Introduction to John D. Lee Trial Transcripts · Introduction to John D. Lee Trial Transcripts...

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IntroductiontoJohnD.LeeTrialTranscripts

LaJeanPurcellCarruth

Tworeporters,AdamS.PattersonandJosiahRogerson,recordedtheproceedingsof

theJohnD.LeetrialsinPitmanshorthand.1RogersonandPattersoneachrecordedthefirst

Leetrial,fromjuryselectiontoclosingarguments.Pattersonmadealikerecordofthe

secondLeetrial.TheonlyextantRogersonshorthandforthesecondLeetrialisasingle

legalplea.2Asindependentrecordsoftheactualcourtproceedings,theoriginalRogerson

andPattersonshorthandreportsofthefirsttriallargelycorroborateandcompleteeach

other.Andwhenalltheirnotesarecombined,theyprovidebyfarthemostcompleteand

mostaccuraterecordoftheJohnD.Leetrialsavailable.

Threecontemporarytranscriptsweremadefromtheseshorthandrecords:the

Rogersontranscript,theBoremantranscript,andapartialtranscript,probablyby

Patterson,ofthesecondtrial.3Onthesurface,thehistoryofthecreationofthe

transcripts—asgivenbytranscribersJosiahRogersonandWaddingtonCook,whomJudge

JacobS.BoremanhiredtotranscribePatterson’sshorthand—seemsstraightforward:(1)

PattersontranscribedonlythetestimonyportionofthesecondtrialforLee’sappealin

early1877.4(2)RogersonbegantotranscribehisownshorthandintotheRogerson

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transcriptin1883.5(3)JudgeBoreman,whopresidedoverbothLeetrials,desiredto

publishthetrialtranscriptsforprofit.HehiredPatterson’sformerstudent,Cook,to

transcribePatterson’sshorthandnotes;theresultbecameknownastheBoreman

transcript.6Carefulanalysisoftheoriginalshorthandandresultingtranscriptsrevealsafar

morecomplexstory.

TheShorthandRecordsandInitialTranscripts

NeitherPattersonnorRogersonrecordedeverywordutteredinthecourtroom.

Whilethereissubstantialoverlap,eachmanrecordedsomepartofthecourtroom

proceedingsthattheothermissed.InAnnieHoge’stestimonyaboutIndians,forexample,

eachreportercaughtessential,butdifferent,partsofwhatshesaid.7

AdamPatterson’sShorthand(PS)

AdamPatterson,officialcourtreporterforbothLeetrials,recordedthefirstJohnD.

Leetrialinfourteennotebooks,eightofwhichareextant.8HerecordedthesecondLeetrial

insixnotebooks,thelastfiveofwhichareextant.9Pattersonhadsomedifficultywriting

fastenoughtokeepupwithcourtproceedingsandthereforemissedphrases,usually

leavingaspacetoindicatetheomission.10Hisshorthandwasnotpreciselywrittenandis

oftendifficulttotranscribe.Hemadefewadditionstohisownshorthandmanuscript;

exceptionsareafewadditionsofqandatodesignatequestionsandanswers,aswellasan

occasionalphrasewrittenabovetheline.Rogersonlatermadeextensiveadditionsto

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Patterson’sshorthand,however,especiallyfromthefirsttrial:headdednumerousq’sand

a’s;punctuation;andslashmarks(/)todividephrases.11Rogersonwrotelonghand

transcriptions(someofwhichwereincorrect)abovemanyofPatterson’sshorthand

markings,andhemayhaveaddedsomebriefshorthandphrases.12

TranscriptsbyAdamPatterson

AdamPattersonintendedtotranscribeandpublishhisshorthandnotesforthefirst

trialimmediatelyafterthetrialclosed.TheDeseretNewswrylyreportedthathesolicited

“aidfromtheloyalcitizensofSouthernUtah”toinsurepublication,sothatheandothers

couldmake“moneydirectlybythesaleofthebook”andmakeadditional“moneyindirectly

byusingthebooktocreatepoliticalcapital.”Acommitteewasformedtoproceedwiththe

publicationplans;yetapparentlynothingcametofruition.13Thereisnoevidencethat

Pattersonactuallytranscribedorpublishedanyofhisshorthandnotesfromthattrial.14

Bydirectionofthecourt,whenJohnD.Leeappealedhisconviction,Patterson

transcribedthetestimonyportionofthesecondtrial.15Patterson’soriginaltranscriptisnot

extant;however,itpresumablyisthesourceforthepartialtranscriptofthesecondtrial

publishedbyLee’sattorney,WilliamW.Bishop,inthe1877MormonismUnveiled.16Bishop

preparedLee’sappeal,andwouldhavehadaccesstothistranscript.PattersondiedinSan

FranciscoonAugust22,1886,withoutmakinganyothertranscriptsofhisshorthand

recordoftheLeetrials.17

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MormonismUnveiled:PartialTranscriptofLee’sSecondTrial(MU)

WilliamW.Bishop,Lee’sattorneyinbothtrials,publishedapartialtranscriptofthe

secondtrialinLee’sautobiography,MormonismUnveiled,in1877.Thistranscriptclosely

followsPatterson’sshorthand;itapparentlywastakenfromthetranscriptofthesecond

trialthatthecourtorderedPattersontomakeforitsuseinLee’sappeal.18However,the

partialtranscriptinMormonismUnveiledomitsportionsofsomewitnesses’testimony,

mostlegalarguments,andallopeningandclosingarguments,includingBishop’sstatement

thatthedefensewouldbringnowitnesses.Italsoomitstestimonythatwasunfavorableto

Lee,includingallofJamesHaslam’stestimonyandpartofNephiJohnson’s.19Some

passageswerealteredbyaddingmaterialorcommentarynotfoundintheshorthand.For

example:

PattersonShorthand MormonismUnveiled

[Norelatedtextinshorthand] Thecross-examinationwascontinuedat

greatlength,butthewitness[NephiJohnson]

couldnot,orwouldnotrecollectanything

exceptwhathehadbeenadvisedbyhis

priestlyrulerstoswearto.NephiJohnsonisa

fairsampleofthewillingtoolswhocommit

crimesforChrist’ssake,andswearfalselyfor

theirownsake.20

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[Norelatedtextinshorthand]

BISHOP—Weobjecttothequestion[regarding

Lee’scurrentattitudetowardsMormonism];

itisnotexpectedthatamanshallbecalleda

criminalforgivinguphisbeliefinsucha

Church.21

BoremanTranscript(BT)

ShortlyafterAdamPattersondied,JudgeJacobS.Boreman,whohopedtopublish

theproceedingsofbothtrialsforprofit,hiredPatterson’sonlystudent,WaddingtonL.

Cook,totranscribePatterson’sshorthand.JosiahRogersonassistedCookinthis

transcription.Thesefactsarewellestablishedthroughsurvivingcorrespondenceand

throughthedocumentsthemselves.CookandRogerson,however,leftdifferentandat

timesconflictingaccountsoftheprocessofcreatingtheBoremantranscript.

CookrecordedaccountsofhisworkontheBoremantranscriptincorrespondence

withhistorianJuanitaBrooksandinanaffidavithemadewhenhedonatedhiscarboncopy

ofthetranscripttotheLibraryofCongress.22AccordingtoCook,hemovedtoBeaver,Utah,

in1886andbecameofficialcourtstenographerforJudgeBoreman.23HewrotetoBrooks:

“ItwasJudgeBoremanwhoorderedmetomakeacompletetranscriptofthetwotrialsof

JohnD.Lee.TherehadbeennocompletetranscriptofthesetrialsonlyasIdidit.TheJudge

saidhewantedtowriteabookonthesaidtrialsandthatifIwouldmakethetranscripthe

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wouldgivemeathirdoftheprofitsofthebookhewouldwrite.”24Cookdescribedhiswork:

“ItranscribedthewholeofthetwotrialsofJohnD.Lee,whichconsistedofabout1200

pagesoftypewriting....ImadeanofficialtranscriptoftheshorthandnotesofMr.Adam

PattersonwhowastheofficialreporteroftheLeetrials.”25Cookneveracknowledged

Rogerson’sassistanceoradmittedthatmuchoftheBoremantranscriptwasactuallytaken

fromRogerson’sshorthandratherthanPatterson’s.

