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Integrated ESIA GreeceAnnex 8.1 - Air Dispersion Modeling
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Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0071Rev.: 00 Document Title:
Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 8.1 - Air Dispersion Modelling
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 AIR DISPERSION MODELLING 4
1.1 Study Overview 4
2 AIR QUALITY BASELINE 7
2.1 Greek Ambient Air Quality Standards 7
2.2 Ambient Air Quality Condition in the Study Areas 7
2.3 Modelling Areas and Potential Receptor Locations 9
3 MODELLING SETUP 13
3.1 Meteorology and characteristic weather types 13
3.2 The Dispersion modelling tool 18 3.2.1 Emission Scenarios 19
4 MODELLING RESULTS 21
4.1 Model Results Interpretation 21
4.2 Results 22 4.2.1 Results of Model Run for GCS00 (Kipoi) for 20 bcm/year 22 4.2.2 Results of Model Run for GCS00 (Kipoi) for 10 bcm/year 26 4.2.3 Results of Model Run for GCS01 (Serres) 28
4.3 Evaluation of Results 33 4.3.1 Comparison with Air Quality Limits 33 4.3.2 Contribution to the Ambient Air Concentrations 34 4.3.3 Impact on Residential Receptors 35 4.3.4 Impact on Natura 2000 Areas 35
5 CONCLUSIONS 37
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 Model simulation scenarios 5 Table 2-1 EU and Greek Air Quality Standards for NOx and CO 7 Table 2-2 Geographical coordinates of Emission Sources for GCS00 (Kipoi) 10 Table 2-3 Geographical coordinates of Emission Sources for GCS01 (Serres) 10 Table 3-1 Characteristic weather types and their frequency within a year in the area of Kipoi
(GCS00) 14 Table 3-2 Characteristic weather types and their frequency within a year in the area of
Serres (GCS01) 14 Table 3-3 Typical meteorological conditions of the 7 characteristic weather types in the area
of Kipoi 14
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Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 8.1 - Air Dispersion Modelling
Table 3-4 Typical meteorological conditions of the 8 characteristic weather types in the area of Serres 15
Table 3-5 Kipoi (GCS00) Emission Source Parameters for each Turbine/Stack 19 Table 3-6 Kipoi (GCS00) Emission Rates and Composition 19 Table 3-7 Serres (GCS01) Emission Source Parameters for each Turbine/Stack 20 Table 3-8 Serres (GCS01) Emission Rates and Composition 20 Table 4-1 Maximum values of hourly average NO2 concentrations per weather type for
GCS00 23 Table 4-2 Calculated maximum ground-level concentrations for NO2 and CO and at the
residential receptors in the study area for Kipoi 23 Table 4-3 Maximum values of hourly average NOx concentrations per weather type
(operation 10 bcm/year) 27 Table 4-4 Calculated maximum ground level concentrations for NO2 and CO and the
residential receptors in the study area for Kipoi (operations 10 bcm/year) 27 Table 4-5 Maximum values of hourly average NO2 concentrations per weather type for 20
bcm/year 28 Table 4-6 Calculated maximum ground-level concentrations for NO2, CO and at the
residential receptors in the study area for Serres 28 Table 4-7 Comparison of the modeling for the maximal affected settlements with limit values35
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 Ambient Air Sampling Locations near Kipoi 8 Figure 2-2 Ambient Air Sampling Locations near Serres 9 Figure 2-3 Topographical map of the Kipoi study area of size 30 30 km2, the settlements and
GCS00 (in the centre) 11 Figure 2-4 Topographical map of the Serres study area of size 30 30 km²,the settlements
and GCS01 (in the centre) 12 Figure 3-1 Wind rose diagram at the location of Kipoi (GCS00) 16 Figure 3-2 Wind rose diagram at the location of Serres (GCS01) 17 Figure 4-1 Maximum hourly ground-level concentrations of NO2 for the 7 weather types (WT)
in the case of GCS00 (Kipoi) 24 Figure 4-2 Total average annual NO2 concentration contours (in g/m3) for GCS00 (Kipoi) 25 Figure 4-3 Maximum hourly ground-level concentrations of CO for the 7 weather types (WT)
in the case of GCS00 (Kipoi) 26 Figure 4-4 Maximum hourly ground-level concentrations of NO2for the 8 weather types (WT)
in the case of GCS01 (Serres) 31 Figure 4-5 Total average annual NO2 concentration contours (in g/m3) for GCS01 (Serres) 32 Figure 4-6 Maximum hourly ground-level concentrations of CO for the 8 weather types (WT)
in the case of GCS01 (Serres) 33
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Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0071Rev.: 00 Document Title:
Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 8.1 - Air Dispersion Modelling
1 AIR DISPERSION MODELLING
1.1 Study Overview
The present air dispersion modelling study was carried out by the Environmental Research
Laboratory (EREL) of the National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos” for the purpose of
the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of the Greek Section of the Trans -Adriatic
Pipeline (TAP).
