View
217
Download
0
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
ICP Vegetation: Contributions on Ozone for the Revision of the
Gothenburg Protocol
Monitoring of ambient ozone effects
Policy-relevant indicators
Critical levels workshop
Flux modelling methods and applications
Review of effects in the Mediterranean
Quantifying and mapping impacts
0 2 4 6 8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Rel
ativ
e pr
otei
n yi
eld
y = 1.01 - 0.025 * POD6r2 = 0.63p < 0.001
POD6, mmol m-2
BE
FI
SE
0 2 4 6 8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Rel
ativ
e pr
otei
n yi
eld
y = 1.01 - 0.025 * POD6r2 = 0.63p < 0.001
POD6, mmol m-2
BE
FI
SE
0 2 4 6 8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Rel
ativ
e pr
otei
n yi
eld
y = 1.01 - 0.025 * POD6r2 = 0.63p < 0.001
POD6, mmol m-2
BEBE
FIFI
SESE
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
Ozone biomonitoring with bean
Participation in 2009: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, (15 sites -10 countries) Hungary, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, UK
Aim: develop ozone flux-effect relationship for bean
Ozone-sensitive and –resistant bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
Impacts in Mediterranean areas
0
2
4
6
8
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sug
ar c
onte
nt (B
rix d
egre
es)
Harvest no.
Charcoal filtered air
Non-filtered air
Non-filtered air + 40 ppb
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
10 30 60
Flo
wer
bio
mas
s (g
dry
wei
ght)
Nitrogen supply (kg ha-1)
Charcoal filtered air
Non-filtered air
Non-filtered air + 40 ppb
Negative impacts on yield/quality of over 20 crops (e.g. potato, tomato, bean, watermelon, artichoke, lettuce, spinach, chicory).
Decrease marketable value
Visible leaf damage, physiological effects, growth reduction trees (Holm oak, Carob tree, Aleppo pine, laurel)
Scarce info on sensitivity herbaceous plant communities
Sugar - tomato
0
2
4
6
8
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sug
ar c
onte
nt (B
rix d
egre
es)
Harvest no.
Charcoal filtered air
Non-filtered air
Non-filtered air + 40 ppb
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
10 30 60
Flo
wer
bio
mas
s (g
dry
wei
ght)
Nitrogen supply (kg ha-1)
Charcoal filtered air
Non-filtered air
Non-filtered air + 40 ppbaaFlowers - clover
Bermejo (2002)
Sanz et al. (2007)
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
New/revised flux-based CLe (doc 14)
Expert Panel Meeting: ‘Flux-based assessment of ozone effects for air pollution policy’, Nov 2009
Follow on at 23rd Task Force meeting, Feb 2010
10 new/revised flux-based critical levels adopted, included in revision of Mapping Manual chapter 3
New terminology: Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above threshold Y (PODY), previously called AFstY
Policy relevant indicators identified
Retain concentration-based CLs in Mapping Manual
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
Revised flux-based critical levelsReceptor Effect
(% reduction)Parameter* Critical level
(mmol m-2)Wheat Grain yield (5%) POD6 1
Wheat 1000 grain weight (5%) POD6 2
Wheat Protein yield (5%) POD6 2
Potato Tuber yield (5%) POD6 5
Tomato Fruit yield (5%) POD6 2
Norway spruce Biomass (2%) POD1 8
Birch and beech Biomass (4%) POD1 4
Productive grasslands (clover)
Biomass (10%) POD1 2
Conservation grasslands (clover)
Biomass (10%) POD1 2
Conservation grasslands (Viola spp), provisional
Biomass (15%) POD1 6
* PODY = Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold YUsed to define policy-relevant indicators
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
Crops
Full flux model
Critical level (and response function) for security of food supplies: Protein yield of wheat Tomato fruit yield
For both a POD6 of 2 mmol m-2
Generic crop flux model (for IAM)Generic crop flux-response function to show areas at highest risk of ozone damage (POD3) in EMEP domain
0 2 4 6 8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Rel
ativ
e pr
otei
n yi
eld
y = 1.01 - 0.025 * POD6r2 = 0.63p < 0.001
POD6, mmol m-2
BE
FI
SE
0 2 4 6 8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Rel
ativ
e pr
otei
n yi
eld
y = 1.01 - 0.025 * POD6r2 = 0.63p < 0.001
POD6, mmol m-2
BE
FI
SE
0 2 4 6 8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Rel
ativ
e pr
otei
n yi
eld
y = 1.01 - 0.025 * POD6r2 = 0.63p < 0.001
POD6, mmol m-2
BEBE
FIFI
SESE
Protein yield wheat
y = 1.00 - 0.024 * POD6r2 = 0.49p < 0.001
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0 5 10 15 20
Rel
ativ
e yi
eld
POD6, mmol m-2
ITSP
TomatoTomato
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
Forests
Critical level (full flux model) for protection against:
(1) Loss of carbon storage in the living biomass of trees
