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Internet publi shing HTML (XHTML) language. Petr Zámostný room : A-72a phone .: 4222 e-mail: petr.zamostny @ vscht.cz. Essential HTML components. Element Element example Start tag Element content End tag „ content-less element s “ HTML 4.01: no closing needed - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Internet publishing
HTML (XHTML) language
Petr Zámostnýroom: A-72aphone.: 4222e-mail: petr.zamostny@vscht.cz
Essential HTML components Element
<p>Element example</p> Start tag Element content End tag
„content-less elements“ HTML 4.01: no closing needed <br> XHTML: elements must be closed <br />
Element can contain another elements Well-formed documents
Essential HTML components Attribute
Example Link <a href=“somewhere.html">somewhere else</a>
More detailed element specification Must be placed in starting element brackets Value must be enclosed in "" Element may have more attributes Attributes order is arbitrary
Essential HTML components Character entities
Characters difficult to enter via keyboard HTML reserved characters
<, >, & Example
&entity_name; > > < < & & “ " Nonbreaking space
&#character_unicode_number; ← ← Й Й
Essential HTML components Entities defined by XHTML
http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml-lat1.ent http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml-symbol.ent http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml-special.ent
Entity given by number in UNICODE table - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode Character listings
http://alanwood.net/unicode/ In order to display properly, the characters
must be supported by the browser as well as they must be included in specified font
XHTML page structure<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html> <head> <title>...</title> </head> <body> ... </body></html>
XML declarationDocument type definition – standardCore dokument
XML declaration
Specifies the XML version and encoding for applications working at the XML level
It is not mandatory, but it is automatically included by some editors
It can cause problems in some MSIE installations Recommendation: don not use it/delete it
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
Document type definition
Transitional <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
Strict <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
Frameset <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">
Document type definition
Specifies the standard used for writing the document
Lists elements that are allowed in the document and their nesting
Core document – <html> element
Must contain the namespace declaration xmlns=http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml
If it is missing it should work safely only in no other namespaces are used
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> ... </head> <body> ... </body> </html>
Head element content
<title> Name of the page displayed in the browser window
caption <meta>
Document metadata Usually they are not interpreted by browsers, used
e.g. for fulltext search robots Exception: document type and encoding info
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<head> <title>Example</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="Keywords" content="HTML, XHTML" /> <meta name="Authors" content="Petr Zámostný" /> </head>
body element content
Text and formatting instructions Default behavior
Consecutive spaces, tabs, line-breaks are rendered as single space
Block and inline elements
<body> text elements </body>
Examples of elements (rehearsing)
Block <p> <h1>…<h6> <pre> <div> <hr> <dl> <ul> <ol> <table> <form>
Inline <a> <img> <map> <br> <script> <sub> <sup> <span> <em> <strong> <code> <cite> <dfn> <samp> <kbd> <var> <abbr> <i> <b>
Standard attributes Can be used for all elements except base,
head, html, meta, param, script, style a title More simply: they can be used in all visual
elements
Standard attributes class – specifies class (group) the element
belongs to id – assigns unique identifier to the element style – can be used to directly set element
style in CSS All attributes above are used for application
of styles and dynamic behavior
title – specifies element tooltip
Language attributes For all elements except base, br, frame,
frameset, hr, iframe, param a script dir – can have values ltr | rtl and controls
the text direction (left-to-right, right-to-left) lang – document language
Text structure elements div – section p – paragraph span – inline block br – line-break (content-less <br />)
Text structure (example) <body> <div id=“section1"> <p>1st paragraph</p> <p>2nd paragraph</p> </div>
<div id=“section2"> <p>3rd paragraph</p> <p>4th <span>paragraph</span> of<br /> text broken into 2 lines</p> </div>
