View
220
Download
4
Category
Tags:
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Construction buildings are part of human’s daily life and society. They are createdby and give impacts to society. Construction buildings include residential buildings,skyscrapers, tunnels, dams, ports, airports, highways, bridges and otherconstruction products which give impacts not only to human’s needs and activities,but also to the environment. This course will explain some of construction buildingtypes and their significance towards human, society, and environment.
Citation preview
CEM 2043
S E N G H A N S E N
INTRODUCTION TOCONSTRUCTION BUILDINGS
DESCRIPTION & OBJECTIVESConstruction buildings are part of humans daily life and society. They are createdby and give impacts to society. Construction buildings include residential buildings,skyscrapers, tunnels, dams, ports, airports, highways, bridges and otherconstruction products which give impacts not only to humans needs and activities,but also to the environment. This course will explain some of construction buildingtypes and their significance towards human, society, and environment.
The objectives of this course are:- To give an introduction to students on types of construction buildings around theworld- To give an understanding to students about the significance of constructionbuildings towards human, society, and environment- To discuss the challenges and characteristics of construction buildings throughcase study approach
TABLE OF CONTENTSHistory of construction buildingsConstruction facts and wondersConstruction workersThe function and performance of buildingsGeneral principles of constructionTypes of construction buildingsConstruction processesSafety in construction
HISTORY OF CONSTRUCTION
History ofConstruction
History ofEngineering
History of BuildingMaterials
History of ConstructionMethods
History of Machinery& Temporary Works
History ofConstruction Labours
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kizhi_church_1.jpg
Church in Kizhi, Russia entirely made out of wood
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Temperaschilderij_voorstellende_de_Borobudur_als_bedevaartsoord_TMnr_75-2.jpg
CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
NEOLITHIC
9000 BC 5000BC
COPPER&
BRONZEAGE
5000 BC 3100BC
3100 BC 1200BC
IRONAGE
1200 BC 500AD
MEDIEVAL
500 AD 1500AD
RENAISSANCE
1500 AD 1700AD
17thCENT
1700s
18thCENT
1800s
19thCENT
1900s
20thCENT
2000s
time
progre
ss
NEOLITHIC COPPER &BRONZE AGE
IRON AGE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction#mediaviewer/File:Skara_Brae_12.jpg
NEOLITHIC BUILDINGS IN SKARABRAE. IT IS LISTED AS A UNESCOWORLD HERITAGE SITE.
GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA, THETALLEST BUILDING IN THEWORLD FOR OVER 3800 YEARS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction#mediaviewer/File:Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_2010.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro#mediaviewer/File:Mohenjo-daro-2010.jpg
MOHENJO DARO CITY PAKISTANBUILT AROUND 2600 BCEUNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITEIN 1980
MEDIEVAL RENAISSANCE 17th CENTURY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction#mediaviewer/File:Notre_Dame_dalla_Senna_crop.jpg
NOTRE DAME, PARIS-TYPE: CHURCH- STYLE: FRENCH GOTHIC-COMPLETED: 1345-LENGTH: 128 m-WIDTH: 69 m-HEIGHT: 69 m
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_construction#mediaviewer/File:Notre_Dame_dalla_Senna_crop.jpg
THE DOME OF SANTA MARIA DELFIORE, DESIGNED BY FILIPPOBRUNELLESCHI, 1436 MHEIGHT: 114.5 m
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace#mediaviewer/File:Hampton_Court_Palace,_Great_Hall_-_Diliff.jpg
THE CEILING OF THE GREAT HALLOF HAMPTON COURT PALACE
18th CENT 19th CENT 20th CENTURY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsborg_Fortress#mediaviewer/File:Karlsborg,_den_9_juni_2006,_Oscar_II_valv.JPG