JosiahRogersonrecordedhisaccountofthecreationoftheBoremantranscriptina

lettertotheFirstPresidencyofTheChurchofJesusChristofLatter-daySaints.Rogerson

agreedthatJudgeBoremanhiredCooktotranscribePatterson’sshorthand,intendingto

publishthetranscript.Cookbegantranscribingthe“Addresses,andSpeeches,onthepart

oftheprosecutionanddefense.”Cookworkedonthetranscriptinhissparetimeforayear

intheBeavercourthouse,andthenaskedRogersonifhewould“assisthim,inthe

completionoftheTranscript”andbringhisownshorthandnotes,whichRogerson“could

morereadilydecipher,thanPattersons.”Rogerson“assistedhim,inthismanner,several

nightsinaweekduringseveralmonthsofthewinter,of1885.”26Theirworkapparently

haltedforatimebutrecommencedin1888inSaltLakeCity,whentheytranscribedthe

closingargumentofprosecutorRobertN.BaskinfromLee’sfirsttrial.CookpaidRogerson

“anominalsumperhourformyservices,ashecouldreasonablyafford,realizingthatit

wasonlyaventureatthattime.”27

DifferingpatternsoftypographicalerrorsintheRogersonandBoremantranscripts

supportCook’sassertionthathetypedthelatter.Areviewofpatternsoftypographical

errorsshowsCookalsotypedRobertN.Baskin’sclosingargumentinLee’sfirsttrial.28The

BoremantranscriptandthetranscriptionofBaskin’sclosingargumentcontainagreater

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numberoftypographicalerrors,crossouts,andtypeoversthandotranscriptstypedby

Rogerson.29Cook’shandwrittencorrectionsintheBoremantranscript,sometimes

changinganaccuratetranscriptiontoaninaccurateone,showhisinvolvementin

proofreadingandcorrectingthedocument.Someofhiseditschangedatranscriptionbased

onRogerson’sshorthandtomatchPatterson’sshorthand.Otherchangesareatvariance

withanyoftheshorthandrecords.Forexample,duringthefirsttrialbothshorthand

accountsrecordthatWilliamW.BishopaskedabouttheIndiansfiringupontheemigrants

inthedaysbeforethemassacre.Cookalteredthetextofthetranscriptinlonghandtoread

thattheIndianshadbeen“firedfiringuponbytheemigrants.”30

ThePattersonandRogersonshorthandnotesandtheBoremantranscriptitself

supportRogerson’saccountofhisinvolvementandtheuseofhisshorthandnotesinthe

transcriptionprocess.InternalevidencesuggeststhatCooktypedthetranscriptforthefirst

Leetrial,atleastinpart,fromRogerson’sshorthandandtranscript.31Infact,theBoreman

transcriptforthefirsttrialislargelybasedonRogerson’sshorthand,withphrasesadded

fromPatterson’sshorthand.Rogerson’slonghandwritingappearsextensivelyon

Patterson’sshorthandnotesforbothtrials,transcribingwordsabovetheshorthand,in

whatwasprobablyapreliminarytranscriptionintendedtohelpCook.32

InsomeplacesitappearsthatCookbegantypingtheBoremantranscriptfromthe

RogersontranscriptandthencorrecteditfromPatterson’sshorthand.Manysectionsofthe

BoremantranscriptofthefirsttrialareamalgamationsofRogersonandPatterson

shorthand.Rogersonwroteatthecloseofhisownshorthandnotebook4,“Transcribed

Mar1/88,”andadded,inshorthand,“forCook.”33Rogerson’shandsymbol,whichheused

tomarkhisplacewhiletranscribing,appearsnumeroustimesonthePattersonshorthand

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frombothtrials.ItoftenappearsinexactlythesameplaceinRogerson’sandPatterson’s

shorthandnotesforthefirsttrial,showingsimultaneoususeofbothshorthands.34Further,

thereareslashmarksinexactlythesameplaceinbothshorthandsofCarey’sclosing

argumentofthefirsttrialindicatingclosecomparisonofthetwo.35Thewordtranscribedin

Rogerson’sshorthandappearsonatleastoneofPatterson’sshorthandpages.36Many

phrasesintheBoremantranscriptwereaddedtoRogerson’sshorthandbutnottohis

transcript;Rogersonapparentlyaddedthesephrasestohisshorthandrecordatthesame

timeheaddedthemtotheBoremantranscript.37TwotranscriptiondatesinRogerson’s

hand,addedtobothhisandPatterson’sshorthandrecordsofBaskin’sclosingarguments,

supportRogerson’sclaimsthatheandCookcompletedthetranscriptionofBaskin’sclosing

in“thewinterof1888and′89.”38

TheHuntingtonLibrarypurchasedJudgeBoreman’spapers,includingPatterson’s

shorthandnotesandtheoriginaltypedBoremantranscript,fromBoreman’sson,GilbertF.

Boreman,ofOceanPark,California,onSeptember18,1934.39Cookwrote:“JudgeBoreman

diedanddidnotwritethebookhesaidhewould.Boreman’ssonGilbertofL.A.Fell[sic]

intopossessionoftheTranscriptImadeandalsooftheshorthandnotes.Hegotsickand

wasoutofmoneytoliveoffandhesoldthetranscriptsandthenotes(shorthandnotes)to

theHuntingtonLibrary.[insertedabovelineinlonghand:for$450.00]Hewantedmeto

certifytothetranscriptsbeforehesoldthemtoTheHuntingtonLibrary,butIwouldnot

certifytothetranscriptunlesshepaidmesomethingforthetranscripts.”40Cook’sson,J.

DouglasCook,donatedCook’scarboncopyoftheBoremantranscript,alongwitha1947

affidavitfromCook,totheLibraryofCongressin1968.41ThiscopyisidentifiedasBoreman

Transcript–LibraryofCongress.ItisacompletecopyoftheBoremantranscriptforboth

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trials,withtheexceptionofBaskin’sclosinginthefirsttrial.42TheBoremanTranscript–

LibraryofCongresshaslonghandeditingthatisnotonthecopyoftheBoremantranscript

intheHuntington.

Rogerson,however,leftadifferentaccountofthedispositionofPatterson’s

shorthand.HewrotethatCookreturnedPatterson’sshorthandnotestoPatterson’swidow,

whodiedshortlythereafter.HemaintainedthatPatterson’sshorthandnoteswere

permanentlylost:“Itishardlypossible,andbarelyprobable,thatthesenoteswilleverbe

resusitated,astheyareonlynowrubbish,andisolateinsomeoldtrunkorbarrel.”

Rogersonalsowrotethatin1902or1903,andagainin1905,Cooksuggestedthat

RogersonsellCook’scarboncopyoftheBoremantranscripttoTheChurchofJesusChrist

ofLatter-daySaints.Rogersonofferedthetranscriptandaswornaffidavittoitsaccuracy

for$550.Headded:“Icannotthinkofatimeinthehistoryofourchurchwhenthe

suppressingfromprintingandpublicationofsuchadocumentwouldbemorebeneficial

andtimely.”43Inaddition,hecautionedtheFirstPresidencythatthe“reporter[Cook]could

sellhistranscripttoex-SenatorKearns(aspublisheroftheSaltLakeTribune)ortoeastern

publishingcompanies.”ApostleFrancisM.Lymanproposedthattheoffer“bedeclinedfor

thepresent,forlackoftimetoconsiderit,whichbecamethesenseofthemeeting.”44The

churchdidnotpurchasetheBoremantranscript.

AccuracyoftheBoremanTranscript(BT)

WhiletheBoremantranscriptofthefirstLeetrialisgenerallyamoreaccurate

transcriptionthantheRogersontranscript,itstillcontainsmanyuniquealterations—

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includingadditions,omissions,andchanges—thatarenotineithershorthandrecord.Some

PattersonshorthandpassageswereomittedfromtheBoremantranscript.Somepassages

addedtotheBoremantranscriptcompletelycontradicttheestablishedaccountofevents.

Forexample,ofallversionsofthetrialtranscripts,onlytheBoremantranscriptmentions

thatsomeonewithawhiteflagmetLee.45Likewise,apersonalobservationbyRogerson

thatLeeappeared“betterdressed”thatdayincourt,withnocorrespondingmaterialin

Patterson’sshorthand,isrewrittenintheBoremantranscripttohaveLeemarchingwith

the“betterdressed”emigrants.46AndanadditiontoWilliamYoung’stestimonyplaces

HaightattheMeadowsonthedayofthemassacre:“Q.AnddidHaightmakeanyremark?A.

