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IntroductionIntroduction
DSP is a math class?!
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
Why process signals digitally?Why process signals digitally? Definition of a real-time application.Definition of a real-time application. Why use Why use DDigital igital SSignal ignal PProcessing rocessing
processors?processors? What are the typical What are the typical DSPDSP algorithms? algorithms? Parameters to consider when choosing a Parameters to consider when choosing a
DSP processor.DSP processor. Programmable vs ASIC DSP.Programmable vs ASIC DSP. Texas Instruments’ TMS320 family.Texas Instruments’ TMS320 family.
Why go digital?Why go digital?
Digital signal processing techniques are Digital signal processing techniques are now so powerful that sometimes it is now so powerful that sometimes it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, for extremely difficult, if not impossible, for analogue signal processing to achieve analogue signal processing to achieve similar performance.similar performance.
Examples:Examples: FIR filter with linear phase.FIR filter with linear phase. Adaptive filters.Adaptive filters.
Why go digital?Why go digital?
Analogue signal processing is achieved Analogue signal processing is achieved by using analogue components such as:by using analogue components such as: Resistors.Resistors. Capacitors.Capacitors. Inductors.Inductors.
The inherent tolerances associated with The inherent tolerances associated with these components, temperature, voltage these components, temperature, voltage changes and mechanical vibrations can changes and mechanical vibrations can dramatically affect the effectiveness of dramatically affect the effectiveness of the analogue circuitry.the analogue circuitry.
Why go digital?Why go digital?
With DSP it is easy to:With DSP it is easy to: Change applications.Change applications. Correct applications.Correct applications. Update applications.Update applications.
Additionally DSP reduces:Additionally DSP reduces: Noise susceptibility.Noise susceptibility. Chip count.Chip count. Development time.Development time. Cost.Cost. Power consumption.Power consumption.
Why NOT go digital?Why NOT go digital?
High frequency signals cannot be High frequency signals cannot be processed digitally because of two processed digitally because of two reasons:reasons: AAnalog to nalog to DDigital igital CConverters, onverters, ADCADC cannot cannot
work fast enough.work fast enough. The application can be too complex to be The application can be too complex to be
performed in performed in real-time.
DSP processors have to perform tasks DSP processors have to perform tasks in real-time, so how do we define real-in real-time, so how do we define real-time?time?
The definition of real-time depends on The definition of real-time depends on the application.the application.
Example: a 100-tap FIR filter is Example: a 100-tap FIR filter is performed in real-time if the DSP can performed in real-time if the DSP can perform and complete the following perform and complete the following operation between two samples:operation between two samples:
Real-time processingReal-time processing
99
0k
knxkany
We can say that we have a real-time We can say that we have a real-time application if:application if: Waiting Time Waiting Time 0 0
Real-time processingReal-time processing
Processing TimeProcessing TimeWaiting Waiting
TimeTime
Sample TimeSample Timenn n+1n+1
Why not use a General Purpose Why not use a General Purpose Processor (GPP) such as a Pentium Processor (GPP) such as a Pentium instead of a DSP processor?instead of a DSP processor? What is the What is the power consumptionpower consumption of a of a
Pentium and a DSP processor?Pentium and a DSP processor? What is the What is the costcost of a Pentium and a DSP of a Pentium and a DSP
processor?processor?
Why do we need DSP processors?Why do we need DSP processors?
Use a DSP processor when the following are Use a DSP processor when the following are required:required: Cost saving.Cost saving. Smaller size.Smaller size. Low power consumption.Low power consumption. Processing of many “high” frequency signals in Processing of many “high” frequency signals in
real-time.real-time. Use a GPP processor when the following are Use a GPP processor when the following are
required:required: Large memory.Large memory. Advanced operating systems.Advanced operating systems.
Why do we need DSP processors?Why do we need DSP processors?
What are the typical DSP algorithms?What are the typical DSP algorithms?
Algorithm Equation
Finite Impulse Response Filter
M
kk knxany
0
)()(
Infinite Impulse Response Filter
N
kk
M
kk knybknxany
10
)()()(
Convolution
N
k
knhkxny0
)()()(
Discrete Fourier Transform
1
0
])/2(exp[)()(N
n
nkNjnxkX
Discrete Cosine Transform
1
0
122
cos).().(N
x
xuN
xfucuF
The Sum of Products (SOP) is the key The Sum of Products (SOP) is the key element in most DSP algorithms:element in most DSP algorithms:
Hardware vs. Microcode multiplicationHardware vs. Microcode multiplication
DSP processors are optimised to perform DSP processors are optimised to perform multiplication and addition operations.multiplication and addition operations.
Multiplication and addition are done in Multiplication and addition are done in hardware and in one cycle.hardware and in one cycle.
Example: 4-bit multiply (unsigned).Example: 4-bit multiply (unsigned).
10111011x 1110x 1110
10111011x 1110x 1110
HardwareHardware MicrocodeMicrocode
1001101010011010 000000001011.1011.1011..1011..1011...1011...
