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Introduction: Matter and Measurement. Units of Measurement. SI Units. Système International d’Unités Uses a different base unit for each quantity. Metric System. Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the item being measured. THE METRIC SYSTEM. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Stoichiometry
Introduction:Matter and Measurement
Stoichiometry
Units of Measurement
Stoichiometry
SI Units
• Système International d’Unités• Uses a different base unit for each quantity
Stoichiometry
Metric System
Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the item being measured.
Stoichiometry
THE METRIC SYSTEM
Stoichiometry
WHY DO WE USE THE METRIC SYSTEM?
• Almost all other countries are using the metric system
• Other countries’ companies are refusing to buy products from the U.S. if not labeled in metric units
• Scientists need a universal way to communicate data (SI Units)
Stoichiometry
APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS BETWEEN METRIC & US LENGTH UNITS
• A meter is about the same length as a yard
• A meter is about three feet long• A decimeter is about four inches long• An inch is about 25 millimeters• A foot contains about 30 centimeters• A foot contains about 3 decimeters
Stoichiometry
WHAT DOES THE METRIC SYSTEM MEASURE?
• The gram measures mass or how much something weighs
• The liter measures volume which is used when measuring liquids
• The meter measures the length of an object or the distance from place to place
Stoichiometry
THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD)
Kilo1000units
Hecto100units
Deka10
units Basic Unit Deci
0.1units
Centi0.01units
Milli0.001units
To convert to a smaller unit, movedecimal point to the right or
multiply.
To convert to a larger unit, movedecimal point to the left or divide
Stoichiometry
TRY THIS USING THE STAIRCASE METHOD
1000 mg = ______ g
Step 1: Determine if you are going to go up or down the ladder.Step 2: Determine how many steps there are from milligrams to grams.Step 3: Move the decimal point the amount of places that was determined in steps 1 & 2.
Stoichiometry
TRY THIS USING THE STAIRCASE METHOD
1000 mg = ______ g
Step 1: Determine if you are going to go up or down the ladder.Step 2: Determine how many steps there are from milligrams to grams.Step 3: Move the decimal point the amount of places that was determined in steps 1 & 2.
1
Stoichiometry
TRY THIS USING THE STAIRCASE METHOD
.15 L = __________ ml
Stoichiometry
TRY THIS USING THE STAIRCASE METHOD
.15 L = __________ ml150
Stoichiometry
Volume
• The most commonly used metric units for volume are the liter (L) and the milliliter (mL).□ A liter is a cube 1 dm
long on each side.□ A milliliter is a cube 1 cm
long on each side.
Stoichiometry
Uncertainty in Measurements
Different measuring devices have different uses and different degrees of accuracy.
Stoichiometry
Temperature:
A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample.
Stoichiometry
Temperature• In scientific
measurements, the Celsius and Kelvin scales are most often used.
• The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water.□ 0C is the freezing point
of water.□ 100C is the boiling point
of water.
Stoichiometry
Temperature
• The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature.
• It is based on the properties of gases.
• There are no negative Kelvin temperatures.
• K = C + 273.15
Stoichiometry
Temperature
• The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific measurements.
• F = 9/5(C) + 32• C = 5/9(F − 32)
Stoichiometry
A Standard Measurement System
The Metric System
Stoichiometry
When and why was the metric system invented?
• The metric system was invented in 1790
• The metric system was invented because countries were using many different systems of measurement causing confusion and lack of consistency
Stoichiometry
Who invented the metric system?
• The metric system was invented by a group of French scientists
Stoichiometry
Metric System
• A system of measurement used by the majority of countries on Earth based on the number 10
Stoichiometry
A Standard Measurement System
The International System of Units (SI)
Stoichiometry
Scientists all over the world use the International System of Units to measure:
• Length• Volume• Mass• Density• Temperature• Time
Stoichiometry
Figure 1: Calculating - How much larger is a kilo- than a deka-?
• 100 times
Stoichiometry
Reading Checkpoint (page 45): SI units are based on multiples of what number?
• SI units are based on multiples of 10
• Add a zero• Subtract a zero
Stoichiometry
Key Concept: Why do scientists use a standard measurement system?
• Using SI as the standard system of measurement allows scientists to compare data and communicate with each other about their results
• Using SI measurement also allows experiments to be repeated and most importantly achieve a desired result
Stoichiometry
Length
Stoichiometry
What is length?