KARLSBORG FORTRESS SWEDEN1819-1830s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx-Hof#mediaviewer/File:Karl-Marx-Hof_2009.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#mediaviewer/File:Burj_Khalifa.jpg
KARL MARX-HOF (KARL MARXCOURT) VIENNA1927-1930KNOWN AS THE LONGEST SINGLERESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN THEWORLD
NEOLITHIC COPPER & BRONZEAGE IRON AGE
MEDIEVAL RENAISSANCE 17th CENTURY
18th CENT 19th CENT 20th CENTURYUse of machinery: cranes,elevators, etc (speed increased,workforce decreased)Prefabrication & CADSustainability: ecology, energyconservation
Industrial revolution: newkinds of transportation(railways, canals, macadam)Concrete & steel v. woodPlumbing appearedBuilding codes applied
Professional architects andengineersUse of iron (cast &wrought)Use of brick increased
Relied on experience, rulesof thumb and the use ofscale modelsUse of glass
Classical architectureVitruvius principlesTechnology of conversionUse of brick
Fortification, castles andcathedrals RomanesqueUse of timber, brick and tileNo standard textbookSkilled builders inherited
Natural materials: bone,antler, hide, stone, wood,grasses, waterRock-cut architecture
Ancient Mesopotamia,Ancient Egypt, AncientGreece, Roman, Chinese &Indian Construction
Use of copper and bronze rock-cut architecturePost & lintel construction
MATERIALPERISABLE MATERIALS
DURABLE MATERIALS
SYNTHETIC MATERIALS
DESIGNSIMPLE
STANDARD
SOPHISTICATED
UTILITYUNCONTROLLABLE
SEMI CONTROLLABLE
FULLY CONTROLLABLE
CONCLUSION
Burj Khalifa, 830m, 211fl, 2010
CONSTRUCTION FACTS & WONDERS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#mediaviewer/File:Burj_Khalifa.jpg
THE TALLEST
Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (Pearl Bridge), 1991m,1998No pillars for the supports.
http://i1.wp.com/www.wonderslist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Akashi-Bridge.jpg?resize=550%2C341
THE LARGESTCABLE BRIDGE
Palm Islands & World Islands, Dubai, 2001-now5.5m cubic metres of rock94m cubic metres of sand40,000 workers (2 shifts/day)
http://i2.wp.com/www.wonderslist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Palm-Islands.jpg?resize=550%2C287
THE BIGGESTARTIFICIAL ISLANDS
Beijing National Stadium, 200817,000 workers, USD 423mCapacity: 80,000 seats, 21 ha area110,000 ton of steel
http://i0.wp.com/www.wonderslist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Beijing-National-Stadium.jpg?resize=550%2C343
THE LARGEST STEELSTRUCTURE
DEFINITION OF CONSTRUCTIONConstruction: constructing, altering, repairing and demolishing
building; constructing, altering and repairing highways andstreets and bridges; viaducts, culverts, sewers, and water, gasand electricity mains; railways roadbeds, sub-ways and harbor
and water ways; piers, airports and parking areas; dams,drainage, irrigation, flood control and water power projects andhydroelectric plants; pipe lines; water wells; athletic fields, golfcourses, swimming pools and tennis courts; communication
systems such as telephone and telegraph lines; marineconstruction, such as dredging and under water rock removal;pile driving, land draining and reclamation; and other type ofheavy construction... mining services such as preparing and
constructing mining sites and drilling crude oil and natural gaswells specialist trade contractors activities
International Standard Industrial Classificationissued by the United Nations (1968)
file:///D:/PODOMORO%20UNIV/materi/intro%20to%20construction%20buildings/history/History%20of%20construction%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia_files/220px-Construction_Workers.jpg
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION BUILDINGS
BUILDING CIVILResidential:
Single, Multifamily,Apartment, etc
Non Residential:Mall, Office, Superblock,
Store, Health-care,Institutional, etc
Engineering Const:Road, Highway, Bridge,Railroad, Irrigation, Dam,Port, Airport, Tunnel,Environmental, etcIndustrial Const:
Power plant, WaterTreatment, Oil & Gas,Industrial Facilities,Petrochemical,Mining, etcWHAT ARE THEIR FUNCTIONS?