1001101010011010
Cycle 1Cycle 1Cycle 2Cycle 2Cycle 3Cycle 3Cycle 4Cycle 4
Cycle 5Cycle 5
Parameters to consider when choosing a DSP Parameters to consider when choosing a DSP processorprocessor
Parameter
Arithmetic format
Extended floating point
Extended Arithmetic
Performance (peak)
Number of hardware multipliers
Number of registers
Internal L1 program memory cache
Internal L1 data memory cache
Internal L2 cache
32-bit
N/A
40-bit
1200MIPS
2 (16 x 16-bit) with 32-bit result
32
32K
32K
512K
32-bit
64-bit
40-bit
1200MFLOPS
2 (32 x 32-bit) with 32 or 64-bit result
32
32K
32K
512K
TMS320C6211 (@150MHz)
TMS320C6711 (@150MHz)
Parameters to consider when choosing a DSP Parameters to consider when choosing a DSP processorprocessor
Parameter
I/O bandwidth: Serial Ports (number/speed)
DMA channels
Multiprocessor support
Supply voltage
Power management
On-chip timers (number/width)
Cost
Package
External memory interface controller
JTAG
2 x 75Mbps
16
Not inherent
3.3V I/O, 1.8V Core
Yes
2 x 32-bit
US$ 21.54
256 Pin BGA
Yes
Yes
2 x 75Mbps
16
Not inherent
3.3V I/O, 1.8V Core
Yes
2 x 32-bit
US$ 21.54
256 Pin BGA
Yes
Yes
TMS320C6211 (@150MHz)
TMS320C6711 (@150MHz)
Floating vs. Fixed point processorsFloating vs. Fixed point processors
Applications which require:Applications which require: High precision.High precision. Wide dynamic range.Wide dynamic range. High signal-to-noise ratio.High signal-to-noise ratio. Ease of use.Ease of use.
Need a floating point processor.Need a floating point processor. Drawback of floating point processors:Drawback of floating point processors:
Higher power consumption.Higher power consumption. Can be more expensive.Can be more expensive. Can be slower than fixed-point counterparts and larger in size.Can be slower than fixed-point counterparts and larger in size.
Floating vs. Fixed point processorsFloating vs. Fixed point processors
It is the application that dictates which It is the application that dictates which device and platform to use in order to device and platform to use in order to achieve optimum performance at a low cost.achieve optimum performance at a low cost.
For educational purposes, use the floating-For educational purposes, use the floating-point device (C6713) as it can support both point device (C6713) as it can support both fixed and floating point operations.fixed and floating point operations.
General Purpose DSP vs. DSP in ASICGeneral Purpose DSP vs. DSP in ASIC
Application Specific Integrated Circuits Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) are semiconductors designed (ASICs) are semiconductors designed for dedicated functions.for dedicated functions.
The advantages and disadvantages of The advantages and disadvantages of using ASICs are listed below:using ASICs are listed below:
AdvantagesAdvantages
• High throughputHigh throughput• Lower silicon areaLower silicon area• Lower power consumptionLower power consumption• Improved reliabilityImproved reliability• Reduction in system noiseReduction in system noise• Low overall system costLow overall system cost
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
• High investment costHigh investment cost• Less flexibilityLess flexibility• Long time from design to Long time from design to
marketmarket
Texas Instruments’ TMS320 familyTexas Instruments’ TMS320 family
Different families and sub-families exist Different families and sub-families exist to support different markets.to support different markets.
Lowest CostLowest CostControl SystemsControl Systems Motor ControlMotor Control StorageStorage Digital Ctrl SystemsDigital Ctrl Systems
C2000C2000 C5000C5000
EfficiencyEfficiency Best MIPS perBest MIPS perWatt / Dollar / SizeWatt / Dollar / Size Wireless phonesWireless phones Internet audio playersInternet audio players Digital still cameras Digital still cameras ModemsModems TelephonyTelephony VoIPVoIP
C6000C6000
Multi Channel and Multi Channel and Multi Function App'sMulti Function App's
Comm InfrastructureComm Infrastructure Wireless Base-stationsWireless Base-stations DSLDSL ImagingImaging Multi-media ServersMulti-media Servers VideoVideo
PerformancePerformance & &Best Best Ease-of-UseEase-of-Use
TMS320C64x: The C64x fixed-point DSPs offer the industry's highest level of performance to address the demands of the digital age. At clock rates of up to 1 GHz, C64x DSPs can process information at rates up to 8000 MIPS with costs as low as $19.95. In addition to a high clock rate, C64x DSPs can do
more work each cycle with built-in extensions. These extensions include new instructions to accelerate performance in key application areas such as digital communications infrastructure and video and image processing.
TMS320C62x: These first-generation fixed-point DSPs represent breakthrough technology that enables new equipments and energizes
existing implementations for multi-channel, multi-function applications, such as wireless base stations, remote access servers (RAS), digital subscriber
loop (xDSL) systems, personalized home security systems, advanced imaging/biometrics, industrial scanners, precision instrumentation and multi-
channel telephony systems.
TMS320C67x: For designers of high-precision applications, C67x floating-point DSPs offer the speed, precision, power savings and dynamic range to
meet a wide variety of design needs. These dynamic DSPs are the ideal solution for demanding applications like audio, medical imaging,
instrumentation and automotive.
C6000 RoadmapC6000 RoadmapP
erf
orm
an
ce
Time
C62x/C64x/DM642: Fixed PointC67x: Floating PointC62x/C64x/DM642: Fixed PointC67x: Floating Point
Highest
Perform
ance
Object Code Software CompatibilityFloating PointFloating Point
Multi-coreMulti-core C64x™ DSP 1.1 GHz
C64x™ DSP 1.1 GHz
C6201
C6701
C6202C6203
C6211C6711
C6204
1st Generation
C6713C6713
C6205
C6712
C6412C6412 DM642DM642
2nd Generation
C6415C6415
C6416C6416
C6411C6411
C6414C6414
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