Interphase and M-Phase Chromosomes

Interphase and M-Phase Chromosomes

Condensation of Chromatids

Kinetochore

Pg. 645

Kinetochore

Mitotic Spindle

Centrosome Duplication Cycle

Nuclear Lamina

Pg. 576

Microtubules

Mitotic Spindle

Pg. 641

Metaphase Anaphase

Pg. 257

Ubiquitin-dependent Protein Degradation

Proteasome

Peptides + Ub

Protein Ub-Ub-Ub

Protein + Ub

APC (Ubiquitin Ligase)

Start of Anaphase

P

Anaphase “A” and “B”

Membrane Fusion in Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

Myosin II - GFP

Interphase Telophase Cytokinesis

CytokinesisCytokinesis G1

Control Points in the Mitotic Cell Cycle

DNAReplication

Control at the G1/S Transition

Control at the G2/M Transition

Cyclin Protein Levels Vary During the Cell Cycle

Cyclin/Cdk Complexes During the Cell Cycle

Expression ofM-cyclin Gene

Expression ofS-cyclin Gene

Ubiquitin-dependentproteolysis

Ubiquitin-dependentproteolysis

(RTK)

(Ras-MAP Kinase)

Activation of “S-Phase Genes”

Cyclin/Cdk Phosphorylates Rb Protein

Cyclin/Cdk Phosphorylates Cdc6 Protein and ORC

Cyclin/Cdk Complexes During the Cell Cycle

Expression ofM-cyclin Gene

Expression ofS-cyclin Gene

Ubiquitin-dependentproteolysis

Ubiquitin-dependentproteolysis

Cyclin/Cdk Phosphorylates APC

M-Cyclin/Cdk

P

Inactivating the Cyclin/Cdk Complex

Active APC

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

Focus on p53Checkpoint

The p53 Cell Cycle Checkpoint

Apoptosis in Digit Formation

Pg. 625

Cellular Changes During Apoptosis

NormalCell

Apoptotic Cell

Apoptosis Pathways

The “Death” Receptor

Caspase Activation

Pg. 627

Caspase Cascade

Pg. 627

Release of Cytochrome C from Mitochondria

Pg. 628

Apoptosis Pathways

Type I

Type II

Intrinsic Pathway

Pathways Disrupted in Cancer Cells

Egg Cell and Sperm Cells

Pg. 661

Overview of Mammalian Development

Asymmetric Cell Divisions of Meiosis

(Metaphase II) (Mitosis)

8 cell Embryo (morula)

“Cleavage” Divisions

50 µm

Blastocycst

Uterus

BlastocystInner Cell Mass (ICM)

50 µmTrophoblast

Blastocoel

Early Embryonic Development (~ 7 days)

Drosophila melanogaster (a.k.a. Fruit Fly)

The eyeless (ey) Gene Controls Eye Development

Pg. 288

Ectopic Expression of ey Gene

Expression of ey Gene in Leg Precursor Cells

Pg. 288

Ectopic Expression of Mouse ey Gene

Group of cellsthat give rise toadult wing

Expression of Mouse ey Gene in Wing Precursor Cells

Homeotic Genes

Synpolydactyl Phenotype

HoxD13 mutation

Stem Cell Concept

Signal Molecules?

Pg. 721

Blastomere receptor proteinsTelomerase

Blastocycst

Blastocyst

InnerCell Mass (ICM)

50 µm

Pluripotent Embryonic Stem Cells

Pg. 724

Signal E

Signal D

Signal C

Signal B

Signal A

IVF

“Stem Cell Line”

Cloning by Nuclear Transfer

Pg. 725

“enucleated egg”

“ReconstructedZygote”

“Donor”

Cloning by Nuclear Transfer

Pg. 725

“enucleated egg”

“ReconstructedZygote”

“Donor”