Introduction Anatomy and Physiology - Prehospital...

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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care ProgramModule 3

Introductionto

Anatomy and Physiology

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Definitions

Anatomy

The science of the structure of the body.

Physiology

That section of the science of biology which deals solely with the operation ofthe functional processes of the many coordinated physical units of the humanbody

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The Planes of the Body

• Anatomical Position( all the anatomic terms consider a person facing you, hands at side, palms forward )

• Anterior ( front )

• Posterior ( back )

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The Planes of the Body

• Midline ( the middle; centre )

• Midclavicular line

( through the middle of the clavicle )

• Midaxillary

( through the middle of the armpit to the ankle )

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Directional Terms

• Superior ( higher; towards the head )

• Inferior( lower, away from the head )

• Lateral ( away from the body’s midline )

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Directional Terms

• Medial( toward the body’s midline )

• Proximal ( towards the body or point of attachment )

• Distal( away from a point of attachment )

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Movement Terms

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Anatomic Positions • Prone ( laying face down )

• Supine ( laying face up )

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Anatomic Positions

• Fowler’s Position ( semi-sitting; helps short of breath patients )

• Lateral Recumbent Position ( recovery position; good for semiconscious breathing

patients )

• Trendelenburg Position ( feet elevated higher than the head; good for patients in shock )

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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care ProgramModule 3

The Skeleton

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The Skeletal System

• Gives form to the body

• Protects vital organs

• Consists of 206 bones

• Framework for attachment of muscles

• Permits motion of the body

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The Skull

Frontal bone

Maxillae

Mandible

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The Skull ( Medial View )

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone

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The Skull ( Posterior View )

Occipital bone

Mastoid process

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The Spinal Column

( 7 Vertebrae )

( 12 Vertebrae )

( 5 Vertebrae )

( 5 Vertebrae Fused to 1 )

( 4 Vertebrae Fused to 1 )

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The Thorax ( Anterior View )

Clavicle

Xyphoid Process

Sternum

Ribs ( 12 pairs )

1

1

Thorax + Skull = Axial Skeleton

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The Thorax ( Posterior View )

Scapula 1

1

Cervical Spine 7(C7 can be felt under the skin)

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The Pelvis

Inferior Vena CavaDescending Aorta

iliac crest

ilium

Pubis

Pubis symphysis

Femoral Aorta

Severe internal bleeding in this area if the pelvis is fractured

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The Lower Extremity

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Femur(if both femurs are fractured, there may be severe internal blood loss)

Hip

Thigh

Leg

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The Upper Extremity

Humerus

UlnaRadius

Clavicle

Scapula

Wrist

Upper + Lower Extremities = Appendicular Skeleton

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Types of Joints

Ball-in-socket Joint

• Found in the shoulder and hip joints, which allows for rotation and bending

Hinge Joint

• Found in finger, elbow and knee joints, which allows for motion in one plane only

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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care ProgramModule 3

The Musculoskeletal

System

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Functions of theMusculoskeletal System

• Gives the body shape• Protects internal organs• Provides for movement• Consists of more than 600 muscles

and 206 bones

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Types of Muscle

Skeletal (voluntary) Muscle

• Muscles that attach to the bone of the skeleton

• Also called voluntary muscle as they are under direct voluntary control of the brain

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Types of Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

• Found within the heart

• Specially adapted involuntary muscle, that is rich in blood and has it’s own electrical system

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Types of Muscle

Smooth Muscle

• Carries out the automatic work of body organs

• Found within the gastrointestinal tract, the urinary system, the blood vessels and the bronchi of the lungs

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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care ProgramModule 3

The Abdominal

Cavity

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The Abdomen

• The abdomen is a major body cavity.

• It contains the organs of digestion and excretion.

• It is separated into 4 quadrants

• Pain in a particular quadrant provides important clues to certain injuries or diseases

Right

Upper Quadrant

Right

Upper Quadrant

Left

Upper Quadrant

Left

Upper Quadrant

Left

Lower Quadrant

Left

Lower Quadrant

Right

Lower Quadrant

Right

Lower Quadrant

Umbilicus

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Organs of the Abdomen

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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care ProgramModule 3

TheRespiratory

System

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The Respiratory System Anatomy

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Right main bronchus

Pharynx

Epiglottis

Lungs

Larynx

Diaphragm

Trachea

Left main bronchus

Bronchiole

Alveolus

Tongue and soft tissues may obstruct the airway here; use head positioning, jaw thrust, oral or nasal airway to keep open

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Breathing Process: Inhalation

• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity.

