Integration & Control: The Endocrine System Endocrine System Works w/ nervous system to control all...
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- Integration & Control: The Endocrine System
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- Endocrine System Works w/ nervous system to control all
functions of the body Endocrine glands Ductless Hormones Pineal,
pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, etc. Exocrine glands Ducts
Non-hormones Salivary, sebaceous, sweat
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- Endocrine System Hormones Chemical signals Carried in
bloodstream Affect cells away from gland Homeostatic
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- Hormones Positive feedback Increase in hormone stimulates
further secretion Uterine contractions stimulate oxytocin Negative
feedback Increase in hormone inhibits further secretion Thyroid
Stimulating Hormone produces T3/T4
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- Hormones Peptide hormones Water soluble Mostly protein Attach
to cell membrane Trigger secondary messenger within cell
Epinephrine, oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), etc.
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- Hormones Steroid hormones Water insoluble Cholesterol-based
Cross into cell Bind to receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus Estrogen,
testosterone, cortisol, etc.
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- Pituitary Gland Master Gland Associated with & directed by
hypothalamus Posterior & Anterior lobes
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- Pituitary Gland Posterior Lobe Stores secretions from
hypothalamus Oxytocin Uterine contractions Milk let down ADH
Conserves water Kidney tubules reabsorb water
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- Pituitary Gland Anterior Lobe Prolactin Breast development
Stimulates & sustains milk production
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- Pituitary Gland Anterior Lobe Growth Hormone (GH) Stimulates
body cells to grow & divide Mostly young bones & muscles
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyroid gland growth Secretion of
thyroid hormones Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adrenal gland
growth Secretion of cortisol from adrenal gland
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- Pituitary Gland Anterior Lobe Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
(FSH) Stimulates estrogen secretion Stimulates egg production
(females) Stimulates sperm production (males) Luteinizing Hormones
Stimulates ovulaton Stimulates progesterone secretion (females)
Stimulates testosterone secretion (males)
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- Pituitary Gland Anterior Lobe Melanocyte- Stimulating Hormone
(MSH) Stimulates melanocytes in skin Increases during human
pregnancy Increases in amphibians in dark location
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- Pituitary Gland Anterior Lobe Endorphins Natural pain-killers
Sense of well-being Strenuous exercise, excitement, orgasm Runners
High
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- Thyroid Gland Regulates speed of all basic cellular processes
Energy burning Protein synthesis Thyroxine (T 4 ), Triiodothyronine
(T 3 ) Controls metabolism Affects growth Calcitonin Lowers blood
calcium levels Increases deposit of calcium in bones
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- Parathyroid Gland Calcium metabolism Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Breaks down bone to release calcium Increases intestinal absorption
Increases kidney retention
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- Adrenal Gland Cortex Produces corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids Aldosteronecontrols electrolytes through kidneys
Glucocorticoids Cortisolstress hormone Increases blood pressure
& blood glucose Suppresses immune system Andgrogens
Testosterone Cause masculine traits
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- Adrenal Gland Medulla Hormones released under stress Controlled
by sympathetic nervous system Epinephrine 80% of medullary hormones
Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar Increases
sympathetic effects Norepinephrine 20% of medullary hormones
Maintains blood pressure
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- Thymus Gland Large in infant Increases until puberty Shrinks
until adulthood Thymosin Normal development of immune system
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- Pineal Gland Melatonin Regulates biological clock Regulates
sleep cycle Lower vertebrates, cells resemble photoreceptor cells
of eye May be triggered by light
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- Pancreas Endocrine & exocrine Digestive enzymes Glucagon
Breaks down glycogen to glucose Frees stored glycogen in liver
Insulin Lowers blood glucose Increases uptake of glucose into body
cells
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- Ovaries Estrogen Female sexual characteristics Sperm maturation
& libido in males Progesterone Prepares uterus for egg
implantation Regulates menstrual cycle
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- Testes Testosterone Male sexual characteristics Sexual
behaviors Male behaviors Aggression Territoriality
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- Other organs Kidneys Erythropoietinstimulates red blood cell
production Skin Calcidiolinactive form of vitamin D Skeletal muscle
Thrombopoietinstimulates platelet formation Adipose (fat)
Leptindecrease appetite, increase metabolism
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- Hormonal Imbalances Hypersecretion of GH Gigantismin children
Acromegalyin adults
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- Hormonal Imbalances Hyposecretion of GH Pituitary
dwarfismchildren, slow bone growth
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- Hormonal Imbalances Hypothyroidism Fatigue Thin, brittle hair
& nails Weight gain Poor muscle tone Goiter Inflammation of
thyroid gland Can be due to iodine deficiency
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- Hormonal Imbalances Hyperthyroidism Weight loss Ravenous
appetite Irritability, anxiety Fatigue Hyperactivity Graves disease
Protrusion of eyes Edema (fluid accumulation) Thickening of skin
Goiter
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- Hormonal Imbalances Diabetes insipidus Deficiency of ADH
Increased urine output Chronic dehydration risk Diabetes mellitus
Deficiency of insulin High blood glucose levels Type Iusually
before age 20, pancreas cells stop producing, autoimmune Type
IIusually after age 40, insulin levels normal, cells dont respond
to it
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- Hormonal Imbalance Addisons disease Adrenal gland produces
insufficient glucocorticoids Low blood pressure Darkening of skin
Vomiting, diarrhea Mood, personality changes Cushings disease
Overproduction of glucocorticoids Weight gain Thin skin, often
stretched Muscle weakness Hirsuitism (horses & humans)
Hyperglycemia