No,sir.”47YetHaightwasnotpresentatthemassacre.

ThetestimonyportionoftheBoremantranscriptofthesecondLeetrialisgenerally

anaccuratetranscriptofPatterson’sshorthand,withsomepassagesaddedfrom

MormonismUnveiled.CookandRogersonusedMormonismUnveiledorRogerson’s

transcriptasareferenceastheytranscribedPatterson’sshorthandfromthesecondtrial.48

CookoftenstruggledwithPatterson’sshorthandwhenhedidnothaveanother

transcription:manypassagesofPatterson’sshorthandwhichwereomittedfrom

MormonismUnveiledandRogerson’stranscriptarealsoomittedfromtheBoreman

transcript,probablyduetothedifficultyofreadingtheshorthand.NeitherMormonism

UnveilednorRogerson’stranscriptincludetheclosingargumentsofthesecondtrial.Cook

hadgreatdifficultytranscribingthese,andrepeatedlyused“….”toindicateshorthand

passageshecouldnottranscribe.49HewroteinlonghandatthebottomoftheBoreman

transcriptofFoster’sclosingargument,secondtrial:“FollowingthisspeechcameJudge

Spicersaddresstothejury,Partofwhiofthefirstofwhichisnotreported&theremainder

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issoillegiblethatitisimpossibletomakeanintelligenttranscriptofit.WLCook

transcriber.”50CookwroteinlonghandinthemarginofhistranscriptofWilliamW.

Bishop’sclosing,secondtrial,thatthe“speechwasveryimperfectlyreported”andthathe

“thoughtbesttoadheretothenotes.”51Hedoesnotidentifywhichnotes.

JosiahRogerson’sShorthand(RS)

JosiahRogersonrecordedthefirstJohnD.Leetrialintwelvenumberednotebooks

andathirteenthunnumberednotebook.52AllextantRogersonshorthandnotebooksare

locatedintheLDSChurchHistoryLibrary.

RogersonreportedthathetraveledtoBeavertorecordtheLeetrialsatBrigham

Young’srequest.ThoughRogersonwroteinalettertotheFirstPresidencyandinother

writingsthathewasalsoanofficialcourtreporter,hisstatusinthecourtisunclear.53

Rogersonrecordedhisshorthandinordinarypencil.Helateraddedtohisrecordin

ordinarypencil,purplepencil,andink.54Headdedlonghandlettersqandatodesignate

questionsandanswers—attimesincorrectly.55Headdedpunctuation,includingslash

marks,todividephrases.Healsowrotelonghandtranscriptionsabovemanyshorthand

words,attimesincorrectly.56Andattimeshewroteoverhisshorthand,ofteninink,

sometimesobscuringhisoriginalwriting.Whileitisusuallyimpossibletodetermine

whethershorthandalterationsandadditionsinordinarypencilwerewrittenatthetimeof

trialorlater,alterationsandadditionsinpurplepencilandinkwerecertainlyaddedlater,

probablyduringtranscription.57

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Rogersonalsoinsertedshorthandwordsandphrasesintohisoriginalrecord.These

insertionswereoftencopiedfromPatterson’sshorthand.58

Rogersonoccasionallyrecordedinshorthand—butdidnottranscribe—hispersonal

observationsofcourtroomevents.DuringpreliminarylegalproceedingsinApril1875,he

noted:“AttheterminationofSpicerandduringhisremarksLeeweptlookedaround.”59On

Thursday,July22,1875,henoted,“JohnDLeeandhis3wiveswereincourt.”60Hesaidthat

whenmassacreparticipantPhilipKlingensmithgavehisnameatthebeginningofhis

testimony,“inratherexcitedtoneheyelleditout.”61Thenatureofthetrialtestimony

apparentlyaffectedRogerson;atthetopofonepagehewrote,inshorthand:“killingkilling

killingkillingkillingkillingwasdone.”62

In1905,Rogersonsoldhisshorthandnotesand“thetitletothesameforever

relinquished”toTheChurchofJesusChristofLatter-daySaintsfor$100.OnMarch9,1905,

inalettertothechurch’sFirstPresidency,hewrote,“Iwishtomakeaswornaffidavitasto

thecorrectnessandfullnessofmyTranscript;delivermyshort-handnotestoPrest.Lund,

ourHistorian,gettingthewholethingoffmymind,andthereby,keepingandfulfillingmy

promisetoPrest.BrighamYoungSr.”63

TranscriptsbyJosiahRogerson(RT)

JosiahRogersonshowedhisshorthandnotesoftheLeetrialstoBrighamYoungand

DanielH.WellsinBeaver,Utah,wheretheywerevisitinginthefallof1876.Helaterquoted

BrighamYoungassaying,“Wewantthemalltranscribedinfull,forwhichwewillpayyou,

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andBro.Wellsyouseethatheispaid.”RogersonbegantranscribinghisshorthandinSalt

LakeCityin1883.64Asheproceeded,heoccasionallyrecordedinhisshorthandnotebooks

thedatesonwhichheworkedonthetranscription.65

Rogerson’srecordindicatesthathebeganhistranscriptionwiththetestimony

portionofLee’sfirsttrial.Heprobablycontinuedonthroughtheendofthetestimony,then

beganontheattorneys’legalarguments.66Hesummarizedpartsoftheshorthandashe

transcribed,apparentlyattherequestofchurchpresidentJohnTaylor:“Amcarryingout

yourinstructionsinmakingdigestorsynopsisofLeetrial,andthink,amhalfthrough.”67He

detailedhisprogressinhisletterstotheFirstPresidency.68HisworkwithCookin

transcribingBaskin’sclosingargumentfromthefirsttrialwasthefinallaboronboththe

RogersonandBoremantranscripts.69RogersonnevertranscribeddefenseattorneyWells

Spicer’sopeningargumentforthedefenseinthefirsttrial,WilliamCarey’sclosing

argumentfortheprosecution,jurorinterviews,andmanylegalarguments.

In1884RogersontraveledtoCacheValley,whereherecordedJamesHaslam’s

accountofhisSeptember1857ridefromCedarCitytoSaltLakeCitytogetBrigham

Young’sinstructionsregardingtheemigrantsatMountainMeadows.70Rogerson’s

transcriptofthistestimonywaspublishedasanaddendumtoCharlesW.Penrose’sThe

MountainMeadowsMassacre.71TheshorthandofHaslam’sstatementisnotextant,butthe

transcriptisreproducedinAppendixA.

In1911Rogersonagaintranscribedandsummarizedportionsofhisshorthand

whileworkingonahistoryoftheMountainMeadowsMassacre.Onlyportionsofthis

transcriptareextant.72

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AccuracyofJosiahRogerson’sTranscript

FirstTrial

ComparingJosiahRogerson’sshorthandwithhistranscriptofthefirsttrialreveals

numerous,oftensignificant,differences.73Manyofthesedifferencesalteredthefactualor

emotionalcontentofthetranscriptinwaysthateitherprotectedapersonorgroupfrom

incriminatingevidenceorincriminatedthembeyondwhattheshorthandnoteswarranted.

AsRogersontranscribed,hesometimeschangednames,numbers,anddates

(includingnumbersrecordedasdigits).74Headded,omitted,andalteredwitnesstestimony

andattorneycomments.HeaddedextensivematerialfromPatterson’sshorthand,aswell

asfromvariouspublishedsourcesandfromother,unspecifiedsources.75Heomittedmany

pagesoflegalargumentsthattookplaceamongtheattorneysandJudgeBoreman,and

manyofBoreman’sstatements.HealsoalteredtheclosingargumentsofLee’sdefense

attorneys.