• Pressure in the lungs decreases.

• Air travels to the lungs.

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Breathing Process: Exhalation

• Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.

• As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease.

• Pressure in the lungs increases.

• Air flows out of the lungs.

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Exchange of Oxygen andCarbon Dioxide

• Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration.

• Oxygen diffuses into the blood.• The body does not use all the inhaled

oxygen (so mouth to mouth can still deliver some oxygen).

• Carbon dioxide is removed from blood and exhaled.

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Control of Breathing

• Brain stem controls breathing– Brain stem detects carbon dioxide– Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes

too high

• Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.”

– Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing

– This backup system is active in some patients with chronic lung diseases like emphysema

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Normal Breathing Characteristics

• Normal rate and depthAdults 12 to 20 breaths/min.Children 15 to 30 breaths/min.Infants 25 to 50 breaths/min

• Regular rhythm• Good breath sounds (these are quite soft, quiet sounds

detectable with a stethoscope) in both lungs• Regular rise and fall movements in the chest• Easy, not labored

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Recognizing Inadequate Breathing

• Irregular rhythm

• Labored breathing

• Use of neck or belly muscles to help breathing

• Pursed lips

• Pale or blue skin

• Cool, clammy skin

• Faster respiratory rate

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Infant and Child Anatomy

Trachea narrower

Cricoid cartilage softer,not as well developed

Tongue occupies more of pharynx

Nose & mouthsmaller

Trachea Cricoidcartilage

Tongue Nose

Airway structures in infants & small children are smaller & more easily obstructed than those of adults!

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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care ProgramModule 3

TheCirculatory

System

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The Circulatory System

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The Heart

Right Atrium

Right Coronary Artery

Right Ventricle

Left Ventricle

Left Coronary Artery

Left Atrium

Aorta

Right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

Left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to body

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Blood Flow Through the Heart

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Circulation of Blood

Blood from the body is brought to the heart via the LARGE VEINS (inferior and superior vena cava) →Right atrium → right ventricle → Pulmonary Artery → LUNGS → Pulmonary Vein → Left Atrium → Left

Ventricle → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles →Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava →

back to Right Atrium

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Electrical Conduction System• Sinoatrial (SA) Node

– Known as a pacemaker– Generates contractions 60 to

100 times per minute

• Atrioventricular (AV) Node– Transmits signal from

pacemaker down to lower part of heart

– If no signal is received, will automatically become a “backup” pacemaker and generate contractions at a rate of 40 to 60 times per minute

• Purkinje fibers– Fibers that convey the

impulses to the ventricular muscle

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Normal Heart Rates

AgeAge Pulse Rate ( beats per minute )Pulse Rate ( beats per minute )

AdultAdult 60 - 10060 - 100

Adolescent ( 11 – 14 yr )Adolescent ( 11 – 14 yr ) 60 - 10560 - 105

School Aged Child ( 6 – 10 yr )School Aged Child ( 6 – 10 yr ) 70 - 11070 - 110

Pre-school Aged Child ( 1 – 5 yr )Pre-school Aged Child ( 1 – 5 yr ) 80 - 12080 - 120

Infant ( 1 month – 1 yr )Infant ( 1 month – 1 yr ) 90 - 14090 - 140

Newborn ( 0 – 1 month )Newborn ( 0 – 1 month ) 120 - 160120 - 160

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Components of BloodBlood is made of three main parts:

Plasma• A sticky, yellow fluid

that carries blood cells, nutrients and cellular waste material

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Components of Blood

White Blood Cells & Platelets• White Blood Cells are

responsible for the bodies immunity

• Platelets are essential in blood clotting

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Components of Blood

Red Blood Cells• Give colour to the blood

are oxygen carriers

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Physiology of theCirculatory System

Pulse– The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the heart

contracts

– Can be felt where an artery passes near the skin surface and over a bone

• Carotid ( neck )

• Brachial ( medial arm )

• Radial ( thumb side of wrist )

• Femoral ( groin )

• Posterior Tibial ( medial side of ankle )

• Dorsalis Pedis ( top of foot )

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Physiology of theCirculatory System

Blood pressure

– Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries– Systole: Heart contracts– Diastole: Heart relaxes

Perfusion

– Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue– If inadequate, the patient goes into shock (as evidenced by cool, pale,

sweaty skin, loss of consciousness or restlessness, shortness of breath)

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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care ProgramModule 3

The NervousSystem

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The Nervous System

• The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions.