The air dispersion modelling study quantifies and evaluates the ground-level concentrations of
gas pollutants, generated by the operation of the planned “Gas Compressor Station 00” and “Gas
Compressor Station 01”, referred to as “GCS00” and ”GCS01” here after.
Dedicated modelling was carried out for GCS00 and GCS01 for the operation phase of the
Project. During the operation phase, the Compressor Stations are the Project’s only sources of
atmospheric emissions. The modelling was performed for the gaseous pollutants Nitrogen Oxides
(NOX) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) being the sources’ relevant substances affecting the ambient
air quality given the combustion of natural gas. Emission of particulates or organic compounds is
not to be expected from natural gas combustion.
Both compressor stations are located in Greece. The GCS00 is located in the region of Eastern
Thrace and Macedonia, near the border with Turkey, approximately 3 km west of the town of
Kipoi.(see Figure 2-3) The GCS01 is located in the region of Central Macedonia 7km south of
Serres town.(see Figure 2-4).
A number of alternative locations and pipeline gas flow capacities have been investigated during
development of the TAP Project. Table 1-1 provides the finally selected options to which the
ESIA refers.
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Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 8.1 - Air Dispersion Modelling
Table 1-1 Model simulation scenarios Scenario Emission sources Overall power and pipeline
capacity
GCS00 (Kipoi) 2 x 15 MW(ISO class) Gas Turbines
30 MW; 10 bcm/year
GCS00 (Kipoi) 5 x 15 MW(ISO class) Gas Turbines
75 MW; 20 bcm/year
GCS01(Serres) 4 x 25 MW(ISO class) Gas Turbines
100 MW; 20 bcm/year
Source: Demokritos(2013)
A natural gas flow of 20 bcm/year is the pipelines full capacity in which case all turbines will
operate at full load. For GCS00 also a scenario with 10 bcm/year gas flow was modelled which
represents half load.
For each station one additional turbine will be installed as backup. Since this turbine operates
only alternatively, the backup turbine had not to be considered in the modelling which was based
on the maximum overall power of the stations.
Parameters of the sources and stacks are provided in the tables following Table 3-5(i.e. stack
height and diameter, flue gas temperature and velocity.
The GCS00 and GCS01 atmospheric emissions will be generated by gas turbines fuelled with
natural gas according to EASEE (European Association for the Streamlining of Energy
Exchange-gas) standard. For such gas, emission of particulates or SO2 is negligible. Hence,
according to the European IPPC Bureau Best Available Technologies Reference document
(BREF) on large combustion plants, CO and NOx are the only air quality pollutants emitted and
consequently considered in the modelling studies provided herewith. Ground-level concentrations
of NOx, (conservatively considered to entirely being NO2), and CO have been modelled over a
30 x 30 km2study area, centred on each gas compressor station location for the modelling study.
The air dispersion simulations have been performed with the MM5-HYSPLIT modelling system.