Rogersoninsertednegatives(suchasnoandnot)intohisshorthandandintohis

transcript;healsoomittednegativesfromhistranscriptthatwereinhisshorthand.InJoel

White’sanswertoaquestionaboutwhetherhesawalltheIndiansinfullview,Rogerson

inserted“no”intohisshorthand,thenincludedthesameinhistranscript;boththe

PattersonshorthandandBoremantranscriptread“yessir.”76Heinserted“not”intohis

transcriptofCarey’sopening:

RogersonShorthand RogersonTranscript

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itseemsincrediblethatsuchacrimecould

havebeencommitted<couldhave>been

knownbysomanypersonsforsolongatime

andsolittleknownaboutitasheretofore

itseemsremarkablethatsuchacrimecould

havebeencommittedandnotbe

knownbyso.manypersonsforsolonga

time,andsolittleknownaboutit.77

Rogersonadded,deleted,andchangednamesthroughouthistranscript,thereby

appearingtoprotectorincriminatedifferentpersons.InJohnW.Bradshaw’stestimony,for

example,Rogersontwicewrote“Haight”inshorthand,theninlonghandabovethe

shorthand,butomitteditfromhistranscript:

RogersonShorthand RogersonTranscript

itwasSundaymeeting,andHaight<Haight>

wasspeakingofthosewhohadpassedhere

itwasSundaymeeting,andit

wasthesubjectspokeof78

WherewasityousayHaight<Haight>was

whenhetoldyoutogorendezvous

Q.Wherewasityousaywhentheytoldyou

togototherendezvous?79

Ontheotherhand,RogersoninsertedHaight’snameelsewhereinanincriminating

manner:

RogersonShorthand RogersonTranscript

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Smith’s[Klingensmith’s]testimonyherethat

thedestructionofemigrantswas<thesubject

ofthe>conversationanddeterminedupon,

notwithstandingthatthathadbeentalkedon

Sundaypreviousthedaybefore,

theyweresentandorderedbyHaighttogo

Pintoandallayexcitedsavages,thatthese

emigrantsmightpassthroughthecountryin

peaceandunmolested.

reconcilethisstatementwithhis

[Klingensmith’s]formerone,inregardtothe

destructionoftheemigrants,ifyoucan,

askingyoutobearinmind

thathesaidthaton

Sunday,Haightcalleduponthepeopleto

destroytheemigrants,

andnowhe,Haight,senthimandJoelWhite

withamessageofpeaceandorderedthe

bishoptorestraintheIndiansthatthe

emigrantsmightpassunmolestedthrough

thecountry80

TheRogersontranscriptalsotwiceomitsIraAllen’snamefromJoelWhite’s

testimony,thoughRogersonwrotethenameinbothshorthandandinlonghandinhis

notes.81

RogersonalsoinsertedorremovedLee’snameinhistranscript.HeaddedLee’s

nametoJoelWhite’stestimonyabouttheactivityoftheIndiansjustastheshootingbegan,

changing“Idon’tknowwheretheywas”toread“Idon’tknowwhereLeewas.”82Andagain,

alsoinJoelWhite’stestimony:

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RogersonShorthand RogersonTranscript

wouldbesignalgivenhaltwhen

thatwordhaltwasgivenitwasforto

fire

wouldbeasignalgiven,halt,toLee,when

thatword“halt”wasgivenitwasfortofire83

Rogersonchangedtheshorthand“whitemen”to“JohnD.Lee”inalegalargument

byLee’sattorneyJabezG.Sutherland.84TheRogersontranscriptofPhilipKlingensmith’s

testimonysaysthatLeeorderedhimtogotothemeadows,butthecontextclearlyindicates

thatHaighttoldhimtogo.85

TherearemanyotherexamplesofRogerson’schanges.Heinsertednumerous

passagesoftextintohistranscriptthatdonotappearinhisshorthandorinPatterson’s

shorthand.HeinsertedanexchangebetweenprosecutorRobertN.Baskinanddefender

WilliamW.Bishop,andalteredacommentbyBaskin:

RogersonShorthand RogersonTranscript

[Norelatedtextinshorthand] Baskinobjectedandsaid:theapplicationof

thiswouldbeprettyroughontheMormon

Churchinthiscase.Bishop:Ididn’tknowthe

MormonChurchwereontrial.86

[Baskinspeaking:]Hesaysheproposesto

provewhatwasdonebytheChurch,what

[Baskinspeaking:]Hesaysheproposesto

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wasthepracticewas[regardingChurch

disciplinefordisobedience]

provewhatwasdonebytheChurch—what

wasthepretextfortheMountainMeadows

Massacre87

RogersonomittedWilliamCarey’schargeinhisopeningargumentthatthewhite

menandIndiansplayedgameswhiletheemigrantswereundersiegeandtheirsupplies

ranout.88HequotedSutherlandassayingthathereceivedanaffidavitfrom“two

prominentphysiciansinSaltLakeCitywhowereattending”BrighamYoungandGeorgeA.

Smith,reportingtheyweretoofeebletotraveltoBeavertotestify.Nootherversion

indicatesthereweretwophysicians,andnootherversionmentionstheideaof

prominence.89HeomittedastatementfromSutherland’sclosingthatKlingensmithwore

hisrevolverandbutcherknifewhileonthewitnessstand.90Rogersonalsoadded,deleted,

andalteredtestimonyregardingIndians.91

Rogerson’schangestotheattorneys’closingarguments,asarule,areevenmore

extensivethanhischangestotestimony.92Hisalterationstoclosingargumentsoften

depictedtheMormonsmorenegativelythantheactualspeecheshad.93Forexample,local

MormonandmilitialeadersheldameetinginCedarCitytodiscussconcernsaboutthe

emigranttrain.TheRogersontranscriptofEnosD.Hoge’sclosingdatedthemeetingbefore

thearrivaloftheemigrants,whiletheshorthand(andalltestimony)placeditafterthe

trainhadpassedthroughCedarCity.94TheRogersontranscriptofHoge’sandBishop’s

closingargumentsforthedefensecontainsmanyadditions,includingstronglyanti-

Mormonstatementsandgraphicdescriptionsofthemassacre.95TheRogersontranscriptof

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Sutherland’sclosingbearsonlypassingresemblancetotheoriginalshorthand.96Itincludes

significantstatementsthathavenoknownsource,includingastatementthatthejuryhad

beensequestered,andparticularlycolorfuldescriptionsofthemassacre.

SecondTrial

JosiahRogersonwrotethathereportedonlypartofthesecondtrial:“Iwantthis

understood,thatIonlyreportedthenewandadditionaltestimony,inthesecondtrial,and

thiswasduetothefactthatPresidentD.H.Wells,whowasthereallthetime,didnotthink

itnecessarytoreporttheothertestimonybeingbroughtoutagain,andarepetition,in

main,ofwhathadbeenintroducedinthefirsttrial.”97Thereisnorecordtoshowhow

muchofthistrialheactuallydidrecord;theonlyextantRogersonshorthandfromthe

secondtrialisalegalpleafiledSeptember18,1876.Hisstatementimpliesthattestimony

inthesecondtrialwasmostlyarepetitionoftestimonygiveninthefirsttrial,andit

thereforedidnotneedtoberecorded.Butexaminationofothersourcesrevealsthatthe

secondtrialcontainedasignificantamountofnewinformationfromnewwitnesses.

Rogerson’stranscriptofthesecondLeetrialisanalmostverbatimcopyofthe

partialtranscriptpublishedinMormonismUnveiled(1877)byLee’sattorney,WilliamW.

Bishop;itevenincludessummarystatementsfoundinMormonismUnveiledthatarenotin

anyshorthandrecord.98ThereisnoevidencethatanypartoftheRogersontranscriptofthe

secondtrialwastakenfromRogersonshorthand.99

TranscriptionChallenges

20

WordsinPitmanshorthandarewrittenphonetically,astheysound,without

referencetoconventionalEnglishorthography.Allvowelsarewrittenasdiacritics,asare

mostinitialh,w,andyletters;alltheseareconsideredoptionalandareusuallyomitted,

thoughsomeinformationregardingthevowelmaybeindicatedbytheword’splacement

above,on,orbelowtheline.100Theomissionofvowels—andofaninitialh,w,andy—

makesitdifficult,andattimesimpossible,todifferentiatebetweenwordswiththesame

consonantswheretheonlydifferencewouldbeintheomittedletters.

ThewordsrodandyardintheshorthandrecordedbyJosiahRogersonandAdam

Pattersonareexcellentexamplesofsuchwords.Whenthediacriticsforthevowelsandthe

initialyarenotwritten,asisusuallythecaseintheseshorthandrecords,bothwordsare

writtensimplyrd.Itisthereforeimpossibleforthetranscribertocorrectlydetermine

whichwordthereporteractuallyheardandintendedtowrite.Alldistancesstatedinthe

Leetrialsusingthewordsrodandyardmustbeverifiedbyothersources,ifpossible.

