdirectories

$ ls -runixmboxmailetcdbdatefilebinA198$

• List files in each subdirectory.

• Subdirectories with Subdirectories

will also be listed…and so on...

Unix Commands

ls -l -t or ls -lt -t Sort On Modification Time

$ ls -lttotal 19-rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 62 Sep 12 21:47 A-rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 53 Sep 12 21:46 198-rw------- 1 rdefe unix 984 Sep 12 21:44 mboxdrwxr-xr-x 2 rdefe unix 96 Sep 4 20:58 bindrwxr-xr-x 2 rdefe unix 64 Aug 29 20:54 etcdrwxr-xr-x 2 rdefe unix 144 Aug 29 20:54 unixdrwxr-xr-x 3 rdefe unix 80 Aug 29 20:54 dbdrwxr-xr-x 2 rdefe unix 32 Sep 2 1992 mail$

Unix Commands

ls -l -t -r or ls -ltr -tr Reverse Sort On Modification Time

$ ls -ltrtotal 19drwxr-xr-x 2 rdefe unix 32 Sep 2 1992 maildrwxr-xr-x 3 rdefe unix 80 Aug 29 20:54 dbdrwxr-xr-x 2 rdefe unix 144 Aug 29 20:54 unixdrwxr-xr-x 2 rdefe unix 64 Aug 29 20:54 etcdrwxr-xr-x 2 rdefe unix 96 Sep 4 20:58 bin-rw------- 1 rdefe unix 984 Sep 12 21:44 mbox-rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 53 Sep 12 21:46 198-rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 62 Sep 12 21:47 A$

Unix Commands

ls -[ltrRa] [Filename1] [Filename2] … UnixCommand Options Arguments

$ ls -lt unix$

Unix Commands

cat [Filename1] [Filename2] … Concatenate Files Display Files to the Screen Ctrl-s Pause Screen Ctrl-q Unpause Screen

$ cat sample.fileThis is a sample file that i'll use to demo how the pr command is used.The pr command is useful in formattingvarious types of text files.$

Unix Commands

more [Filename1] [Filename2] … Display Files to the screen one page at a

time$ more largefileThis is a sample file that i'll use to demo how the pr command is used.The pr command is useful in formattingvarious types of text files.--More--(16%)

$ more largefileThis is a sample file that i'll use to demo how the pr command is used.The pr command is useful in formattingvarious types of text files.--More--(16%)

Spacebar (next page) b (previous page) Enter Key (next line)

q (Quit & return to unix) /string (search for string) :n (next file) :p (previous file)

Unix Commands

pr [Filename1] [Filename2] … Format & Display Files to the Screen

$ pr sample.file

98-05-22 23:07 sample.file Page 1

This is a sample file that i'll use to demo how the pr command is used.The pr command is useful in formattingvarious types of text files.$

$ pr sample.file

This is a sample file that i'll use to demo how the pr command is used.The pr command is useful in formattingvarious types of text files.$

Unix Commandspr -[dn] [Filename1] [Filename2] …

-d Double Space Output -n Number Lines

$ pr -d sample.file

This is a sample file that i'll use to demo how

the pr command is used.

The pr command is useful in formatting

various types of text files.$

$ pr -d sample.file

This is a sample file that i'll use to demo how

the pr command is used.

The pr command is useful in formatting

various types of text files.$

$ pr -n sample.file

1 This is a sample file that i'll use to demo how the 2 pr command is used. 3 The pr command is useful in formatting 4 various types of text files.$

$ pr -n sample.file

1 This is a sample file that i'll use to demo how the 2 pr command is used. 3 The pr command is useful in formatting 4 various types of text files.$

Unix Commands

lpr [Filename1] [Filename2] … Send Files to a Unix Printer No Formatting (page numbers, etc.)

$ lpr prog1 mbox$

$ pr sample.file

This is a sample file that i'll use to demo how the pr command is used.

$ pr sample.file

This is a sample file that i'll use to demo how the pr command is used.

Ideal solution would be to combine the lpr & pr to achieve formatted printed output

Unix Redirection

Output Normally Displayed to the Screen is Redirected and Becomes the Input to Another Command

$ pr prog1 | lpr$

Unix Redirection

The Output of One Command can be used as the Input to Another

Command | Command

Command that generates screen output

Command that requires input

$ pr prog1 | lpr$

Unix Redirection

Command | Command | Command ...

