Intellectual Property in the Digital Single Market€¦ · •WIPO definition of Intellectual...

IntellectualPropertyintheDigitalSingleMarketLecture1– IntroductionDr.AnaRamalho,LL.M.@copytwilight

4.9.2018

Introduction tothecourse

1.Structure2.Readings3.Assessment4.Roundtable5.TheIndieArtLegalClinic

This class

1.IPoverview2.Internationalprinciples ofIP3.IPrationales4.InternationalIPframework5.EuropeanIPframework

1.IPOVERVIEW

IPoverview

• WIPOdefinitionofIntellectualProperty:– “...productsofthemind,inventions,literaryandartisticworks,anysymbols,names,imagesanddesignsusedincommerce.”

• WTOdefinitionofIntellectualProperty:– “Intellectualpropertyrightsarerightsgiventopeopleoverthecreationoftheirmindsandcreatorscanbegiventherighttopreventothersfromusingtheirinventions,designsorothercreations”

Aboutintangibles

AdamPatterson,https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/

V.

Aboutintangibles

AdamPatterson,https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/

V.

Legal right What for? How?

Copyright Original creative or artistic forms

Trade marksDistinctive

identification of products or services

Use and/orregistration

Patents New inventions Registration

Exists automatically

Registered designs Registration

Trade secrets

External appearance

Valuable information not known to the public

Reasonable efforts to keep

secret

IPoverview

Butalso...

HowmuchIPisthereinabottleofcoke?

HowmuchIPisthereinabottleofcoke?

patents

Tradesecrets

trademarks

copyright

Patents Making,offeringforsale,selling,importingorexportingofapatentedproduct,oruseofapatentedprocess.

Trademarks Affixingaconfusinglysimilarsignforthesameorsimilargoodsand/orservices bearingaprotectedTM;offeringthegoods,puttingthemonthemarket;importingorexportingthegoodsunderthesign;usingTMwithareputationfordifferentgoodsand/orservices.

Designs Making,imitating,importing,exporting,selling,etc.goodshavingthesameappearanceor“overallimpression”ofaprotecteddesign/s.

Copyright Copying,publishing,distributingbysale,rental,lending,exportingandimporting;publiclydisplayingorperforming,broadcasting,“bootlegging”,puttingontheInternet,etc.aprotectedworkofliterature,art,music,etc.

Therightsinanutshell

2.InternationalPrinciplesofIP

Maininternationalprinciples

• Territoriality• Marketexclusivity• Nationaltreatment• Mostfavourednationtreatment• Priority• Exhaustion

ExhaustionØ Definition:onceaproductprotectedbyIPhasbeen

soldeitherbytherightownerorhisconsent,allorsomeoftheexclusiveIPrightsare“exhausted”:rightsendwiththefirstsaleoftheproduct

Ø Exhaustionofrightsoverthatparticularcopy/productØ Regionalexhaustion:EU:thefirstsaleoftheIP

protectedproductbytheIPowner,orwithhisconsent,exhaustsrightsovertheproductsnotonlydomestically,butwithintheEU,andparallelimportswithintheregioncannolongerbeopposedbasedontheIPright MassachusettsOfficeofTravel&Tourism,

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/legalcode

200€ 100€

150€

Source:StudioModerna

CantheowneroftheIPrightsopposeimportation?

200€ 100€

150€

Source:StudioModerna

Whataboutnow?

3.IPrationales

WhydowehaveIP?

• Naturalrights theories- Labourtheory- Personality righttheory

• Utilitarian theory• (…)

Labour theory• Main proponent:JohnLocke(1632-1704)• Physical propertyrights – did not haveIPinmind• Aperson’s labour belongs to her• Where she exercises labour onunowned orcommonproperty,the result should be hers =natural right

• Propertyrightasajust reward for the labour

• Limitations:sufficiency proviso;spoilage proviso

Howdoweapply this to IP?

- Commonproperty- Labour- Good

Labour theoryandIP

Personalityrighttheory• Main representative:Hegel(1770-1831)• Anintellectual work embodies its creator’s personalityorwill,and therefore deserves protection

• Propertyrights should be protected where they fosterfundamental humanneeds orinterests

• Justification:they shield from appropriation ormodification ofworks through which authors andartists haveexpressed their personhood

Utilitariantheory• Britishphilosophers JeremyBentham (1748– 1832)and StuartMill(1806– 1873)

• “greatest good for the greatest number”- Lawmakers should strive towards maximization ofhappiness

• Rights granted to creatorsareinstrumental tosociety’s interests,ex.accessto creative works- Scopeorduration ofthe right- Leaving idea freeto all to use it

