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InterplanetaryInternet
Adrian J. HookeJet Propulsion Laboratory
California Institute of Technology
2000 Third Annual International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies
Boulder, CO, 08 September 2000
Member Agencies
ASI/ItalyBNSC/UKCNES/FranceCSA/CanadaDLR/Germany
NASDA/Japan
ESA/EuropeINPE/BrazilNASA/USA
RSA/Russia
Observer Agencies
ASA/AustriaCAST/ChinaCRC/CanadaCRL/JapanCSIR/South AfricaCSIRO/Australia
IKI/RussiaISAS/JapanISRO/IndiaKARI/KoreaKFKI/HungaryMOC/Israel
NOAA/USANSPO/TaipeiSSC/SwedenTsNIIMash/RussiaUSGS/USA
CTA/BrazilDSRI/DenmarkEUMETSAT/EuropeEUTELSAT/EuropeFSST&CA/BelgiumHNSC/Greece
Industry Associates ISO/TC20/SC13
Liaisons
PPAANNEELL 33
CROSSSUPPORT
OPERATIONS
PPAANNEELL 22
INFORMATIONINTERCHANGEPROCESSES
SPACECOMMUNICATIONS
PPAANNEELL 11
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTCOUNCILCOUNCIL
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS)
Technical Steering GroupSecretariat
CCSDS Panel Work
Intranet Internet
Space LinkProtocols
End-to-EndProtocols
CCSDS Panel 1
Space LinkExtension Protocols
CCSDS Panel 3
Data Description& Archiving
CCSDS Panel 2
Radio Frequency and ModulationP1E
LinkARQ
TM Space DataLink Protocol
AOS Space DataLink Protocol
Proximity 1 SpaceData Link Protocol
TC Space DataLink Protocol
CommunicationsOperation
Procedure 1
Space DataLink SecurityMechanisms
P1A
P1F Internet IPSecSpace Security Protocol
Space PacketProtocol
Space NetworkProtocol
Internet Protocol(IPv4, IPv6)
P1B Reed-SolomonCoding
BCH CodingConvolutionalCoding
TurboCoding
TLM FrameSync.
CLTU andPLOPs
Synchronous Links Asynchronous Links
Current CCSDS Space/Ground Communications Protocol Stack
Physical
Link
Network
Transport
Application
CCSDSFile
DeliveryProtocol(CFDP)
Storeand
Forward
InternetTCP/UDP
SpaceTCP/UDP
Interactive
SpaceFTP
InternetFTP
Internet RFCDraft CCSDS RecommendationCCSDS Recommendation CCSDS Report
http://hope.gsfc.nasa.gov/ccsds/implementations/
151 Missions10 COTS Spacecraft16 COTS Space Products 2 COTS Ground Networks28 COTS Ground Products
1970 1980 1990 2000
International Space StationExtension ofStandards forMore ComplexSpace Missions
}Extension of the
Terrestrial Internetinto Space
Basic Space/GroundCommunicationsStandards forSpace Missions
} Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS)
NASA Telemetry Standardization
NASA/ESAWorking Group
“Packet” Spacecraft Telemetry and Telecommand
NASA/DOD SpaceCommunications Protocol Standards (SCPS) Project
Evolution of space standards
InterPlaNetaryInternet (IPN)
Evolution of the terrestrial Internet
Today’sInternet:
High rate fiber backboneNegligible delayNegligible errors
Symmetric data channelsContinuous connectivity
Loss = Congestion
Tomorrow’s“Earthnet”
U n t e t h e r e d e d g e- marke t
‘p lug- i n s ’ t o t h e f i b e r b a c k b o n e
[ s a t e l l i t e s , w i r e l e s s , m o b i l e
ad- h o c n e t w o r k s , e t c . ]
m a y i n t r o d u c e :Significant delay & errors
Power/bandwidth constraintsDisjoint connectivity
Corruption as source of lossAsymmetric channels
Surfaceto Orbit
Relay
SurfaceOperations
LongHaul toEarth
Mars
Moon
Satellite,Wireless
Internetbackbone
Mobile/Rovingapplications
Earth
A Candidate Sharing of Issues A Candidate Sharing of Issues and Technologiesand Technologies
• Generally high bandwidth-delay products• Possible data loss due to bit-errors and/or
transient link outages• Potentially asymmetric data rates
• Power constrained end systems• Episodic/disjoint connectivity• Networks may need to be self-organizing
• Ultra high bandwidth-delay product• typically >> transaction size
• ‘Ping-pong of bursts’ replaces streaming
• Channels often periodically unidirectional• Need for progressive/selectable reliability• Need for store-and-forward delivery
Similar Problems,Common Solutions
Fiber Satellites
Cable
Mobile/Wireless
WDM
Nomadic
Terabit communicationslow delay
Self-organizing
FTP/TCP/IP
Short-haul comm
unications
TerrestrialInternetStandards
IPN leverage
S-band X-bandKa-band
LEOConstellations
MarsNetwork
Deep-spaceOptical
Megabit communicationshigh delay
Long-haul c
omm
unicatio
ns
SpaceInternetStandards
File-basedOperations
Thirty years down the road…..