</body>
Headings <body> <h1>Heading 1</h1> <h2>Heading 2</h2> <h3>Heading 3</h3> <h4>Heading 4</h4> <h5>Heading 5</h5> <h6>Heading 6</h6>
</body>
Formátting<body><p><em>emphasized text</em></p><p><strong>strong printed text</strong></p>
<p><b>bold text</b></p><p><i>italics</i></p>
<p>text<sub>subscript</sub></p><p>text<sup>superscript</sup></p>
<p><code>monospace font</code></p>
<pre>Preformatted textA B C1 2 34 5 6</pre></body>
Lists<body> <h1>Unordered list</h1> <ul> <li type="disc">kolečko</li> <li type="circle">kroužek</li> <li type="square">čtvereček</li> </ul>
<h1>Ordered list</h1> <ol type="a"> <li>item 1</li> <li>item 2</li> <li>item 3</li> </ol>
<h1>Definition list</h1> <dl> <dt>HTML</dt><dd>HyperText Markup Language</dd> <dt>XML</dt><dd>eXtensible Markup Language</dd> </dl>
</body>
Graphics img – inserts image Attributes
src – URL of image file alt – alternative text
For users that cannot/does not want to display images
height, width Enables the browser get image dimensions before
they are actually downloaded – speeds up document display
Can be used to resize images ….. But there are better ways to do it
Graphics (příklad)<body> <hr />
<img src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-xhtml10" alt="Valid XHTML 1.0!" height="31" width="88" /></body>
Tables Tables are created hierarchically by
following elements table – table
tr – row td – cell th – heading cell
Tables Important attributes of table element
border cellspacing cellpadding frame, rules
Tables
<table summary="anotace tabulky" border="1"> <tr> <th>záhlaví sloupce 1</th> <th>záhlaví sloupce 2</th> </tr> <tr> <td>buňka 1</td> <td>buňka 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>buňka 3</td> <td>buňka 4</td> </tr> </table>
http://www.vscht.cz/kot/resources/studijni-materialy/ip-s-002/p01.html
Table borders <table border="0"> <caption>Bez okraje</caption> <tr><td>1. buňka</td><td>2. buňka</td></tr> <tr><td>3. buňka</td><td>4. buňka</td></tr> </table> <br /> <table border="1"> <caption>S okrajem</caption> <tr><td>1. buňka</td><td>2. buňka</td></tr> <tr><td>3. buňka</td><td>4. buňka</td></tr> </table> <br /> <table border="1" frame="void"> <caption>Vnější okraj tabulky</caption> <tr><td>1. buňka</td><td>2. buňka</td></tr> <tr><td>3. buňka</td><td>4. buňka</td></tr> </table> <br /> <table border="1" rules="none"> <caption>Vnitřní okraj tabulky</caption> <tr><td>1. buňka</td><td>2. buňka</td></tr> <tr><td>3. buňka</td><td>4. buňka</td></tr> </table> <br />
Structuring <table summary="anotace tabulky" border="1"> <caption>Sklizeň ovoce</caption> <thead> <tr> <th></th> <th>Hrušky</th> <th>Jablka</th> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <th>Celkem</th> <td>25</td> <td>17</td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr> <th>Petr</th> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Pavel</th> <td>15</td> <td>7</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
http://www.vscht.cz/kot/resources/studijni-materialy/ip-s-002/p02.html
Table dimensions <table border="1"> <caption>Implicitní chování</caption> <tr> <td>1. buňka</td> <td>2. trochu větší buňka</td> </tr> </table> <table border="1" width="500"> <caption>Pevná šířka</caption> <tr> <td>1. buňka</td> <td>2. trochu větší buňka</td> </tr> </table>
<table border="1" width="80%"> <caption>Šířka v % okna</caption> <tr> <td>1. buňka</td> <td>2. trochu větší buňka</td> </tr> </table>
http://www.vscht.cz/kot/resources/studijni-materialy/ip-s-002/p03.html
Table alignment <table border="1" width="100%"> <caption>Vodorovné zarovnání</caption> <tr><td align="left">buňka zarovnaná vlevo </td></tr> <tr><td align="right">buňka zarovnaná vpravo </td></tr> <tr><td align="center">buňka zarovnaná na střed </td></tr> <tr><td align="justify">buňka zarovnaná do bloku </td></tr> </table> <br /> <table border="1" width="100%"> <caption>Svislé zarovnání</caption> <tr height="50"><td valign="top">buňka zarovnaná nahoru </td></tr> <tr height="50"><td valign="middle">buňka zarovnaná na střed </td></tr> <tr height="50"><td valign="bottom">buňka zarovnaná dolů </td></tr> <tr height="50"><td valign="baseline">buňka zarovnaná na základní čáru</td></tr> </table> <br />
http://www.vscht.cz/kot/resources/studijni-materialy/ip-s-002/p04.html
Merging cells <table border="1"> <tr><td>buňka</td><td>buňka</td><td>buňka</td><td>buňka</td></tr> <tr><td>buňka</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2">expandovaná buňka</td><td>buňka</td></tr> <tr><td>buňka</td><td>buňka</td></tr> <tr><td>buňka</td><td>buňka</td><td>buňka</td><td>buňka</td></tr> </table><br />
http://www.vscht.cz/kot/resources/studijni-materialy/ip-s-002/p05.html
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