• Length is the distance from one point to another
Stoichiometry
Length
Units of Length
Stoichiometry
The basic unit of length in the SI system is the …
• The basic unit of length in the SI system is the meter
Stoichiometry
The two units that measure the length of smaller objects are, …
• millimeter
• centimeter
Stoichiometry
Complete the Table Below
Prefix Meaning Unit of Length
milli
one-hundredth
meter
one-thousand
Stoichiometry
Complete the Table Below
Prefix Meaning Unit of Length
milli One-thousandth
one-hundredth
meter
one-thousand
Stoichiometry
Complete the Table Below
Prefix Meaning Unit of Length
milli One-thousandth
millimeter
one-hundredth
meter
one-thousand
Stoichiometry
Complete the Table Below
Prefix Meaning Unit of Length
milli One-thousandth
millimeter
centi one-hundredth
meter
one-thousand
Stoichiometry
Complete the Table Below
Prefix Meaning Unit of Length
milli One-thousandth
millimeter
centi one-hundredth centimeter
meter
one-thousand
Stoichiometry
Complete the Table Below
Prefix Meaning Unit of Length
milli One-thousandth
millimeter
centi one-hundredth centimeter
none meter
one-thousand
Stoichiometry
Complete the Table Below
Prefix Meaning Unit of Length
milli One-thousandth
millimeter
centi one-hundredth centimeter
none one meter
one-thousand
Stoichiometry
Complete the Table Below
Prefix Meaning Unit of Length
milli One-thousandth
millimeter
centi one-hundredth centimeter
none one meter
kilo one-thousand
Stoichiometry
Complete the Table Below
Prefix Meaning Unit of Length
milli One-thousandth
millimeter
centi one-hundredth centimeter
none one meter
kilo one-thousand kilometer
Stoichiometry
Length
Measuring Length
Stoichiometry
The longer lines on the metric ruler are called… • centimeters
Stoichiometry
The shorter lines on the metric ruler are called…• millimeters
Stoichiometry
Checkpoint One centimeter is divided into how many millimeters? • 10
millimeters (mm)
Stoichiometry
Figure 2: Calculating: Measure the turtle in figure 2 from the rear of its shell to the tip of its nose. Record its length in both centimeters and millimeters. • 10.5 cm
• 105 mm
Stoichiometry
Density
Stoichiometry
Density
• The measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume
Stoichiometry
The formula of density is:
Density = Mass / Volume
Stoichiometry
Figure 5: Comparing Densities - Inferring: Which item has the greater density?
• The bowling ball• Since the bowling
bowl has a greater mass, it has a greater density, even though both balls have the same volume
Stoichiometry
Density
Units of Density
Stoichiometry
Why is density expressed as a combination of two different units?
• Because density is actually made up of two other measurements – mass and volume – an objects density is expressed as a combination of two units
Stoichiometry
Two Common Units For Density
• Grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³)
• Grams per milliliter (g/mL)
Stoichiometry
Math Practice: What is the density of a wood block with a volume of 125 cm³ and a mass of 57 g?
Density = mass / volume
Density = 57 g / 125 cm³
Density = 0.46 g/ cm³
Stoichiometry
Math Practice: What is the density of a liquid with a mass of 45 g and a volume of 48 mL?
Density = mass / volume
Density = 45 g / 48 mL
Density = 0.94 g/mL
Stoichiometry
Density
Densities of Common Substances
Stoichiometry
The density of a substance is the ______for all samples of that substance.
• Same
Stoichiometry
An object will float if it is _____ _____ than a surrounding liquid.
• Less dense
Stoichiometry
Figure 6: Applying Concepts: How could you use density to determine whether a bar of metal is pure gold?
• If the bar of gold has a density that is greater than or less than 19.3 g/cm³, then the sample is not pure gold.
Densities of Some Common
SubstancesSubstanc
eDensity(g/cm³)
Air 0.001Ice 0.9
Water 1.0Aluminum 2.7
Gold 19.3
Stoichiometry
Checkpoint Will an object with a density of 0.7 g/cm³ float or sink in water?
• An object that has a density of 0.7 g/cm³ will float in water (1 g/cm³) because it is less dense than water
Stoichiometry
Density:
Physical property of a substance
d= mV
Stoichiometry
Time
Stoichiometry
Time
Units of Time
Stoichiometry
What is the SI unit used to measure time?
