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Introduction
• Ice in the Inner Solar System + Jupiter– Where is it?– What is it?– How did it get there?– Why is it important?
• Mars Phoenix Mission
• Paul Niles– NASA Johnson Space Center– Space Scientist– Work on Mars missions, martian meteorites, Earth analogs– Scientific Motivation:
• Understand the history, origin, and environments of water in the solar system
Mercury
• Surface temperatures can be as hot as ~400ºC• Very little water – There are polar caps, but little is known about
them
Venus
• Similar size and density as the Earth
• Dense CO2 atmosphere • Surface temp. ~350°C
– hot enough to melt lead!• Runaway Greenhouse
Effect
• We have already visited the Moon
• 6 different missions landed on the Moon– Apollo 11 - 17
• Very little water – perhaps some ice exists at
the poles• Atmosphere is a vacuum – very
cold
The Moon
Near Earth Asteroids
• Huge number of bodies of largely unknown composition– Meteorites on Earth sample some of the diversity– Most are probably “rocky” with very little ice-content– Some may be “extinct comets”, or may just include some ice
• Can be identified with telescopic spectroscopy from Earth
Comets
JupiterJupiter’’s Moonss Moons• Water content affected by
proximity to Jupiter• Majority probably contain > 10
km thick layers of water/ice• Europa and probably
Ganymede both have liquid water oceans in the subsurface
The Phoenix Mars Mission
Doug LombardiEducation and Public Outreach Manager
Lunar and Planetary LaboratoryThe University of Arizona
lombardi@lpl.arizona.edu
http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu
180˚ 210˚ 240˚ 270˚ 300˚ 330˚ 0˚ 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
East Longitude
30˚
-30˚
0˚ Latit
ude
60˚
-60˚
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 km
Opportunity Spirit
MPFVL1
VL2
Phoenix Landing Site Is Much Farther North Relative to the Other Landers
Phoenix
Odyssey Gamma Ray Subsystem sees water ice within the top meter of the surface
(July 2002)
Models predict water ice;Dark blue signal shows high H content
Phoenix Goals
Goal #1: Study the history of and current state of waterWas there past standing water?Does unfrozen water exist?What processes shape the surface?What is the amount and state of water in the soil and in the atmosphere?
Goal #2: Search for habitable zones (not life detection)Are there organics (C-based molecules) in the soil and do they vary with depth?Are there other elements of relevance to biology (C, H, N, O, P, S)?Can unfrozen water layers exist?Is the soil acidic or basic?
TEGA
Robotic armand camera
Surface Stereo Imager
LIDARMECA
Meteorology
Thermocouples
Meteorological Station (MET)
TelltaleWind Guage
Lidar
Contributed by the Canadian Space Agency, the MET will determine temperature, pressure, wind speed, humidity, cloud ice crystals, and atmospheric dust
TECP
LaunchAugust 4, 2007
Phoenix Landing Site
66.5° 65°
ICE CAP
Arctic Circle
Arctic Circle
Landing Site
Antarctic Dry Valley Soil/Ice History and HabitabilityAnalog for the Phoenix Mission
International Polar Year
Comparative Planetology for Earth and Mars Polar Regions
An Ice-richLanding Site
HiRISE view of northern plains
Antarctic Dry Valleys
Earth Polygons
Mars Polygons
Mars Polygons
Antarctica Dry Valleys
BeaconValley
1
2
Beacon ValleySublimation-Type Wedges
Upland Zone
Stable Upland Inland Mixed Coastal Thaw
Sublimation-Type Sand-Wedge Ice-Wedge
Marchant and Head (2007)
MRO view of Phoenix during landingLanding
May 25, 2008
Heimdall crater
Lander and Parachute
First view of the Martian
northern plains
Polygon Terrain
The Search for IceSnow Queen
Under the Lander (Robotic Arm Camera Image)
The Search for Ice
Holy Cow!
“Dodo-Goldilocks” Trench
Ice Found!
Snow White Trench and Drill Holes
True Color False Color
Sample in the Scoop
3 in
Clouds on Mars
Sol 126
Sol 119
Fall Streaks
Frost at the Landing Site
36
Summary
• Ice in the Inner Solar System + Jupiter– Earth and Mars contain abundant water– Mercury, Venus and the Moon probably have very little– Near Earth Asteroids are not well known but are diverse
• Some may have abundance ice– Some of Jupiter’s moons have subsurface oceans
• Ice on Mars – Studied by Phoenix– Exists in the near subsurface – similar to polar regions on
Earth
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