Inanutshell

Economic orinstrumentaltheories

Ethical,justice-based theories

Incentive Reward

Economic efficiencyandsocialwelfare:considerationofthewhole

Justiceandnatural rights:considerationoftheindividual

Practical,efficiency approach Philosophical

4.InternationalIPframework

• InternationallawinIP:treaties&conventions• Global(worldwide)andregional(e.g.EPC)• Differentcoverage:substantiverules;classificationtreaties;

etc• Treatiesadministeredbyinternationalorregional

organisations(WIPO,WTO,EPO,etc)• Redressincaseofviolationoftreatyobligations:

Ø ICJ(theHague)Ø Disputesettlementproceedings(e.g.WTO)

Overview

• 1883,175parties• Substantiveprovisions:

Ø Nationaltreatment&rightofpriorityØ IndividualIPareas

q Patents:independence;rightoftheinventorsq Trademarks:independence;protectionagainstreproductions/imitationsofwell-knownmark

q Industrialdesigns:obligationofprotectionq Indicationsofsource:protectionagainstdirectorindirectuseoffalseindicationsofthesource

q Unfaircompetition:obligationtoprovideforeffectiveprotectionagainstunfaircompetition

ParisConvention

• 1970,151parties• Possibilityofseekingpatentprotectionforan

inventionineachofthecontractingstatesbyfilinganinternationalpatentapplication

• Detailedregulationoftheformalrequirementswithwhichinternationalapplicationsmustcomply

• Theeffect oftheinternationalapplicationisthesame ineachdesignatedStateasifanationalpatentapplicationhadbeenfiled

PatentCooperationTreaty

• 1886,172parties• Aim:“toprotect,inaseffectiveanduniformmanneraspossible,

therightsofauthorsintheirliteraryandartisticworks”• Substantiveprovisions:

Ø PrincipleofnationaltreatmentØ Automaticprotection:noformalitiesØ Worksprotected:“everyproductionintheliterary,scientific andartisticdomain,whatevermaybethemodeorformofitsexpression”(art.2.1.)

Ø Minimumstandardsofprotection:rights(economic+moral)anddurationØ Limitations

Ø Specific.E.g.:quotationsØ General:3steptest

BerneConvention

• 1961,92parties• Aim:protectionofperformers,producersofphonogramsandbroadcastingorganisations(“relatedrights”or“neighbouringrights”)

• Substantiveprovisions:Ø PrincipleofnationaltreatmentØ Independence fromcopyrightØ Minimumstandardsofprotection:rightsanddurationØ Limitations totherights:exceptionstoprotectionincertaincases(privateuse,teachingandscientificresearch)+possibilityofextendingcopyrightexceptionstorelatedrights

RomeConvention

• 1996,94parties• Aim:toadaptcopyrighttonewtechnologiesandthedigitalenvironment

• Substantiveprovisions:Ø Arts.2-6BC(inc.worksprotected,rights,nationaltreatment,noformalities)applicabletotheWCT

Ø Idea/expressiondichotomyØ 2newsubjects:computer anddatabasesØ Rights protected:distribution;communicationtothepublic;rentalØ Limitations:3steptest+agreedstatementonart.10Ø Technologicalprotectionmeasures(TPMs)andrightsmanagementinformation(RMIs)

WIPOCopyrightTreaty

• 1996,90parties• Aim:toadaptrightsofperformersandproducersofphonogramstothedigitalenvironment

• Substantiveprovisions:Ø PrincipleofnationaltreatmentØ Rightsforperformers (reproduction,distribution,rental,makingavailable…+moral

rights)Ø Rightsforproducers (reproduction,distribution,rental,makingavailable,nomoral

rights)Ø Limitations:3steptest+extendingcopyrightexceptionsØ TPMs,RMIsØ Duration:50years

WIPOPerformers/ProducersTreaty

TRIPSAgreement• 1994,164WTOMembers• ProminentpillaroftheWTOframework- AnnextotheAgreementestablishingtheWTO- Signedin1994

• Threeparts- PartI– Generalprovisions,objectivesandbasicprinciples

- PartII– MinimumstandardsforprotectionofIP- PartIII– Enforcement;proceduresandremedies