• The second(s) is the SI unit to measure time
Stoichiometry
Common Conversions for Time
1s =
= 60 s
1h =
Stoichiometry
Common Conversions for Time
1s = 1,000 ms
= 60 s
1h =
Stoichiometry
Common Conversions for Time
1s = 1,000 ms
1 min = 60 s
1h =
Stoichiometry
Common Conversions for Time
1s = 1,000 ms
1 min = 60 s
1h = 60 min
Stoichiometry
Time
Measuring Time
Stoichiometry
Why would a stop watch be used to measure time in an important race?
• Because stop watches measure in units smaller than the second
• These measurements include the tenth and hundredth of a second
Stoichiometry
Checkpoint
- How many milliseconds are in one second?
• 1,000 milliseconds
Stoichiometry
Temperature
Stoichiometry
Temperature
Units of Temperature
Stoichiometry
A common unit to measure temperature is the ___ ___.
• Celsius scale
Stoichiometry
Water freezes at ______ and boils at ______.
• 0 °C• 100 °C
Stoichiometry
The normal human body temperature is approximately ________.
• 37 °C
Stoichiometry
What is the official SI unit for temperature?
• The Kelvin Scale (°K)
• 0 °K = -273 °C
Stoichiometry
Figure 8: Measuring Temperature - Observing: At what temperature on the Kelvin scale does water boil?
• 373 °K
Stoichiometry
What is absolute zero?
• Absolute zero is considered by scientists to be the coldest temperature possible
• 0 °K or –273 °C
Stoichiometry
Temperature
Measuring Temperature
Stoichiometry
What instrument is used to measure temperature?
• Thermometer
Stoichiometry
Volume
Stoichiometry
Volume
• The amount of space an object takes up
Stoichiometry
Volume
Volume of Liquids
Stoichiometry
When measuring the volume of a liquid, scientists use a unit known as the…
• Liter (L).
Stoichiometry
To measure the volume of smaller liquids, the _________ is used.
• Milliliter (mL)
Stoichiometry
The instrument used to measure the volume of liquids is called the…
• Graduated cylinder.
Stoichiometry
This instrument has markings that are in increments of…• 1 milliliter (mL)
Stoichiometry
Meniscus
• The curve in the top surface of water in the graduated cylinder
Stoichiometry
Figure 4: Observing - What is the proper way to read a meniscus?
• Read the milliliter marking at the bottom of the curve
Stoichiometry
Volume
Volume of Rectangular Solids
Stoichiometry
Common Conversions For Volume
1 L =
= 1,000 cm³
1 mL =
Stoichiometry
Common Conversions For Volume
1 L = 1,000 mL
= 1,000 cm³
1 mL =
Stoichiometry
Common Conversions For Volume
1 L = 1,000 mL
1 L = 1,000 cm³
1 mL =
Stoichiometry
Common Conversions For Volume
1 L = 1,000 mL
1 L = 1,000 cm³
1 mL = 1 cm³
Stoichiometry
How can the volume of a solid object such as a shoebox be measured?
• To measure a solid objects that are regular shaped, a formula for volume can be applied
• To measure a rectangular object such as a shoebox, multiply the object’s length, width, and height
Stoichiometry
The SI unit known for measuring solids with a larger volume is known as the…
• Cubic meter (m³).
Stoichiometry
The formula for calculating the volume of a rectangular object is:
Volume = Length x Width x Height
Stoichiometry
Why is the unit cm³ used when calculating the volume of a rectangular object?
• When multiplying the object’s length, width and height, the cm units are also multiplied
cm x cm x cm = cm³
Stoichiometry
Suppose a cereal box is 10 centimeters long, 4 centimeters wide, and 20 centimeters high. What would be the volume of the box?
Volume = Length x Width x Height
Volume = 10 cm x 4 cm x 20 cm
Volume = 800 cm³
Stoichiometry
Checkpoint What is a cubic meter?
• The SI unit used to measure solids with a larger volume
• A cubic meter is equal to the volume of a cube that measures 1 meter on each side
Stoichiometry
Volume
Volume of Irregular Solids
Stoichiometry
How is the volume of an irregular solid such as a rock measured?
• To measure the volume of an irregular solid, immerse the object in water, and measure how much the water level rises
• Water displacement method
Stoichiometry
How does the water displacement method work?
• Record the volume of water in the graduated cylinder
• Carefully place the irregular solid into the water. Record the volume of the water plus the object
• Subtract the volume of the water alone from the volume of the water plus the object
Stoichiometry
Uncertainty in Measurement
Stoichiometry
Significant Figures
• The term significant figures refers to digits that were measured.
• When rounding calculated numbers, we pay attention to significant figures so we do not overstate the accuracy of our answers.