• Somatic nervous system

– Regulates voluntary actions

• Autonomic nervous system

– Controls involuntary body functions

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Anatomy and Physiologyof the Nervous System

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Peripheral Nervous System

• Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system.

• Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system.

• Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.

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Sensory and Connecting Nerves

• The connecting nerves in the spinal cord form a reflex arc.

• If a sensory nerve in this arc detects an irritating stimulus, it will bypass the brain and send a direct message to a motor nerve.

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How the Nervous System Works

• The nervous system controls virtually all of our body activities including reflex, voluntary and involuntary activities

• Voluntary activities are action that we consciously perform (ie, passing a dish)

• Involuntary activities are actions that are not under our control such as digestion, sweating and blood vessel constriction. These functions are controlled by the autonomic nervous system

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Autonomic Nervous System

• Broken down into two components

• Sympathetic nervous system– Reacts to stress with a flight or fright response.– Some common responses are dilated pupils, increased pulse rate, or

rising BP.

• Parasympathetic nervous system– Causes the opposite effect of the sympathetic nervous system

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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care ProgramModule 3

TheIntegumentary & Endocrine

System

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The Skin( Integumentary System )

The skin’s primary responsibilities include:

• Protects the body from the environment

• Regulates body temperature

• Transmits information from environment to the brain

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Anatomy of the Skin

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Endocrine System

• Complex message and control system

• Made up of seven glands

• Glands produce and release hormones.

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Endocrine System

Thyroid

Pituitary

Parathyroid

Adrenal Glands

Ovary ( female )

Pancreas

Testis ( male )

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Endocrine Glands

GlandGland LocationLocation FunctionFunction Hormones ProducedHormones Produced

AdrenalAdrenal KidneysKidneys Regulate salt, sugar and sexual function

Regulate salt, sugar and sexual function AdrenalineAdrenaline

OvaryOvary Female pelvis( 2 glands )

Female pelvis( 2 glands )

Regulate sexual function, characteristics and reproduction

Regulate sexual function, characteristics and reproduction EstrogenEstrogen

PancreasPancreas RetroperitonealSpace

RetroperitonealSpace

Regulates glucose metabolism

Regulates glucose metabolism

InsulinInsulin

ParathyroidParathyroid Neck( beside & behind

thyroid )

Neck( beside & behind

thyroid )

Regulate serum calciumRegulate serum calcium Parathyroid HormoneParathyroid Hormone

PituitaryPituitary Base of skullBase of skull Regulates all other endocrine glands

Regulates all other endocrine glands

Multiple, very important hormones

Multiple, very important hormones

TestesTestes Male Scrotum( 2 glands )

Male Scrotum( 2 glands )

Regulate sexual function, characteristics and reproduction

Regulate sexual function, characteristics and reproduction TestosteroneTestosterone

ThyroidThyroid Neck( over larynx )

Neck( over larynx )

Regulatesmetabolism Regulatesmetabolism

ThyroxineThyroxine

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Firefighter Pre‐Hospital Care ProgramModule 3

The Urinary System and

Genital System

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Kidney

Urethra

Bladder

Rectum ( cut view )

Inferior Vena Cava

Aorta

Adrenal Gland

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System

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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System

Kidneys• located in the posterior muscular wall of the abdomen (the back near the lower ribs)

• rid the blood of toxins and control the balance of water and salt – via urine

• 20% of the output of blood from the heart passes through the kidneys every minute

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Posterior

Anterior

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System

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Male Reproductive System

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Female Reproductive System

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For All Questions Pertaining to this Module,

Contact Your E.M.S. Command Coordinator.

North  / West – ( 416 ) 338‐9429

South / East – ( 416 ) 338‐8796