WhereRogersonorCooktranscribedtheword,thetranscriptionhasbeenfollowed.Yet

theirtranscriptionsweremadeyearsafterthetrial.Rogersoncouldnothavereliably

rememberedasinglewordinthelengthytrialproceedings,andCookdidnotattendthe

trials.Therefore,eventheirtranscriptionsofthesewordsrequireverificationfromexternal

sources.

Conclusion

ComparisonofRogerson’sandPatterson’sshorthandrecordswiththetranscripts

revealsaccuraciesandinaccuraciesinthetranscripts—bothofwhich,attimes,are

21

significant.ThemostreliablewaytoreadthetrialtranscriptsforJohnD.Lee’stwotrialsis

touseacomparisontext.Tothisend,thisworkreproducesthetrialsourcesinfullina

comparisonmatrix.Wherethereisonlyonesource,itisprovided—but,ofcourse,no

comparisonisavailable.Wheretherearetwoormoresources,thetrialmatrixprovidesa

line-by-linecomparison.Thismatrixisthemostcompletesourceavailabletohelp

researchersbegintounderstandthetwotrialsofJohnD.LeeforhisroleintheMountain

MeadowsMassacre.

1.TheRogersonshorthandislocatedinJosiahRogerson,TranscriptsandnotesofJohnD.

Leetrials,1875–85,CHL.ThePattersonshorthandislocatedintheJacobS.BoremanCollection,

HuntingtonLibrary,SanMarino,CA.PitmanshorthandwasdevelopedbyIsaacPitman;itwasfirst

presentedinEnglandin1837.Seethebiographicalregisterintheaccompanyingbookformore

informationonPatterson,Rogerson,Lee,andmostothersmentionedherein.

2.ThelegalpleaisdatedSeptember16,1875.Howmuchoftherestofthesecondtrial

Rogersonrecorded,ifany,isunknown.Rogersonalsorecordedlegalproceedingsbeforethe

beginningofthefirsttrial,legalproceedingsbetweenthetwotrials,andtheannouncementofLee’s

deathsentence.

3.TheRogersontranscriptislocatedinJosiahRogerson,TranscriptsandnotesofJohnD.

Leetrials,1875–85.TheBoremantranscriptislocatedintheJacobS.BoremanCollection,

HuntingtonLibrary.Lee’sattorney,WilliamW.Bishop,publishedthepartialtranscriptofthe

secondtrialinMormonismUnveiledshortlyafterLee’sdeath.WilliamW.Bishop,ed.,Mormonism

Unveiled;OrtheLifeandConfessionsoftheLateMormonBishop,JohnD.Lee;(WrittenbyHimself)(St.

Louis:Bryan,Brand,1877),302–78.MormonismUnveileddoesnotgivethesourceforthispartial

22

transcript;itpresumablywastakenfromthetranscriptoftestimonygivenatthesecondLeetrial

thatPattersonpreparedundercourtorderforLee’sappeal.Theoriginalmanuscriptofthis

transcriptisnotextant.

4.AlonghandtranscriptofJudgeJacobS.Boreman’sinstructionstothejury,inthesecond

Leetrialisextant.ThedocumentissignedbyBoreman,andmaybeinhishand.Thereisno

indicationonthismanuscriptofwhoprovidedthetranscription.SeeTrialmatrix,3969–80.

5.JosiahRogersontoFirstPresidency,Mar.9,1905,FirstPresidency,Miscellaneous

Documents,1887–1918,CHL.

6.JosiahRogersontoFirstPresidency,ca.Apr.1905,FirstPresidency,Miscellaneous

Documents;W.L.CooktoJuanitaBrooks,Jan.31,1946,Feb.9,1946,JuanitaBrooks

Correspondence,HuntingtonLibrary,SanMarino,CA;W.L.Cook,affidavit,May1,1947,Papersof

W.L.Cook,1875–1876,LibraryofCongress,Washington,D.C.Rogerson’saccountofhisworkon

theBoremantranscriptisdiscussedbelow.

7.Rogerson’sshorthandrecordedAnnieHoag’saccountofwhattheIndianstoldLeeatthe

Meadows,“Theywasnotgoingtodothedirtyworkalone,”whilePatterson’sshorthandreads,

“Theywasnotgoingtodotheirdamndirty[space].”TheBoremantranscriptcombinesthetwo:

“Saidtheywasnotgoingtodotheirdidamndirtyworkalone.”JDL1-RS,4:13;JDL1-PS,5:18;JDL1-

BT,4:28,Trialmatrix,936.

8.Books6,8–10,and13,firsttrial,arenotextant.Thesebookswereapparentlylostbefore

CookandRogersoncreatedtheBoremantranscript.SeveralsourcesidentifyPattersonasthe

officialcourtreporter.SeeFredericLockley,“Lee’sTrial,”SaltLakeDailyTribune,July15,1875;

MB1,p.209,July12,1875;“DrummingupSensations,”DeseretNews,Sept.8,1875;MB1,p.450,

Sept.11,1876.

23

9.Book1,containingjuryinterviewsandopeningarguments,ismissing.AllofPatterson’s

shorthandforbothtrialsappearstohavebeenrecordedduringtheactualcourtroomproceedings.

Thereisoneexception:PattersonmadeashorthandcopyofaffidavitsswornbyBrighamYoungand

GeorgeA.SmithinSaltLakeCityduringthefirsttrialandtelegraphedtoBeaver.SeePatterson

shorthandbook11.

10.PattersonrecordedfewerlegalargumentsthanRogerson;hewroteinthemiddleofone

lengthylegalargument,“TherewasgoodlotoflawreadofwhichIdidnotthinktherewasany

necessityfor.”JDL2-PS,3:37,Trialmatrix,3772.

11.SeehistoryofBoremantranscript,below,onRogerson’saccesstoPatterson’s

shorthand.

12.RogersonalsoputinsertionmarksinPatterson’sshorthandtoindicateplaceswherehis

ownshorthandcontainedmaterialthatPatterson’sdidnot.

13.“DrummingupSensations,”DeseretNews,Sept.8,1875.

14.JohnD.Leerecordedinhisdiarythat“Mr.PattersoninformedMethat[he]wasaboutto

publishaBookonMyTrialof200Pages.”MC,2:371,Sept.26,1875.Eventhoughnoevidenceexists

thataPattersontranscriptionwaseverpublished,FredLockley,aSaltLakeDailyTribunereporter,

didpublishasixty-fourpagepamphletgivingsomedetailsofthefirsttrial.TheLeeTrial(SaltLake

City:TribunePublishing,1875).

15.SeeOrderforTranscript,SecondTrialofJohnD.Lee,MB1,p.481,Sept.21,1876,

reproducedinchapter39,“JohnD.Lee’sAppeal”;BillofExceptions,Sept.25,1876,CCF31,

reproducedinchapter39,“JohnD.Lee’sAppeal.”“Mr.W.W.Bishop,counselforJohnD.Lee,hasgot

hisbriefout,andMr.A.S.Patterson,thestenographerwhoreportedthelasttrial,hasfinished

transcribinghisnotesforMr.Bishop'suse”(“SupremeCourt,”SaltLakeDailyTribune,Jan.23,

1877).

24

16.See“Literary,”SaltLakeDailyTribune,Oct.12,1877.

17.“A.S.PattersonDead,”DeseretEveningNews,Aug.23,1886.

18.“Literary,”SaltLakeDailyTribune,Oct.12,1877.

19.ThetrialtranscriptsprovidedalistofalldocumentsthatweresenttotheUtahSupreme

CourtforLee’sappeal.Theopeningandclosingargumentswerenotamongthem.BundleC,

BoremanCollection,HuntingtonLibrary.

20.Bishop,MormonismUnveiled,359.

21.Bishop,MormonismUnveiled,376.

22.JuanitaBrookscorrespondedwithCookassheperformedresearchforherbookThe

MountainMeadowsMassacre,whichwaspublishedin1950.CooktoBrooks,Jan.31,1946,Brooks

Correspondence;JuanitaBrooks,TheMountainMeadowsMassacre(Stanford:StanfordUniversity

Press,1950);JuanitaBrooks,TheMountainMeadowsMassacre,2ded.(Norman:Universityof

OklahomaPress,1991).

23.W.L.CooktoJuanitaBrooks,May29,1946,BrooksCorrespondence.