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTIONTime
PerformanceCost
TCPTriangle
(Speed to completion, certainty ofcompletion date)
(Quality, design, strength and workability)(Price, certainty of costs)
Critical Factors in Project Success (Edmond W.M. Lam, AlbertP.C. Chan & Daniel W.M. Chan, 2004)
CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES
Project Management Process Group(PMI, A Guide to PMBOK 4th Ed., 2008, p. 40)
STAGE 1 STAGE II STAGE III STAGE IVFEASIBILITY PLANNING
AND DESIGNCONSTRUCTION CLOSING
AND HANDOVER
TIME
CO
ST A
ND
PER
CEN
TAG
E O
F C
OM
PLET
ION
CONSTRUCTIONMANAGEMENT
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
PRE-CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION POST-CONSTRUCTIONTypical Project Life Cycle
CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES
CONSTRUCTION WORKERSUNSKILLED &SEMI SKILLED
SKILLED TECHNICAL &MANAGEMENT
General site labors andwith little or noconstructionqualifications.
Site labors and managerwith extensive knowledge
and experienceThose with the greatest
educationalqualifications, trained,and able to manage andinstruct the process
Kenek/tukang bantu(helper)
Mandor (foreman)Tukang kayu (carpenter)Tukang batu (masonry)Tukang besi (steel fixer)
Tukang cor (concrete pourer)ElectricianPlumberWelderOperator
Quantity SurveyorArchitect
Civil EngineerBuilding Service Engineer
Project ManagerStructural Engineer
Civil EstimatorSite SupervisorHSE officer
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Workplace_Safety_Signs.jpg/220px-Workplace_Safety_Signs.jpg
http://humanconditionglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ConstructionSafety_Infographic.jpg
As appeared in a paper Status of OSH in Indonesia 2011 Murders that still take place at Work by Muchamad Darisman
EFFORTS TO IMPROVE SAFETY
SAFETY CULTUREPROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
APPLICABLE LAWZONE CONTROL
WEATHER SENSING & MONITORINGHOIST MANAGEMENT
STORAGE MANAGEMENTRESOURCE TRACKING
HSE TRAININGTOOL TRACKING
HEAVY EQUIPMENT MONITORINGSECURITY MANAGEMENT
http://humanconditionglobal.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ConstructionSafety_Infographic.jpg
HAZARD TO NON WORKERSMany construction sites cannotcompletely exclude non-workers.Types of non-workers:a) Trafficb) Visitors
VISITORS
LAWFUL
UNLAWFUL
INVITEE
LICENSEE
LegallyAuthorizedEntrants
BusinessVisitors
Persons who enter premises on authority ofthe law such as policemen, firemen, meter-
readers or health inspector
Persons who enter premises, be it public orprivate for a materialistic reason and whoactually bring economic advantages to the
occupier
Entrant as ofright
Those who have the right to enter intopremises that are open to the public such aspublic park, public lavatory, public library
and swimming pool
Social VisitorsSomeone who enters into private premiseswith the permission of the occupier or by
invitation, guest
Entrant byimplied
permission
An entrant by implied permission enters intopremises without any express restriction by
the occupier
TRESPASSER
CHILDRENTRESPASSER
A person who enters premises without any express or impliedpermission of the occupier. A person who is legally authorized to be onthe premises may become a trespasser if he goes onto a restricted area,or where he stays on the premises beyond the time allowed or where
there has been improper use of the premises.
Therefore O students study mathematics and do not build without foundations. Leonardo Da Vinci
endterima kasih
Copyright acknowledgement:Some pictures and materials are taken from other sources and therefore I donot own them. Their usage is for educational purposes only. All rights of thesepictures and materials go to the respected owners.
Recommended