• Minimumstandards• Withoutprejudicetopreviousconventions(Paris,

Berne,Rome)• Nationaltreatment – “treatmentnolessfavourable”–

equalityoftreatmentandofeffectiveopportunities• Mostfavourednationclause

TRIPS:PartI– Generalprovisionsandbasicprinciples

TRIPS:PartI– Objectives

Preamble Art. 7&8- Reductionofbarrierstotrade- PromotionofadequateandeffectiveprotectionofIP- EnsuringthatenforcementofIPdoesnotitselfbecomeabarrierto(legitimate)trade- Fightingtradeincounterfeitgoods- Special &DifferentiatedtreatmentDCs

- BalancebetweeninterestsofIPrightholdersandsocietyatlarge- “mutualadvantageofusersandproducersoftechnologicalknowledge”- “Membersmay(…)adoptmeasuresnecessarytoprotectpublichealth”

• ParisandBerne“plus”approachv copyrightv trademarksv geographicalindicationsv industrialdesignsv patentsv layoutdesignsofintegratedcircuitsv tradesecretsandknowhowv anti-competitivepracticesincontractuallicences

TRIPS:PartII– IndividualIPRs

Ø Example:Patents:Art27Ø Patentablesubjectmatter

Ø InventionsinallfieldsoftechnologyØ NewØ InvolveaninventivestepØ Capableofindustrialapplication

Ø Exclusionsfrompatentability,e.g.Ø Ordre publicormoralityØ Plantsandanimalsotherthan

micro-organismsBut:plantvarietiesshall beprotected

TRIPS:PartII– IndividualIPRs

“shall”

“may”

Effectiveness Fairness and equity Autonomy

- Actionagainstinfringement

- Expeditiousremediestoprevent anddeterinfringements

- Bordermeasures

- Parties entitled tothesame treatment

- Enforcementprocedures shouldnot be complicated,costly orunreasonably long

- Proportionatecompensation

- Countries freetodecide onmanyaspectsofenforcementprocedures/enforcement system

TRIPSPartIII- Enforcement

5.EuropeanIPframework

• Mainconcern:territorialityofIPvsinternalmarket• Legalbases:- Internalmarket-basedcompetence:harmonizationv.unification(114&118TFEU)

- Residualcompetence(art.352TFEU,previousart.308ECTreaty)– notanymorethough(?)

- Rightofestablishment(art.53.1.TFEU)andfreedomtoprovideservices(art.62TFEU)- ancillary

EuropeanIPframework

PatentsØ EuropeanPatentConvention(1973)– internationaltreaty,butallEUMemberStatesareparties(“indirectharmonisation”)

Ø Streamliningofsubstantiveprovisionsandestablishmentofacentralisedprocedure(butno“Europeanpatent”)

Ø Forthcomingunitarypatent(Regulation(EU)No1257/2012,toenterintoforcewiththeAgreementontheUPC)

European IP framework

PatentsandrightssimilartopatentsØ Protection of biotechnological

inventions (1998)Ø Supplementary Certificate Regulations

for medicinal products and plant protection products (1998 and 2009)

Ø Regulation on compulsory licensing for pharmaceutical patents (2006)

European IP framework

n TrademarksØ TrademarkDirective(1989,codified2008,modifiedbyDirective2015/2436)

Ø CommunityTrademarkRegulation(1994,codified2009,modifiedbyRegulation 2015/2424)

nDesignsØ DesignDirective(1998)Ø CommunityDesignRegulation(2002)

European IP framework

n CopyrightØ SoftwareDirective(1991,codifiedin2009)Ø RentalandLendingDirective(1992,codifiedin2006)Ø TermofProtectionDirective(1993,codifiedin2006,amendedin2011)Ø SatelliteandCableDirective(1993)Ø DatabaseDirective(1996)Ø InformationSocietyDirective(2001)Ø ResaleRightDirective(2001)Ø OrphanWorksDirective(2012)Ø CollectivemanagementDirective(2014)Ø Regulationoncross-borderportabilityofonlinecontentservices(2017)

European IP framework

Inclosing – anatomy ofIPR1. Subject- matter:whatdoestheIPRprotect?

Example:copyright=artisticandliterarycreations;patent=inventions2. Conditionsforprotection

Example:copyright=originality;patents=novelty,inventivestep,industrialapplication

3. Ownership/authorship/inventorship:whoenjoystherights?4. Term:isitstillprotected?5. Exclusiverights6. Exceptionsandlimitations

Thankyouforyourattention!ana.ramalho@maastrichtuniversity.nl

https://www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ana.ramalhohttps://www.anaramalho.net

Copytwilight

Institute for Globalisation andInternational Regulation/IGIRIntellectual Property Law and Knowledge Management/IPKM

InterestedinIP?AdvancedmasterIP Law and Knowledge Management (LLM/MSc): www.maastrichtuniversity.nl/ipkm