Stoichiometry
Significant Figures
1. All nonzero digits are significant.2. Zeroes between two significant figures
are themselves significant.3. Zeroes at the beginning of a number
are never significant.4. Zeroes at the end of a number are
significant if a decimal point is written in the number.
Stoichiometry
Significant Figures
• When addition or subtraction is performed, answers are rounded to the least significant decimal place.
• When multiplication or division is performed, answers are rounded to the number of digits that corresponds to the least number of significant figures in any of the numbers used in the calculation.
Stoichiometry
Relating Significant Figures to the Uncertainty of aMeasurement
What difference exists between the measured values 4.0 g and 4.00 g?Solution Many people would say there is no difference, but a scientist would note the difference in the number of significant figures in the two measurements. The value 4.0 has two significant figures, while 4.00 has three. This difference implies that the first measurement has more uncertainty. A mass of 4.0 g indicates that the uncertainty is in the first decimal place of the measurement. Thus, the mass might be anything between 3.9 and 4.1 g, which we can represent as 4.0 ± 0.1 g. A measurement of 4.00 g implies that the uncertainty is in the second decimal place. Thus, the mass might be anything between 3.99 and 4.01 g, which we can represent as 4.00 ± 0.01 g. Without further information, we cannot be sure whether the difference in uncertainties of the two measurements reflects the precision or accuracy of the measurement.
Stoichiometry
Answer: five, as in the measurement 24.995 g
PRACTICE EXERCISEA balance has a precision of ± 0.001 g. A sample that has a mass of about 25 g is placed on this balance. How many significant figures should be reported for this measurement?
Stoichiometry
SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.6 Determining the Number of Significant Figures in a Measurement
How many significant figures are in each of the following numbers (assume that each number is a measured quantity):
(a) 4.003,
(b) 6.023 1023,
(c) 5000?
Four; the zeros are significant figures
Four; the exponential term does not add to the number of significant figures.
One. We assume that the zeros are not significant when there is no decimal point shown. If the number has more significant figures, a decimal point should be employed or the number written in exponential notation. Thus, 5000. has four significant figures, whereas 5.00 103 has three.
Stoichiometry
PRACTICE EXERCISEHow many significant figures are in each of the following measurements:
(a) 3.549 g, (b) 23 104 cm, (c) 0.00134 m3?
Answers:
(c) three(b) two, (a) four,
Stoichiometry
Determining the Number of Significant Figures in a Calculated Quantity
The width, length, and height of a small box are 15.5 cm, 27.3 cm, and 5.4 cm, respectively. Calculate the volume of the box, using the correct number of significant figures in your answer.
Solution The volume of a box is determined by the product of its width, length, and height. In reporting the product, we can show only as many significant figures as given in the dimension with the fewest significant figures, that for the height (two significant figures):
When we use a calculator to do this calculation, the display shows 2285.01, which we must round off to two significant figures. Because the resulting number is 2300, it is best reported in exponential notation, 2.3 103, to clearly indicate two significant figures.
Stoichiometry
PRACTICE EXERCISEIt takes 10.5 s for a sprinter to run 100.00 m. Calculate the average speed of the sprinter in meters per second, and express the result to the correct number of significant figures.
Answer: 9.52 m/s (3 significant figures)
Stoichiometry
Determining the Number of Significant Figures in a Calculated QuantityA gas at 25°C fills a container whose volume is 1.05 103 cm3. The container plus gas have a mass of 837.6 g. The container, when emptied of all gas, has a mass of 836.2 g. What is the density of the gas at 25°C?
Solution To calculate the density, we must know both the mass and the volume of the gas. The mass of the gas is just the difference in the masses of the full and empty container:
(837.6 – 836.2) g = 1.4 g
In subtracting numbers, we determine the number of significant figures in our result by counting decimal places in each quantity. In this case each quantity has one decimal place. Thus, the mass of the gas, 1.4 g, has one decimal place.Using the volume given in the question, 1.05 103 cm3, and the definition of density, we have
In dividing numbers, we determine the number of significant figures in our result by counting the number of significant figures in each quantity. There are two significant figures in our answer, corresponding to the smaller number of significant figures in the two numbers that form the ratio.
Stoichiometry
To how many significant figures should the mass of the container be measured (with and without the gas) in Sample Exercise 1.8 in order for the density to be calculated to three significant figures?
Answer: five (In order for the difference in the two masses to have three significant figures, there must be two decimal places in the masses of the filled and empty containers.)
Stoichiometry
Accuracy versus Precision
• Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value of a quantity.
• Precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other.
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