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History of Computers
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INTRODUCTION TO IT CONCEPTS
Chapter 1:Computers: How They Shaped the
World
Intended Learning Outcomes
• Understand how computers came into view.• Examine the different generations of
computers and their examples.• Evaluate the different types of computers on
their similarities and differences.
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
• DEFINITION OF A COMPUTER– The word “computer” came from its root word “compute,” which
came from the Latin word, “computare,” which means “arithmetic,” “accounting” or “reckoning.” Based from its literal definition, a computer is someone or is something, particularly a device that computes mathematical problems needed to be solved.
– If we are going to define a computer technically, a computer is a “general-purpose” device that performs functions based on given programmed instructions that are installed in its system whether permanently or not.
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of Computers
• BRIEF HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of Computers
Scholars from different ancient civilizations rely on their knowledge and experience on how to compute season changes, equinoxes, tidal changes, astronomical phenomenon and many others.
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of Computers
One of the early devices of this kind and is considered as the first computer device is the abacus.
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of Computers
A more modern calculating device was invented by a Scottish mathematician named John Napier is what called as Napier’s Bones.
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of Computers
Since the preceding devices required having manual outputs and manual recording, inventors thought of a far better and less tedious way of recording what has been calculated. Thus the concept of punched cards was developed.
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of Computers
Some of the first of these devices were invented by Charles Babbage, the Father of Computers.
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of Computers
A Difference Engine is a calculating device that is meant to compute complex mathematical equations, problems and tables that are very prone to erroneous results if done manually at that time.
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of ComputersCharles Babbage also designed the Analytical Engine in the 1830s. It was supposed to be the first “general-purpose” computer.
• PROMINENT FIGURES IN THE WORLD OF COMPUTERS
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of Computers
People Invention/Discovery/Formed Year Description
John Napier Napier’s Bones 1614Is a set of movable rods or “bones” used to
multiply, divide, get the square roots and cube roots of a particular number.
William Oughtred Slide Rule 1622
Consists of two slide rules, which slide along each other to reduce multiplication and division and other complex arithmetic computations to mechanical equivalent of
addition and subtraction.
Blaise Pascal Pascaline 1642Mechanical machine that adds up number
figuresJoseph-Marie
JacquardPunched Cards 1801
Recording medium to store what has been calculated
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of Computers
Charles Babbage, The Father of Computer
Difference Engine 1822The first designed mechanical
computer.
Analytical Engine 1834
A successor of the Difference Engine designed to calculate
complex mathematical formula
Samuel Morse Morse Code 1835
A code of dots and dashes used to communicate with long
distances.
Herman HollerithHollerith’s Desk 1890
A counting device used to record the US census
Tabulating Machine Company
1896Later became International
Business Machine (IBM) in 1911
Lee De Forest Electronic Tube 1906Used during the first generation of
computers
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of Computers
Alan Turing Turing Machine 1937A device based on
theoretical computing concept
John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
ABC (Atanasoft-Berry Computer) prototype
1939The first electronic and
digital computing device
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of Computers
John Presper Eckert & John W. Mauchly
ENIAC 1945
Stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer, is said to be the world’s first “general
purpose” electronic computer
UNIVAC
1951
UNIVersal Automatic Computer is the first
commercial computer
EDVAC
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, unlike the ENIAC, which performs
decimal calculations, the EDVAC performs binary
calculations
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of Computers
William Shockley Transistors 1947Transistor are the main protagonist for the
second generation computersSteve Russell Spacewar Computer Games 1962 The first computer game
John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz
BASIC 1964Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction
LanguageJames Fergason LCD
1971Liquid Crystal Display
David Noble Floppy disk An example of a Magnetic storage device
Charles Simonyi WYSIWYG 1974
What You See Is What You Get describes how the output of a command will be
displayed based from the given program itself
Bill Gates and Paul Allen
Microsoft 1975The company responsible for the Windows
Operating System
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of Computers
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
Apple 1976The company responsible for the
development of the Mac Computer, iPod, iPhone and iPad
Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau
World Wide Web 1990 Allowed the start of the modern Internet
Sergey Brin and Larry Page
Google 1998Developer of google.com and one of the
most loved employers in the world
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 1: History of Computers• Summary:
– The computer is a “general-purpose” device that performs functions based on given programmed instructions that are installed in its system whether permanently or not.
– The first computing device developed was the abacus, used in Ancient China and Babylon. Some of the modern computing device after the abacus was the Napier’s Bones developed by John Napier, Slide Rule invented by Oughtred.
– In 1822, Difference Machine was designed by the Father of Computer, Charles Babbage. It was designed to calculate complicated mathematical problems. Its successor the Analytical Engine, also designed by Charles Babbage in 1834, was the very first fully-automatic computing device.
• First Generation Computers (1940-1956) – Vacuum Tubes
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 2: Generation of Computers
• Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 2: Generation of Computers
• Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 2: Generation of Computers
• Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 2: Generation of Computers
• Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 2: Generation of Computers
• Summary:
– The evolution of computers was divided into generations that describe what the computers were made and the speed of how they process data.
– The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes.
– The second generation of computers used transistors.
– The third generation of computers used integrated circuits.
– The fourth generation of computers used microprocessors.
– The fifth generation of computers is currently utilizing Artificial Intelligence.
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 2: Generation of Computers
• Supercomputers• Mainframe Computers• Minicomputers (also known as mid-range
computers)• Microcomputers
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 3: Types of Computers
• Supercomputers
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 3: Types of Computers
Supercomputers are the fastest computers in the world. Computers of this type can process a million dataper second.
• Mainframe Computers
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 3: Types of Computers
Mainframe computers are the second fastest computers in the world. Computers of this type can process thousands of data in one minute.
• Minicomputers– Minicomputers are called as such because they
are smaller in size than the supercomputers and mainframe computers. The development of these computers started in the 70’s.
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 3: Types of Computers
• Microcomputers– Microcomputers are what end users are most fond
of. Microcomputers are the computers that we use for our every day routine.
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 3: Types of Computers
• Desktop
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Types of Microcomputers
Desktop computers have the capability to run software applications for personal matters or for office transactions.
• Notebook or Laptop
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Types of Microcomputers
A Notebook or what is popularly known as a Laptop, is anothertype of microcomputer but unlike the desktop, notebooks are portable and are smaller.
• Netbook– Netbooks are like laptops but smaller. Most people
like netbooks better than laptops because of its portability; it is easy slip into a bag and bring it anywhere.
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Types of Microcomputers
• Media Center Unit
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Types of Microcomputers
• Tablet PC
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Types of Microcomputers
Tablet PCs are like stone tablets from ancient civilization, the difference is it is electronic.
• Handheld Computers
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Types of Microcomputers
Handheld computers are, from what the name suggests; are computers that can be operated by holding them with one or both hands.
• Summary:
– Computers are divided into different types. This type are as follows:• Supercomputer• Mainframe computers• Minicomputers• Microcomputers
– Microcomputers have different types and these types are as follows:• Desktop• Notebook or Laptop• Netbook• Media Center Unit• Tablet PC• Handheld computers
Subion | Trillanes | Labanan Introduction to IT Concpets
Lesson 3: Types of Computers
Chapter 1:Computer: How They Shaped the World
Questions?
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