24.W.L.CooktoJuanitaBrooks,Feb.9,1946,BrooksCorrespondence.Cookalsoreported,

“InJanuary1886hewasdulyappointedofficialcourtreporterbyJudgeBoremanfortheSecond

JudicialDistrictofUtahandseveralyearsaftersaidJudgeaskedmetotranscribeMr.Patterson’s

shorthandnotesofthetwoLeetrials,ashewantedtowriteabookonthesameandthatAdam

Pattersonwasdead.”Cookaffidavit,May1,1947,PapersofW.L.Cook.

25.CooktoBrooks,Jan.31,1946,BrooksCorrespondence.Cooklaterdescribed“thathegot

outacompletetranscriptofthetwotrials—makingtwocopies,oneofwhichwasdeliveredtoJudge

Boreman,andthesecondcopyistheforegoingtranscriptofthetwosaidtrialsastranscribedbyme

fromsaidAdamPatterson’sshorthandnotes.”Cookaffidavit,May1,1947,PapersofW.L.Cook.

26.RogersontoFirstPresidency,ca.Apr.1905,FirstPresidency,MiscellaneousDocuments.

25

27.RogersontoFirstPresidency,ca.Apr.1905,FirstPresidency,MiscellaneousDocuments.

Rogerson’sshorthandisgenerallymoreclearlywrittenthanPatterson’sshorthand.

28. TheoriginalofCook’stypedtranscriptofBaskin’sclosingisintheBoremantranscript

attheHuntingtonLibrary.ThetranscriptofBaskin’sclosingintheRogersontranscriptisacarbon

copyoftheoriginalintheBoremantranscript,includingmanylonghandcorrections.Thecopyof

theBoremantranscriptintheLibraryofCongressisacarboncopyoftheoriginalintheHuntington

Library;thiscopydoesnotcontainBaskin’sclosing,asthecarboncopywasplacedintheRogerson

transcript.

29.Specificmistypedwords,includingwzaswasere,arguement(Britishspellingof

argument),staid,Indiands,Indaians,thzat,that,that,croud,outr,hijm,haow,thery,doid,appear

repeatedlyintheBoremantranscriptandinBaskin’sclosing(firsttrial),butrarely,ifever,inthe

Rogersontranscript,exceptinthecarboncopyofBaskin’sclosing,whichRogersonsoldtoThe

ChurchofJesusChristofLatter-daySaintsashisowntranscriptofBaskin’sclosingargument.

30.JDL1-PS,4:18;JDL1-RS,3:26;JDL1-BT,3:118.Wordswritteninlonghandareinbold.

31.ComparisonofPatterson’sshorthandandRogerson’sshorthandandtranscriptwiththe

BoremantranscriptshowshowextensivelyCookusedRogerson’swork.

32.Rogerson’slonghandtranscriptionsonPatterson’sshorthandarenotalwaysaccurate.

33.JDL1-RS,4:40.ThisistheonlytimeRogersongivesCook’sname;elsewhere,herefersto

himas“thereporter.”

34.Rogerson’shandsymbolappearsinexactlythesamelocationintheRogersonand

Pattersonshorthandsinthefollowingplaces:JDL1-PS,5:3,JDL1-RS4:2;JDL1-PS5:5,JDL1-RS4:4;

JDL1-PS5:29,JDL1-RS4:21;JDL1-PS5:41,JDL1-RS4:31;JDL1-PS7:23,JDL1-RS6:24;JDL1-PS7:44,

JDL1-RS6:39.RogersondidnotusePatterson’sshorthandinhisowntranscriptionofthesecond

Leetrial;rather,hecopiedthepartialtranscriptpublishedinMormonismUnveiled.Thepresenceof

hishandsymbolonPatterson’sshorthandfromthesecondtrialthereforeisadditionalevidence

26

thathehelpedcreatetheBoremantranscriptforthesecondtrial.Numerousinsertionmarkson

Patterson’sshorthand,withoutanyaddedtext,appearatplaceswhereRogersonrecorded

shorthandnotesbutPattersondidnot,whichalsoindicatesthetworecordswerecompared.

35.RogersondidnottranscribeCarey’sopeningfortheRogersontranscript.

36.JDL1-PS,13:1.

37.Forexample,seeWilliamYoung’stestimonyregardingwhatLeeandtheemigrants

loadedintothewagonsbeforeleavingthecorral:JDL1-PS,5:36—“Itseemedtobeclothingand

otherthings”;JDL1-BT,4:51—“Itseemedtobeclothingandtraps”;JDL1-RS,4:28—[inserted:“it

seemedtobeclothingandtraps”];JDL1-RT—doesnotincludethispassage.Otheradditionsinclude

“wheretheytowardstheemigrants,”JDL1-RS,7:70;“andtheytalked,”JDL1-RS,7:71;“doyou

knowIraAllen,”JDL1-RS,5:58;“Isupposehedid”;JDL1-RS,3:3;and“thenundermiliteryorders,”

JDL1-RS,3:4.

38.RogersontoFirstPresidency,ca.Apr.1905,FirstPresidency,MiscellaneousDocuments.

Two1888datesappearontheshorthandofBaskin’sclosing,bothinRogerson’shand.SeeJDL1-RS,

13:3:“TranscribedJuly11/88,”andJDL1-PS,13:24:“Nov15/88.”

39.BoremanCollection,HuntingtonLibrary.

40.W.L.CooktoJuanitaBrooks,Feb.9,1946,BrooksCorrespondence.

41.PapersofW.L.Cook,1875–76,LibraryofCongress.

42.CookdidnothavepossessionofBaskin’sclosing.Rogersonplacedthecarboncopyof

Baskin’sclosingwithhisownpapersandrepresenteditashisowntranscript.Thereisthereforeno

copyofBaskin’sclosinginthecopyoftheBoremantranscriptthatCookdonatedtotheLibraryof

Congress.

43.RogersontoFirstPresidency,ca.Apr.1905,FirstPresidency,MiscellaneousDocuments.

Atthetime,RogersonwastryingtosellCook’scarboncopyoftheBoremantranscripttothe

27

church;hethereforetoldthemthatPatterson’sshorthandwaslostandcouldnotbetranscribedin

thefuture.Evidencefromthedocumentsthemselvessuggeststhatthecurrentlynonextant

PattersonshorthandnotebookswerelostbeforeRogersonandCooktranscribedtheshorthand

records.

44.FirstPresidencyminutes,Apr.5,1905,FirstPresidency’sOffice,TheChurchofJesus

ChristofLatter-daySaints,SaltLakeCity,excerptprovidedinBrookHalestoGlennRowe,email,

Oct.15,2010.

45.JDL1-BT,3:125;JDL1-PS,4:22;JDL1-RT,2:151;JDL1-RS,3:29.

46.JDL1-RS,4:6;JDL1-RT,1:181;JDL1-BT,4:17.

47.JDL1-BT,4:56.

48.SomepassagesintheBoremantranscriptofthesecondtrialareinMormonismUnveiled

andinRogerson’stranscript,butnotinPatterson’sshorthand.

49.SeeJDL2-BT,4:10,13,17–22.

50.JDL2-BT,3:[21].

51.JDL2-BT,4:1.Patterson’sshorthandfortheseclosingargumentsisnotsignificantly

moredifficultthantherestofhisshorthand.

52.ThislastnotebookincludesmuchofprosecutorRobertN.Baskin’sclosingargument,

somelegalproceedings,andportionsofLee’sautobiography.ThefragmentofLee’sautobiography

iswrittenontheversoofBaskin’sclosing.Itappearstohavebeenrecordedfromdictation.Itis

clearlynotinRogerson’shand;itwasprobablyrecordedbyWaddingtonL.Cook,withwhom

RogersonworkedontheBoremantranscript.Alsointhesamehandareshorthandnotesfroma

campaignspeechbycandidateFredT.Dubois,candidateforreelectionasIdahoterritorial

representativetoCongress,betweenOctober16andNovember6,1888;Dubois’sopponent,John

Hailey,mayalsobespeaking.

28

Thisthirteenthnotebookalsocontainsnumerousloosepages,includingrecordsfromgrand

juryselection,variouspretrialmotions,pleasforcontinuance,apretrialmotionfordismissalof

chargesonalegaltechnicality,twopagesregardingthesecondtrial,andthelasttwopagesofLee’s

deathsentence.TheremainderoftheseloosepagesandotherRogersonshorthandrecordsare

totallyunrelatedtoJohnD.LeeandMountainMeadows.

