Introduction to MAC OS

Mac OS X for the Wary

Surajit A. BoseStanford University

About this Presentation

• Intended as an introduction to Mac OS X

• Intended as an introduction to Mac OS X• Not intended as a technical dissection

• Intended as an introduction to Mac OS X• Not intended as a technical dissection • So if you’re the kind who types

awk -F: ‘{print $7}’ /etc/passwd | sort |uniq -c

into a command line just because you get off on login shell stats, you’re in the wrong presentation

• Intended as an introduction to Mac OS X• Not intended as a technical dissection• Aims more toward those who need to

support the operating system, but aren’t too familiar with it

• Intended as an introduction to Mac OS X• Not intended as a technical dissection• Aims more toward those who need to

support the operating system, but aren’t too familiar with it• Far from comprehensive; your mileage

may vary

About Mac OS X

• New architecture

About Mac OS X

• New architecture• New folder hierarchy

About Mac OS X

• New architecture• New folder hierarchy• Networking Mac OS X

Architecture of Mac OS X

Hardware

• Requires G3 or better processor

Hardware

• Requires G3 or better processor• No support for serial ports

DarwinHardware

• Open source kernel

DarwinHardware

• Open source kernel• http://developer.apple.com/darwin/

Mach 3.0 FreeBSD 3.2Hardware

Mach microkernel handles:

Mach microkernel handles:• Memory

Mach microkernel handles:• Memory • Interprocess communication

BSD handles:

BSD handles:• File systems (UFS, HFS+, ISO 9660)

BSD handles:• File systems (UFS, HFS+, ISO 9660)• POSIX APIs

BSD handles:• File systems (UFS, HFS+, ISO 9660)• POSIX APIs• Networking

BSD handles:• File systems (UFS, HFS+, ISO 9660)• POSIX APIs• Networking• Processes

GraphicsMach 3.0 FreeBSD 3.2

Hardware

Quartz OpenGL QuickTimeMach BSD

Hardware

Quartz provides:

Hardware

Quartz provides:• 2D graphics support

Hardware

Quartz provides:• 2D graphics support• PDF rendering!

Hardware

OpenGL provides industry-standard 3D graphics support

Hardware

QuickTime provides multimedia support

Frameworks and EnvironmentsQuartz OpenGL QuickTime

Mach BSDHardware

Classic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime

Mach BSDHardware

• Classic is an application within OS X

Mach BSDHardware

• Classic is an application within OS X• Carbon libraries allow older apps to be recompiled to be OS X native

Mach BSDHardware

• Classic is an application within OS X• Carbon libraries allow older apps to be recompiled to be OS X native• Cocoa is a new object-oriented framework for developing applications

InterfaceClassic Carbon CocoaQuartz OpenGL QuickTime

Mach BSDHardware

• Very lickable Aqua layer

Mach BSDHardware

• Very lickable Aqua layer• Provides a user-friendly ‘skin’ to UNIX

Scripting and MessagingInterface

Mach BSDHardware

AppleScript Terminal ServicesInterface

Mach BSDHardware

AppleScript provides the ability to automate routines

Mach BSDHardware

Terminal provides command-line access

Mach BSDHardware

Services provide built-in spell checking, e-mail integration, etc.

ApplicationsAppleScript Terminal Services

Mach BSDHardware

Typical Directory Structure

• Far more rigid than previous versions of the OS

• Far more rigid than previous versions of the OS• True multi-user environment with all the

complexity of UNIX permissions

complexity of UNIX permissions• Some files and folders are owned by the

system, others by users with accounts on the computer

complexity of UNIX permissions• Some files and folders are owned by the

system, others by users with accounts on the computer• Some users are administrators, others just

ordinary schlubs

• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive

• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive System: No user serviceable parts inside

• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive System: No user serviceable parts inside Library: Contains preferences, fonts, support

files, etc. that may be used by everyone who has an account on the computer

Applications

Applications Users: Has one folder (the ‘home directory’)

for each person with an account on the computer

• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive• Partially replicated at other levels

• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive

• Partially replicated at other levels Each user’s home

directory also has a Library folder and an Applications folder

Each user’s home directory also has a Library folder and an Applications folder

These store fonts, preferences, and applications specific to that user

Each user’s home directory also has a Library folder and an Applications folder

These store fonts, preferences, and applications specific to that user

Other users do not have access to these

• Standard set of folders at the root level of the drive• Partially replicated at other levels• OS searches through these in a particular

order• E.g. if a document in a user’s home

directory uses a particular font, this is the search order:

• User’s ~/Library/Fonts folder

• User’s ~/Library/Fonts folder• Application created support folder in the

Library folder

Library folder• /Library/Fonts folder at the root level of the

hard drive

hard drive• /System/Library/Fonts folder, which

contains fonts used by the OS

contains fonts used by the OS• Mac OS 9.x Fonts folder

contains fonts used by the OS• Mac OS 9.x Fonts folder• A network Fonts folder

Networking Mac OS X

• Getting the sucka online

Networking Mac OS X

• Getting the sucka online• File server protocols supported

Networking Mac OS X

• Getting the sucka online• File server protocols supported• Integrating OS X into an existing domain

Networking Mac OS X

• Getting the sucka online• File server protocols supported• Integrating OS X into an existing domain• Running a classroom or lab of Mac OS X

clients

Getting an OS X client online

• Configurations live in the Network pane of the System Preferences panel, accessible from the Apple menu.

• Can switch between different interfaces in the pop-up menu

• Via the ‘Active Network Ports’ option, can turn ports on and off

• Can also specify a hierarchy of ports

• Via the ‘Location’ pop-up menu, can create different configurations for different locations

File Server Protocols

• AppleTalk is off by default (very interesting)

File Server Protocols

• From the ‘Connect to Server’ option of the ‘Go’ menu in the Finder, Mac OS X clients can connect to AFP, NFS, SMB, and Samba servers

OS X’s Directory Services

• By default, OS X is set up to integrate to a NetInfo domain (inherited from NeXT)

• By default, OS X is set up to integrate to a NetInfo domain (inherited from NeXT)• But it has built-in LDAP integration too

• By default, OS X is set up to integrate to a NetInfo domain (inherited from NeXT)

• But it has built-in LDAP integration too

• Can be configured using the Directory Setup utility in /Applications/Utilities

Running a Mac OS X Lab

• The indispensable resource: http://www.macosxlabs.org/

• The indispensable resource: http://www.macosxlabs.org/• A consortium of 25 colleges and

universities working toward deploying Mac OS X in labs, clusters, and classrooms

universities working toward deploying Mac OS X in labs, clusters, and classrooms• Very thorough listing of issues, processes,

and resources

universities working toward deploying Mac OS X in labs, clusters, and classrooms• Very thorough listing of issues, processes,

and resources• Some other resources:

• Carbon Copy Cloner: http://software.bombich.com/ccc.html

• Carbon Copy Cloner: http://software.bombich.com/ccc.html• Apple Software Restore for Mac OS X:

macosxlabs.org/asr_for_osx/asr_for_osx.html

macosxlabs.org/asr_for_osx/asr_for_osx.html• Rsync: macosxlabs.org/rsyncx/rsyncx.html

macosxlabs.org/asr_for_osx/asr_for_osx.html• Rsync: macosxlabs.org/rsyncx/rsyncx.html• KeyServer:

http://sassafras.com/docs/appendxd.html#Heading5

Conclusion

• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages

Conclusion

• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages Stability (crash-free)

Conclusion

• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages Stability (crash-free) Many easy-to-use tools to configure the UNIX

underpinnings

Conclusion

• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages Stability (crash-free) Many easy-to-use tools to configure the UNIX

underpinnings Integrates well with existing infrastructure

Conclusion

• Mac OS X offers tremendous advantages• There are also challenges (far from

insurmountable)

Conclusion

insurmountable) Novelty

Conclusion

insurmountable) Novelty Security

Conclusion

insurmountable) Novelty Security Software availability

Conclusion

insurmountable)• It’s great fun to work with, and very

rewarding

Conclusion

insurmountable)• It’s great fun to work with, and very

rewarding• So … go for it!

Questions?

Thanks!

Surajit A. BoseMeyer Library, Room 240560 Escondido MallStanford, CA 94025surajit@stanford.edu

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