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Into the Dark Ages. Western Rome Destroyed by German and Scandinavian invasions Never reached the heights of culture seen in the East Most people farmers Life not much better then when they lived in caves. The Franks. Among the strongest Germanic tribes - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Into the Dark Ages Western Rome
Destroyed by German and Scandinavian invasions
Never reached the heights of culture seen in the East
Most people farmers Life not much better then when they lived in
caves
The Franks Among the strongest Germanic tribes Dominated France and Western Germany
481 ACE Clovis became the king Accept Catholicism Military leader Strong rule
Divided land among sons and control declined
Charles Martel Charles the Hammer
Mayor of the palace Defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 Stopped the spread of Islam in Spain
Pepin the Short 752 ACE became king of Franks Son of Charles Martel Came to the aide of the Pope Pope gave his allegiance Pepin Anointed by the Pope Holy Roman
Emperor Divinely appointed leader
Catholicism and Kingship became tied
Charlemagne Son of Pepin the Short Founded the Carolingian dynasty
Doubled size of kingdom Germany France Northern Spain and Italy
Most of Europe under one rule formed schools in churches and monasteries Christian Roman Empire a united force
Frankish Empire collapsed On death of Charlemagne his empire was
divided among his grandsons 843 Treaty of Verdun
Charles the Bald took France Louis the German took Germany Lothair – Holy Roman Emperor took a piece
out the middle from Belgium to Italy
Islamic Invasions Raided the south
Seized Sicily Parts of Italy and Southern France Pushed back into Balkans and Spain
The Viking Invasions 800’s Scandinavian Raiders
Traveled in fast light boats Came in the summer to raid
Colonists Norwegians
Greenland, Iceland, Scotland and Ireland Danes
England and Normandy in France Swedes
Ukraine and Russia
The result Europe by 900 ACE was a weak and
backward area of the world Cities isolated from one another Trade declined education limited to
church
Feudalism Feudal relationships
Began with Charles Martel Gave land in exchange for funds In return nobles swore loyalty to King Heirs inherited titles and lands in exchange for
Knights (mounted warriors) for the king’s army
Feudal obligations Each noble was a lord
People under him Each noble a vassal
Owed his overlord Ties made official by oath of homage "I promise on my faith that I will in the
future be faithful to the lord, never cause him harm and will observe my homage to him completely against all persons in good faith and without deceit."
The Castle No strong government Attack imminent Fortified houses were built for defense Usually built on a hill Had thick walls Towers to observe arriving attackers
Life of Nobles Castles where large, cold, dingy Lord was master of his realm Had to work to keep under his control Noblewomen had few rights
Married for power and wealth Married as young as 12 Cared for household and children
Entertainment
Tournaments Displays of military expertise
Hunting Dinners Minstrels and singers Fools Traveling actors-Morality Plays
A Knight Nobleman’s sons Began training at age 7 Page-assisted in the home of another lord Squire – 15 assisted a knight and
practiced using weapons won his “spurs” of knighthood in battle
Chivalry Knights code of honor Fight fairly Keep promises Be brave in battle Defend the Church Treated “noblewomen” well
The Manorial system Wealth of the lord depended on the work
of the peasants Economic relationship between lord and
peasants Manors varied in size
Included house Pastures Fields Forest village
Peasants exchanged work for protection
Farmed land Paid for use of land, mills, ovens Owed a specified number of days of
service Foot soldier or archer Repaired castle and keep Built roads and bridges Most serfs (a polite term for slave)
Agricultural Advances New plow made it possible to till land
more efficiently Three field system
Rotated crops and fallow fields Helped preserve the soil
Surplus not large enough to support large cities
Peasant life Hard Few lived beyond 40 Famine and disease frequent First killed in war Lived in tiny one room dirt floor huts Ate coarse bread and huddle together at
night for warmth
The Medieval Church Roman Catholic Unifying force Decline in political power resulted in
Church taking power The Pope
Assumed spiritual authority over all Claimed Peter first bishop of Rome had been
chosen by Jesus to lead Pope spiritual successor of Pete
Religious role of the Church
All people sinners All people dependent on God’s grace To receive grace you had to receive the
sacraments Baptism Reconciliation ( confession) Eucharist Confirmation Matrimony Anointing of the sick (last rites) Holy orders
Lack of education led to lack of understanding
Most people didn’t know Latin and did not understand the mass
Priests were poorly educated and didn’t preach well
Learned religion from pictures, statues, paintings and art that adorned the church
Church hierarchy Pope at the top
Cardinals Bishops
Parish priest-secular clergy in the world Regular clergy – cloistered
Monks and nuns Lived apart Helped reform the church
Monastic life St. Benedict
Founded a monastery at Monte Cassino in 520 ACE – destroyed in WWII
Model for all others Monks lived life of work, meditation and prayer Gave up all wealth Never married Bound to rules of his order and directives of the abbot
St. Scholastica adapted the Benedictine Rule (he was her brother ) for nuns
Influences of Monasteries Preserved ancient religious works and
classical writings Scribes copied books by hand Illuminated manuscripts-Book of Kells in
Dublin Provided schools for young Provided hospitals for sick
Missionaries Gregory I
Sent monks to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons
600s went to Germany and Ireland Reorganized the bishops Stressed reconciliation - penance
By 1100 most Western Europeans were Roman Catholic
Power of the Church Helped to govern Europe Bishops and abbots played a role in
Feudal society Wealth through land and service of their
serfs Mediated disputes between lords
Church Reform Called for riding church of abuses of
power Monastery at Cluny
Simple life of poverty and service 1059 church assembly ruled that lords
could not name the Pope Pope chosen from college of Cardinals Only church elders can choose Pope
1073 Pope Gregory VII
Pope had complete jurisdiction over all church officials
Lords no longer named or invested clergy Introduced obligatory celibacy for the clergy Clash with Emperor Henry IV
Fighting Heresy Divisions over interpretations Innocent III 1215 ACE
Condemned drunkenness, feasting and dancing
Tried to convert heretics Threatened to excommunicate – throw them
out of the church Meant no admission to heaven
Killed
What was the best Christian life
Early Life of asceticism – prayer fasting Chastity – better to marry then burn but
abstinence was best Later sects calling for chastity such as
the Cathars of France and Manichaeans of Iran are condemned and followers killed
Heretics views of the church
concerned with wealth and power Greedy Corrupt Bishops lived lives of wealth Priests anything but saintly
The Inquisition Mission was to seek out and punish
heretics People urged (tortured) to confess and
repent In the beginning repenters were allowed
back into church
Friars – wandering preachers
1200’s lived simply Begged for food and shelter Followed monastic rules but did not live
isolated Franciscans and Dominicans
Named for originators St. Francis of Assisi -Italian St. Dominic – Spanish
Bennet, J.M. & Hollister, C.W. (2006). Medieval Europe: A Short History.10th Edition. Boston. McGraw-Hill.
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