53.SeeRogersontoFirstPresidency,Mar.9,1905,FirstPresidency,Miscellaneous

Documents.AsidefromRogerson’sclaims,thereisnocorroboratingevidencethathewasindeed

sworninbythecourtasanofficialreporter.JosiahRogerson,autobiography,manuscript,p.1,in

JosiahRogersonPapers,CHL;JosiahRogersontoMr.Gallagher,Jan.3,1914,JosiahRogerson

CollectionofHandcartCompanySources,BYU.

54.Thereareabout1,100purplepencilinsertionsintoRogerson’sshorthand.Almosttwo-

thirdsoftheseareqanda,todesignatequestionsandanswers.Asignificantportionofthe

remainderareone-wordinsertions,oftenarticlesandprepositions,whichcouldhavebeenmade

withoutreferencetoPatterson’sshorthand.TherearenoinsertionsinpurplepencilinBoreman’s

instructionstothejuryorinanyclosingargument,exceptBaskin’sclosing.Therearemorethan

3,150inkinsertionsintoRogerson’sshorthand.Theseadditionstendtobemoresubstantivethan

thoseinpurplepencil;onlyabout30percentareqanda.Asignificantportionoftheinkadditions

areinBishop’sandBaskin’sclosings.

55.SomeqandalettersinsertedintotheshorthanddocumentsbyRogersonincorrectly

designateananswerasaquestionorviceversa.Othersareinsertedintothemiddleofaquestionor

answer.

56.Someshorthandsymbolscanrepresentoneofseveralwords,dependingoncontext.At

timesRogersonapparentlywrotethesepreliminarytranscriptionsabovethelinewithlittlerespect

tothecontextoftheword,resultinginanincorrecttranscription.

29

57.Rogersoninsertedshorthandininkfromtheverystartofhisshorthandrecord;material

insertedinpurplepencil,exceptheadingnotesandaveryfewqandaletters,firstappearsin

Klingensmith’stestimony.

58.Rogerson’sinsertionsfromPatterson’sshorthandintohisownshorthandandtranscript

indicatethathehadaccesstoPatterson’sshorthandeitherbeforeoratthetimehemadehis

transcription.HemayhavecomparedhisshorthandreporttoPatterson’sshorthandandcopied

phrasesfromthelatterintohisownnotebooksduringthetrialitself.Rogersoninsertedshorthand

phrasesinregularpencilintoPatterson’srecordofSpicer’sopeningforthedefenseinthefirsttrial,

thoughRogersondidnottranscribeit,whichindicateshemadesomeinsertionsindependentofhis

transcriptionwork.

59.Apr.14,1875,RS,p.5.

60.July22,1875,JDL1-RS,1:7.

61.JDL1-RS,2:18.

62.JDL1-RS,9:37.

63.RogersontoFirstPresidency,Mar.9,1905,FirstPresidency,MiscellaneousDocuments.

Atthesametime,healsoreceived$35foratranscriptofBaskin’sclosingand$15forcomparinghis

noteswithhistranscriptin1884andforfurnishingBrighamYoungwiththefirstfullcopyofthe

speechLeemadejustpriortohisexecution.Rogersonhadalreadybeenpaidforhistranscript,

drawingmoneyfromanaccountwhileheworked.RogersontoTaylor,Dec.8,1883,First

Presidency,JohnTaylorPresidentialPapers,1877–1887,CHL.

64.RogersontoFirstPresidency,Mar.9,1905,FirstPresidency,MiscellaneousDocuments;

RogersontoTaylor,Dec.8,1883,FirstPresidency,TaylorPresidentialPapers.Rogersondidnot

statewhyhewaitedtotranscribehisnotesinSaltLakeCityratherthaninBeaver.Withthe

exceptionofBaskin’sclosing,theRogersontranscriptistypedintheallupper-case,block-letter,

sans-seriffontofthefirstRemingtontypewriter.Rogersonhadpreviouslytranscribedpartsofthe

30

firsttrial.AtranscriptionnoteonRogerson’sshorthandofBishop’sclosing,datedAugust29,1875,

indicateshemadeatranscriptionatthetimeofthetrial.Thistranscriptionwasnotpublishedand

isnotextant.JDL1-RS,11:28.UnattributedtranscriptionsofclosingargumentsbyJabezG.

SutherlandandEnosD.Hogeappearedin“TheLeeTrial,”DeseretNewsonAugust25,Sept.8,1875.

Thesetranscriptionsdifferfromtheshorthand,especiallythetranscriptofSutherland’sclosing.

RogersonlatercopiedthesetranscriptionsintotheRogersontranscript;thepublished

transcriptionofSutherland’sclosingwasalsocopiedintotheBoremantranscript.Rogerson

possiblyproducedthesetranscriptionsfortheDeseretNews.

65.Rogersonnotedthefollowingtranscriptiondatesinhisownshorthandnotebooks:

“Transcribed.–Jan1884.JR.”(JDL1-RS,2:9);“Aug3–10amresestedheretranscribing”(JDL1-

RS,3:28);“MngNov29/83”(JDL1-RS,3:34);“Transcribing945amDec6/83”(JDL1-RS,4:5);

“MondayDec1710:30a.m.”1883(JDL1-RS,4:33);“TranscribedMar1/88.ForCook.”(JDL1-RS,

4:40);“*Dec.24/1030pm.”(JDL1-RS,6:2);“Aug4/75from915till.11.45.”(JDL1-RS,11:27);

“TranscribedSundayAugust29/75”(JDL1-RS,11:28);“TranscribedJuly11/88”(JDL1-RS,13:3).

Also,inPatterson’sshorthandnotebook,writteninRogerson’slonghand:“Nov15/88”(JDL1-PS,

13:24).

66.JDL1-RS,2:9,givesthedate“JAN1884,”whichislaterthanmostofthedatesgiven

elsewhere.

67.RogersontoTaylor,Dec.8,1883,FirstPresidency,TaylorPresidentialPapers.Healso

reportedtoTaylor:“Ihavebroughtthetranscriptdowntolessthanonethirdinthenumberof

words,thatthereareintheshorthandnotes.”Inreality,histranscriptcontainsmuchmorethan

one-thirdofthenumberofwordsfoundintheshorthand.RogersontoTaylor,Feb.27,1884,Taylor

PresidentialPapers.

68.RogersonwroteinFebruary1884:“ThetranscriptofthefirstLeetrialiscompleted,

31

withtheexceptionofMrsHogestestimony...andsomeCrossexaminationofKlingensmith.”He

intendedtobeginonthesecondtrialaboutMarch15,1884.RogersontoTaylor,Feb.27,1884,

TaylorPresidentialPapers.In1884RogersoncomparedhisnoteswithhistranscriptintheChurch

Historian’sOffice.RogersontoFirstPresidency,Mar.9,1905,FirstPresidency,Miscellaneous

Documents.

69.SeelonghandnotesinJDL1-RS,13:2,andJDL1-PS,13:24;RogersontoFirstPresidency,

ca.Apr.1905,FirstPresidency,MiscellaneousDocuments.Analysisoftypographicalerrors

indicatesthatCook,notRogerson,typedthistranscript.TheRogersontranscriptofBaskin’sclosing

fortheprosecutioninthefirsttrialisacarboncopyoftheBoremantranscriptofthesame,

includingmanyhandwrittencorrections.TheBoremantranscriptincludesadditionallonghand

correctionsandnotesthatarenotontheRogersontranscript.

70.JamesHaslam,interviewbyScipioA.Kenner,reportedbyJosiahRogerson,Dec.4,1884,

typescript,inJosiahRogerson,TranscriptsandNotesofJohnD.LeeTrials,CHL,reproducedin

AppendixA.

71.SupplementtotheLectureontheMountainMeadowsMassacre:ImportantAdditional

TestimonyRecentlyReceived(SaltLakeCity:JuvenileInstructorOffice,1885);CharlesW.Penrose,

TheMountainMeadowsMassacre;WhoWereGuiltyoftheCrime?(SaltLakeCity:JuvenileInstructor

Office,1884).

72.ExtantportionsofRogerson’s1911transcriptionsandofhishistoryofthemassacreare

availableinCollectedMaterialConcerningtheMountainMeadowsMassacre,CHL.

73.Asnotedabove,theonlyextantRogersonshorthandforthesecondtrialisasinglelegal

plea.