$ ls | pr | lpr$

Directory Listing Formatted Using pr, Printed on Paper

Unix Redirection

Output Normally Displayed to the Screen Can Be Redirected to a File

$ pr prog1 > prog1.pr$

The file prog1.pr contains the output of the pr command

Note: Nothing is displayed to the screen

Unix Redirection

Redirecting Output The Output of Command can be saved to a

Command > File

Command that generates screen output

File used to capture (save) screen output

$ pr prog1 > prog1.pr$

Caution: Output File will be erased if it already exists.

Unix Redirection

Redirecting Input A Command Requiring Input Can Receive

it’s Input From a File

$ mail rdefe < mesg$

Unix Redirection

Redirecting Input

Command < File

Command that requires input

File used to provide input (instead of typing it!)

$ mail rdefe < mesg$

Redirection Examples

$ pr data > data.pr$ lpr data.pr

$ pr data > data.pr$ lpr data.pr $ pr data | lpr$ pr data | lprIs the same as1

$ cal 3 1993 > year$ cal 3 1993 > year Using arguments with redirection2

$ ls -l data > stuff$ ls -l data > stuffUsing arguments & options with redirection3

Redirection Examples

$ pr data > lpr$ pr data > lpr4

$ cat text let > mesg$ cat text let > mesg5

$ pr f1 f2 > f1$ pr f1 f2 > f16Create the file f1 Erases f1 if it already exists

pr f1 and f2, redirect to f1

Unix Commands

rm [Filename1] [Filename2] … remove files

$ rm prog1 mbox$

Caution Unix Assumes You Know What Your Doing Be Sure You Know What Your Deleting No Undelete!

$ rm *$

$ rm p*$

* is a Meta Char that matches anything

Unix Commands

vi [Filename] Full Screen, Visual Editor Changes Displayed As They Are Made Edits A Copy of the File Changes Must Be Saved

$ vi mesg$ vi mesg

emacshttp://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs.html

Unix Commands

Vi ModesCommand Mode

Start in command mode Every Key Performs an Editing Command

Insert Mode Perform Text Entry/Input

Command Mode Insert Mode

Insert Mode Command

ESC Key

Sample vi Edit Session

Start in Command Mode Press a key for Append After Cursor Command Enter text (Input Mode) Press ESC key (Command Mode) Press :wq followed by Enter key to Save & Exit

$ vi mesg$ vi mesg Welcome to UNIX

This is an example ofa text file in vi~~~

Welcome to UNIX

This is an example ofa text file in vi~~~

Wnewtextelcome to UNIX

This is an example ofa text file in vi~~:wq$

Cursor Positioning

Moving the Cursor in Command Mode

w Forward One Wordb Backward One WordCntrl-d Scroll DownCntrl-u Scroll UpEnter Down One Line G Go To Last Line5G Go To Line 5

KeyKey CommandCommand

Text Input Modevi Text Input Mode Commands

This is an example ofa text file in vi~~

a Append After Cursor

Welcome to UNIXnewtext

A Append at End of Line

newtextWelcome to UNIX

i Insert Before Cursor

I Insert at Beginning of Line

R Replace Text (typeover)r Replace One Char

O Open New Line Above Cursoro Open New Line Below Cursor

Deleting Text

Welcome to UNIX

x Delete One Char

X Delete Char Before Cursor

dd Delete One LineThis is an example ofa text file in vi~~

Proceed Any Command with a Number to multiply effect 4x Delete 4 chars 5dd Delete 5 lines 3dw Delete 3 words

Undo Changes

Welcome to UIX

x Delete One Char

u Undo Last Change

Welcome to UNIX

WELcome to UIX 123

U Undo All Changes on Line

Welcome to UNIX

Saving Your Changes

Command Mode ZZ Save & Exit vi :wq Save & Exit vi :w data Save to a file data :q! Quit Without Saving Changes

Vi Reference http://www.eng.hawaii.edu/Tutor/vi.html

Other Goodies...

/string Forward Search for `string`?string Backward Search for `string`

n Repeat Search N Repeat Search in reverse direction

Ctrl-G Display Current Location in File J Join two lines together

http://www.thomer.com/thomer/vi/vi.html

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