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Introduction to Microprocessors
Microprocessors, Lecture 1:
Computing Systems
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General-purpose standalone systems
Embedded systems ( سيستم ھای نھفته)
General-purpose standalone systems
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Stand-alone computer systems: used for processing and data management purposes
Example: desktop PCs, laptops, tablets, servers, supercomputers,…
They are general-purpose: can be programmed to perform any task
A computer is used for: web browsing, gaming, multimedia, database server, word processing, CAD, scientific applications,…
General-purpose standalone systems
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Desktop processorsIntel and AMD processors
Server processorsIntel, AMD, IBM, SUN, …
Tablet processorsARM-based System-on-Chips
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General-Purpose ProcessorGeneral-Purpose Processor
Processor designed for a variety of computation tasksEach processor has an ISA and a microarchitecture
ISA: Instruction Set ArchitectureISA determines the set of instructions that a processor supports (and registers and addressing modes)X86 is the dominant ISA for PCsARM is the dominant ISA for tablets and smartphones
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A Simple (Trivial) Instruction Set
opcode operands
MOV Rn, direct
MOV @Rn, Rm
ADD Rn, Rm
0000 Rn direct
0010 Rn
0100 RmRn
Rn = M(direct)
Rn = Rn + Rm
SUB Rn, Rm 0101 Rm Rn = Rn - Rm
MOV Rn, #immed. 0011 Rn immediate Rn = immediate
Assembly instruct. First byte Second byte Operation
JZ Rn, relative 0110 Rn relative PC = PC+ relative(only if Rn is 0)
Rn
MOV direct, Rn 0001 Rn direct M(direct) = Rn
Rm M(Rn) = Rm
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Sample Programs
int total = 0;for (int i=10; i!=0; i--)
total += i;// next instructions...
C program
MOV R0, #0; // total = 0
MOV R1, #10; // i = 10
JZ R1, Next; // Done if i=0
ADD R0, R1; // total += i
MOV R2, #1; // constant 1
JZ R3, Loop; // Jump always
Loop:
Next: // next instructions...
SUB R1, R2; // i--
Equivalent assembly program
MOV R3, #0; // constant 0
0
1
2
3
5
6
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Compiler knows the machine instructions and translates the programs into machine language
Hardware accelerator
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Implementing time-consuming algorithm on hardwareIn processors, it is also called Co-processorNot programmable: only a fixed function
Co-Processor(accelerator)Co-Processor(accelerator)
ProgramMemory
CPU
DataMemory
ArbiterArbiter
DataMemory
ArbiterArbiter
Hardware accelerator
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The most important accelerates in processors are vector processing units (SIMD unit)
SIMD= single instruction multiple data
To accelerate processing on arrays
Processors
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In addition to general-purpose processors, there are other processor types
ASIPASICGPU
ASIP and ASIC are used in embedded systems
Application-Specific Instruction set Processor (ASIP)
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A processor that is programmable A general purpose processor + specific hardware resource
The instruction-set is optimized for a group of applicationsBase instruction set + customized instructions
Specific hardware resource implements the customized instructions Examples:
DSPs (Digital Signal Processor)NPs (Network Processor)GPUs (Graphical Processing Unit)…
Application Specific Instruction-set Processor
Program with basic instructions set It1 = a * b;
t2 = b * 0xf0;;t3 = c * 0x12;
t4 = t1 + t2;
t5 = t2 + t3;
t6 = t5 + t4;
CustomLogic
* * *
+ ++
0xf0 0x12a b c
Execution time: 9 clock cycles
*: 2 clock cycles +: 1 clock cycles
Application Specific Instruction-set Processor (cont’d)
* * *
+ ++
0xf0 0x12a b c
Program with extended instructionst1 = extop1(a, b, 0xf0);
t2 = extop2(b, c, 0xf0, 0x12);
t3 = t1 + t2;
Execution time: 5 clock cycles Speedup: 1.8
extops: 2 clock cycles +: 1 clock cyclesExtended Instruction Set: I∪extop1 ∪expop2
extop1 extop2
ASIP example- DSPA Digital signal Processor (DSP) has instructions that efficiently executes the common signal processing algorithms
Typical DSP algorithms includes:Filtering, DFT, DCTSpeech and image: Compression, decompression, encryption, decryptionModems: Equalization, noise and echo cancellation, better SNRCommunication channel: encoding, decoding, equalization
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ASICsApplication-specific ICDigital circuit designed to execute one programFeatures
Contains only the components needed to execute a single programNo program memory
BenefitsFast (optimized)Low powerSmall size
Design spectrum
Excellent tradeoff between efficiency of ASICs and flexibility of CPUs
GPU
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Graphic processing unit
Used for graphic processing and other parallel algorithms
Embedded System
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Embedded systems: information processing systems that are embedded into a larger product and that are normally not directly visible to user
Single or limited purpose: designed to perform a single or a group of similar tasks
An embedded system may perform A single task that remains fixed during the system life-time
example: video-projector, printer,…
A group of tasks Example: a cell phone
Embedded systems
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More than 90% of computer systems are embedded!
Embedded systems- classification
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Monitoring and control functions Vehicle control, power plant control
Information-processing functions Telecommunication switches, Multimedia (mp3 player), etc.
A simple LCD board controller A complex telecommunication switch
Embedded systems
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Simple embedded systems are often use microcontrollers
Large and complex embedded systems are composed of many devices such as FPGAs, CPUs, ASIPs, hardware accelerates, memory modules, interfaces, analog devices,….
Embedded systems- general picture
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Different application type have different requirements and characteristics
Embedded systems-control-based
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Most peripherals are organized to monitor the outside world and control it
Do not require large data storage and transfer
Reliability, low-cost, and low-power operation is important
Microcontrollers are the best choice for this purpose
A processor core with many peripheral integrated inside a single chip
Microcontrollers
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A smaller computerOn-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...Example AVR, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8, and PIC 16X
General Purpose Microprocessorsvs. Microcontrollers
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Most common microcontrollers
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8-bit microcontrollersAVRPICHCS128051
32-bit microcontrollersARMPIC32
IntroductionTechnological advances
Today’s chip can contains 7 billion transistorsThe consequences
Components connected on a board can now be integrated onto single chip Hence the development of system-on-chip design
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SoCAn SoC may contain
Custom hardware blocksA.K.A. Hardware accelerator
DSP blocksEmbedded CPUEmbedded MemoryReal World Interfaces (USB,
PCI, Ethernet)Software (both OS and Applications)Mixed-signal Blocks
DAC, ADC
FPGAs
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SoC evolution
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SoC Example- a handheld device
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SoC benefits
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Reduce size
Low cost
Reuse
Low power
High performance
High reliability
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