74.Foranexampleofchangingnumbers,seeJDL1-RT,1:141;JDL1-RS3:25.

75.ClosingargumentsbySutherlandandHogewerecopiedfrom“TheLeeTrial,”Deseret

32

News,Aug,25,Sept.8,1875.Boreman’sinstructionstothejurywerecopiedfromtheSaltLake

DailyTribune,Aug.4,1875,or“TheLeeTrial,”DeseretNews,Aug.11,1875.

76.JDL1-RS,4:5;JDL1-RT,1:179;JDL1-PS,5:6(thePattersonshorthandreads:“you

sawallthethemprettynearyessirinoneviewyessir”);JDL1-BT,4:15(theBoremantranscript

reads:“Q.Yousawallofthem,prettynear?A.Yes,sir.Q.Invfullview?A.Yes,sir.”).

77.JDL1-RS,2:12;JDL1-RT,1:43.

78.JDL1-RS,5:24;JDL1-RT,2:250;JDL1-PSisnotextant;JDL1-BT,4:76,isthesameasJDL1-

RS.Boldtypeintheexampleindicatesthatthesewordswerewritteninlonghand.

79.JDL1-RS,5:29;JDL1-RT,2:260;JDL1-PSisnotextant;JDL1-BT,4:84,isthesameasJDL1-

RS.

80.JDL1-RT,5:5;JDL1-RS,11:10.

81.JDL1-RS,3:36;JDL1-RT,1:163.

82.JDL1-RS,3:[31];JDL1-RT,1:153;JDL1-PS,4:23;JDL1-BT,3:127.

83.JDL1-RS,3:30;JDL1-RT,1:152;JDL1-PS,4:22–23;andJDL1-BT,3:126,arealmost

identicaltoRogerson’sshorthand.

84.JDL1-RS,8:27;JDL1-RT,4:438.

85.JDL1-RS,2:22;JDL1-RT,1:61.LeewasattheMeadowsatthistime,notinCedarCity

wheretheeventdescribedtookplace.

86.JDL1-RT,4:449–50;JDL1-RS,8:44.JDL1-BTcontainsonlyabriefsummaryofthelegal

arguments;JDL1-PSisnotextant.

87.JDL1-RS,8:38;JDL1-RT,4:448.JDL1-BT,5:290isalmostidenticaltoJDL1-RS;JDL1-PSis

notextant.

88.JDL1-RT,1:37;JDL1-RS,10:39;JDL1-PS,2:19;JDL1-BT,2:5.

89.JDL1-RT,2:246,311;JDL1-RS,5:22,6:13;JDL1-BT,4:72,125–26;JDL1-PS6:9–10.

33

90.JDL1-RS,10:133.

91.RogersondeletedfromhistranscriptSamuelPollock’stestimonythatthe“Indianshad

approachedthem[theemigrants]atallaccessiblepointsandeverysoulthatmadetheirappearance

outofcampwereshotatbyIndiansfromthesepoints.”JDL1-RT,2:232;JDL1-RS,4:[36].Someof

hisalterationscreatealessnegativeimageoftheIndiansthantheshorthandwarrants.Inalegal

argumentregardingPhiloT.Farnsworth’stestimony,defenseattorneyEnosD.Hogerehearsedthe

outragescommittedbytheemigrantsagainsttheIndiansandstatedthattheIndiansfollowedthe

wagontrainasitmovedsouth.Rogerson’sshorthandreadsthattheIndians“followedthese

emigrantswiththeavoweddeterminationofexterminatingthem,”whilehistranscriptonlystates

thattheIndians“followedtheemigrantstoBeaverCountyandattackedthemthere,andcontinued

tofollowthem.”JDL1-RS,8:44;JDL1-RT,4:449.InJohnHamiltonSr.’stestimonyregardingthe

Indians,Rogersonchangedthequestion,“yousaytheyhadsomecookingutensils”toread,“yousay

theyhadcommittedadisturbance?”JDL1-RS,9:15;JDL-RT,4:472.

92.Asnotedabove,analysisoftypographicalerrorsindicatesthatCooktypedBaskin’s

closinginthefirsttrial.

93.Rogersondidnotacknowledgetheinaccuraciesinhistranscription,exceptwritingthat

hecondenseditatPresidentJohnTaylor’srequest,asnotedabove.Heneverexplainedhisinsertion

ofanti-Mormonmaterialsorhisinsertionintodefenseattorneys’argumentsofgraphicdescriptions

ofthemassacre.Itispossiblethathewaswritingwhathethoughtwaswanted,orwasseekingto

encourageTheChurchofJesusChristofLatter-daySaintstopurchasethetranscriptsinorderto

suppressthem.In1905heencouragedthechurchtopurchaseCook’scarboncopyoftheBoreman

transcriptinordertopreventitspublication.RogersontoFirstPresidency,ca.Apr.1905,First

Presidency,MiscellaneousDocuments.

94.JDL1-RS,11:9;JDL1-RT,5:2–3;JDL1-BT7:2;JDL1-PSnotextant.

95.Rogerson’stranscriptofHoge’sclosingiscopiedfromthetranscript,presumablyby

34

him,whichwaspublishedin“TheLeeTrial,”DeseretNews,Sept.8,1875.

96.Rogerson’stranscriptofSutherland’sclosingiscopiedfromthetranscript,presumably

createdbyhim,whichwaspublishedin“TheLeeTrial,”DeseretNews,Aug.25,1875.See“JohnD.

LeeTrialTranscripts”intheaccompanyingdigitalmaterial.

97.RogersontoFirstPresidency,ca.Apr.1905,FirstPresidency,MiscellaneousDocuments.

98.SeeJDL2-BT,1:143;Bishop,MormonismUnveiled,378.Thistranscriptdoesnotmatch

Rogerson’sclaimthathe“onlyreportedthenewandadditionaltestimony,inthesecondtrial.”

RogersontoFirstPresidency,ca.Apr.1905,FirstPresidency,MiscellaneousDocuments.Thepartial

transcriptofthesecondtrialinMormonismUnveiledandRogerson’scopyofthesamebothomit

JamesHaslam’stestimony,althoughitissummarizedinMormonismUnveiled.BoththeRogerson

transcriptandMormonismUnveiledomitthelastpartofNephiJohnson’scross-examination.

MormonismUnveilednotestheomission;theRogersontranscriptdoesnot.AlltestimonybyHaslam

andJohnsonwouldcertainlyberegardedasnew,suggestingthatRogersonshouldhaverecordedit.

99.IfRogersonhadrecordedtestimonyorlegalargumentsfromthesecondtrial,andifhe

andCookhadthisshorthandwhiletranscribingtheBoremantranscript,thattranscriptwouldhave

includedphrasesfromthissecondsourceandwouldthereforedifferfarmorefromPatterson’s

shorthandthanitdoes.TheBoremantranscriptoftheclosingargumentsinthesecondtrialthus

providesadditionalinternalevidencethatsuggestsRogersondidnotrecordthispartofthetrial.

Lackingasecondsource,CookandRogersonwereunabletotranscribemanypassagesinthese

arguments,whichtheyindicatedby“……”inthetranscripts;theyalsomadenotesaboutthe

difficultyoftranscribingthematerial.Themarker“……”appearsonlytwiceinthefirsttrial,both

timesinBaskin’sclosing;itappearstwenty-sixtimesinthesecondtrial,allintheclosing

arguments.Foradiscussionofproblemsintranscribingtheclosingargumentsinthesecondtrial,

seethehistoryoftheBoremantranscriptabove.ApparentlyCookandRogersonhadonly

Patterson’sshorthandtoworkwith,makingthissectionmoredifficultthantherestoftheBoreman

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transcript.Rogerson’sshorthandandtranscriptprovidedadditionalsourcesforthetranscriptionof

thefirsttrial.

100.Forexample,inPitmanshorthand,acurved,horizontallinerepresentstheletterN.

Whenwrittenabovetheline,itrepresentsinoronorany;onthelineitisnoorknow.Avertical

straightlinerepresentsaT.Whenwrittenabovetheline,itrepresentseatorought;ontheline,it

standsforitorateoreight;ifitisdrawncrossingtheline,itrepresentsatorout.ReadingPitmanis

complicatedfurtherwhentheshorthandscribejustwritestheletterwithoutregardtoplacement—

anapproachoftenusedbybothRogersonandPatterson.