IPNSIGPublic
USC
UCLA
UDEL
UMD
Caltech
IPN ArchitectureCore Team
IPN Organizational Relationships
NASAProjects
DARPAProjects
IPNRG
Robert Rumeau - FranceEric Travis - USA
Open ArchitectureOpen SpecificationsOpen ImplementationsDemonstrations
The Basic IPN Concept:
Construct a “Network of Internets”
• Deploy standard internets in low latency remote environments (e.g., on other planets, on remote spacecraft)
• Connect these distributed internets via an interplanetary backbone that handles the high latency deep space environment.
• Create gateways and relays to interface between low and high latency environments
The Basic IPN Concept:construct a
“Network of Internets”
Deploy standard internets in low latency remote environments (e.g., on other planets)
Connect distributed internets via an interplanetary backbone
Provide dialog acrossa network of Internets
DeployedInternets
StableBackbone
Security
InterplanetaryGateways
Inter-InternetDialog and Nodes
IPN Technology Thrust Areas
Wired
Tetherlessi
I
e a r t h . s o l
IG
IG
IGIG
IG IG
Ii
iii
ii
ii
i ii
iI
i
ii
i I
iii I
m a r s . s o l l u n a . s o l
IPN Security
Security of user data flowing through the IPN
Security of the IPN backbone
DeployedInternets
StableBackbone
Security
InterplanetaryGateways
Inter-Internet Dialogand Nodes
IG
IG
IGIG
IG IG
Ii
iii
ii
ii
i ii
iI
i
ii
i I
iii I
m a r s . s o l l u n a . s o l
e a r t h . s o l
Ø access control to the IPN will be required because space-based assets will have limited available resources.
Ø authentication will be required to perform access controls.
Ø data integrity will be required to assure that what wassent is received.
Ø data privacy will be required to assure that unauthorized users cannot obtain information.
DeployedInternets
StableBackbone
Security
InterplanetaryGateways
Inter-Internet Dialogand Nodes
Deployed In-Situ Internets
UntetheredMobile
Mass constrainedLocation-Location-Location
Power-Power-Power
What’s a Backbone?
Ø A set of high-capacity, high-availability links between network traffic hubs
– Terrestrial backbone links are between hubs like Houston and Chicago.
– Interplanetary backbone links are between hubs like Earth and Mars.
DeployedInternets
StableBackbone
Security
InterplanetaryGateways
Inter-Internet Dialogand Nodes
On the Interplanetary Backbone:
• Communications capacity is expensive
– Bits count
• Round Trips hurt
– Interactive protocols don’t work• Internet protocol suite doesn’t scale well with increasing latency• Negotiation is impractical• Reliable in-order delivery takes too long• Protocols need to be connectionless• Congestion control and flow control are difficult• Reliance on forward coding versus retransmission for error recovery
• Custodial store-and-forward data transfer is fundamental
– “Chatty Telephony” gives way to “Bundled Mail” as the model of operations
Resulting Backbone Differences
Transport
Network
Link
Physical
TerrestrialBackbone
TCP
IP
SONET
Optical fiber
InterplanetaryBackbone
“Bundling”
IP, NP, None?
CCSDS
R/F or laser
App
App
App App
App
App
NetworkIP
TransportTCP
NetworkIP
TransportTCP
NetworkIP
NetworkIP
Link. 1
Phys. 1 Phys. 2
Link. 2
Phys. 2
Link. 2
Phys. 3
Link. 3
Phys. 1
Link. 1
Phys. 1
Link. 1
Sub-network Sub-network Sub-network
IP: the “Thin Waist” of the Earth’s Internet
Internet: a Network of Connected Sub-Networks
Bundling supports end-to-end transfer across a “network of disconnected Internets”
having heterogeneous network protocol stacks
Bundle
Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network
Transport
Network
Transport
Network
BundleBundle Bundle
Network of disconnected Internets spanning dissimilar environments
Bundles: A Store and Forward Overlay -the “Thin Waist” of the Interplanetary Internet
Bundling:Design Principles
• Names are the means of reference
– Names have two parts: a routing part (specifies the IPN region) and an administrative part (specifies the DNS name)
– Routing between IPN regions based upon routing part of the name
• Late-Binding
– Separate addressing domains for each internet; administrative names converted to local addresses in destination IPN region
• Indirection
– Inherent dependence on intermediate relay agents
• Custodial transfer
– “Bundles” are the common end-to-end transfer mechanism
DeployedInternets
StableBackbone
Security
InterplanetaryGateways
Inter-Internet Dialogand Nodes
Single Name Space,Late Name-to-Address Binding(s)
Internet InternetInterplanetaryBackbone
Name-to-AddressBinding Space A
Name-to-Address Binding Space B
Name-to-Address Binding Space C
Name Space - Common Across All Internets
IPN Region: .mars.solIPN Region: .earth.sol IPN Region: .ipn.sol
Name:{routing part: mars.sol,
admin part: http://www.rockshop.com}
Local Address: 137.79.10.232
Name:{routing part: earth.sol,
admin part: http://www.bughunter.org}
Local Address: 137.79.10.232
Basic IPN Architectural Definition
Development of Key Protocols
New Capability Demonstrations
Space Mission Infusion and Rollout
Protocol Test and Validation
Ba
sic
R&
DS
po
ns
ore
dR
oll
ou
t
Interplanetary Internet Deployment Plan
Earth Vicinity,2001
Lunar Vicinity,2002
Mars2003+
InterplanetaryInternet, “2020”
InterplanetaryBackbone
InterplanetaryGateways
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