(2) Loss of environmental protection (e.g. soil erosion, floods, avalanches)
Beech/birch: POD1 = 4 mmol m-2
Generic forest tree model for generic deciduous and evergreen Mediterranean tree species: POD1
(for IAM)
y = 1.00 - 0.0024 * POD1
r² = 0.55p < 0.001
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
0 10 20 30 40
Rel
ativ
e to
tal b
iom
ass
POD1, mmol m -2
Norway spruce
y = 1.00 - 0.011 * POD1r² = 0.64p < 0.001
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 20 40 60
Rel
ativ
e to
tal b
iom
ass
POD1, mmol m -2
BirchBeech
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
(Semi-)natural vegetation
Critical level (full flux model) for protection against:
(1) Loss of vitality and fodder quality of pasture: Clover, POD1 of 2 mmol m-2
(2) Loss of vitality of natural species*: Clover, POD1 of 2 mmol m-2
* May also protect against loss of biodiversity
Note: No generic flux-model available for IAM
y = 0.97 -0.035 * POD1
r² = 0.87p < 0.001
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 4 8 12 16
Rel
ativ
e bi
omas
s
POD1, mmol m -2
UK
CH
Clover
y = 0.98 - 0.020 * POD1r² = 0.45p = 0.034
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12R
elat
ive
biom
ass
POD1, mmol m -2
Violet
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
Application of ozone critical levels (1)
Flux-based critical levels:
Full flux models/response functions: modelling impacts at
local/regional scale (e.g. effects on food security and ecosystem
services); suitable for economic impact assessments
Modelling risk of damage without quantification:
Generic flux model/response functions (crops, trees) (no CLe):
for large scale modelling, including IAM, to provide an
indication of risk; not suitable for economic impact assessment
Additional species-specific flux models (without suitable effects
data): for application at local scale to indicate risk to specific species
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
Application of ozone critical levels (2)
Concentration-based critical levels/response functions:
Estimating damage in areas where
no stomatal conductance and/or
climatic data available; should not be
used for economic impact assessment
VPD-modified AOT30: Assessing risk of visible leaf injury,
useful for leafy crops, where quality
and market value is affected
Fully revised this summer
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
Flux to generic deciduous tree(POD1)
Health –based(SOMO35)Year 2000
Ex-post examples
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
Flux to generic deciduous tree(POD1)
Health –based(SOMO35)Year 2020 - MFR
Ex-post examples
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
Robustness CL ozoneMain uncertainties: Impacts soil moisture on ozone flux Extrapolation from ozone exposure systems to field conditions Trees: extrapolation effects on young (< 10 years) to mature trees
Crops: - CLs substantiated in Ozone Evidence Report (Hayes et al., 2007; Mills et al., in press) - Meta-analysis: 43 ppb O3 - 18% decline in wheat grain yield and 16% decline biomasss (Feng et al., 2008)
Forest trees: - Epidemiological study in Switzerland confirmed flux- based CL for beech/birch (Braun et al., 2010) - 40 ppb O3: reduction biomass 7% (Wittig et al., 2009)
(Semi-)natural vegetation most uncertain due to its complexity (productive grasslands < low input grasslands < natural ecosystems)
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
Biological diversity
Different sensitivities to O3 identified for plant species (Hayes et al., 2007) and communities (Mills et al., 2007) ECE/EB.AIR/WG.1/2007/9
Legumes (N-fixers) identified as a particular O3-sensitive plant group
Hardly any field-based evidence: - little field-based research done - difficult to separate O3 impacts from impacts other drivers of change
Volk et al., 2006
Hayes et al., 2008
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
Trends
Ozone flux and CLex.:
- No clear temporal trends- More damage in higher ozone years and in areas with highest flux and critical level exceedance (Hayes et al., 2007; Mills et al., 2010)
ICP VEGETATION 29th session WGE
Integrated science for our changing worldwww.ceh.ac.uk
Revision Gothenburg Protocol (GP)
26th session Executive Body (ECE/EB.AIR/96): Para 23c: ‘…. policies aiming only at health effects would not protect vegetation in large areas of Europe’.
Para. 23d: ‘Decided that …… O3 effects on vegetation be
incorporated in IAM, especially in work for the revision of the GP, and recommended that flux-based methods be used.’
Annex 1: CLs based on stomatal fluxes are considered more biologically relevant than those based on concentrations since they take into account the modifying effect of climate, soil and plant factors on the uptake of ozone by vegetation.
Recommended