Specifically, the prognostic meteorological model ΜΜ51was used for the calculation of the 3-
dimensional meteorological data in the area of interest. The HYSPLIT2 Model developed by the
1MM5 - Mesoscale Model 5 developed by Pennsylvania State University, National Centre for Atmospheric Research, USA, v. 3.7.2 2HYSPLIT - Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model; NOAA Air Resources Laboratory http://www.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT_info.php
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Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 8.1 - Air Dispersion Modelling
US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) was used for the dispersion
calculation.
The following sections contain a detailed description of the environmental baseline, the modelling
system used, simulation settings, meteorological and emission data input, and the modelling
results. The ground-level concentrations obtained from the modelling, including consideration of
ambient background levels and potential receivers (populated places, Natura 2000 areas), are
compared against European air quality standards (2008/50/EC3), which are adopted by Greek
legislation.
3 Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe, European Parliament and Council, 21 May 2008
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Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0071Rev.: 00 Document Title:
Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 8.1 - Air Dispersion Modelling
2 AIR QUALITY BASELINE
2.1 Greek Ambient Air Quality Standards
Greece as an EU Member State has adopted the EU Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality
by the Joint Ministerial Decision (JMD) 14122/549/E.103/2011 (Gov. Gaz. 488/B/30.03.11). This
legislation sets forth air quality limit values for NOX, SO2, PM10, PM2.5, Benzene, Pb, O3, and CO.
As mentioned before, only emissions of NOx and CO are relevant as pollutants emitted from the
Project’s sources. The air quality standards for the air pollutants considered in this study,
therefore, are those for NOx (as NO2) and CO which entered into force on January 1, 2010.They
are presented in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1 EU and Greek Air Quality Standards for NOx and CO Pollutant Averaging Period Limit value
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) One hour 200 μg/m3 for the protection of human health, not to be exceeded more than 18 times in a calendar year
Calendar year 40 μg/m3for the protection of human health Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Calendar year 30 µg/m³ for the protection of vegetation Carbon Monoxide (CO) (1) maximum daily 8-hour mean 10 mg/m³ (10,000 µg/m³)for the protection of
human health (1) Footnote in 2008/50/EC: The maximum daily 8-hour mean concentration will be selected by examining eight hour running averages, calculated from hourly data and updated each hour. Each eight hour average so calculated will be assigned to the day on which it ends i.e. the first calculation period for any one day will be the period from 17:00 on the previous day to 01:00 on that day; the last calculation period for any one day will be the period from 16:00 to 24:00 on that day.
2.2 Ambient Air Quality Condition in the Study Areas
At the two areas of interest in this study, measurements of average NOx concentrations (mainly
NO2) were available for assessing the air quality background. Concentration values of CO were
not measured. As indication of the ambient CO concentration levels for the areas of eastern
Thraki and Macedonia could be taken from reanalysis of ECMWF model monthly mean data4.
Those data showed monthly mean CO values between 0.14 mg/m3 and 0.23 mg/m3 and annual
means of approximately 0.18 mg/m3 (reference year 2007).
4http://gems.ecmwf.int/d/summary/gems/gems/integrated/reanalysis/gems_monthly_fields!Carbon%20monoxide!Europe!Surface!gem
s!od!enfo!gems_monthly_fields!200711!interval_date/.
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Kipoi
Field survey
According to Annex 6.6.5 of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, field survey
campaigns were carried out in the area of Kipoi, at 1.5 km radius from the position of GCS00
during two periods in November-December 2012 and February 2013 (Figure 2-1). The scope was
to establish the ambient air quality conditions in the area. A map with sampling point locations is
provided in Section 6 – 6.2.6 and in the relevant Annex 6.6.5. The NOx measurements revealed
that at Kipoi GCS00 the average NOx values (during the sampling period) were 7.5±2.5 μg/m3.
These concentration values for NOx are characterizing a rural background without indication for
an impact from major sources and are considered to be very low.
Figure 2-1 Ambient Air Sampling Locations near Kipoi
Source: Demokritos (2013)
Serres
Field survey
Similarly, a sampling campaign was carried out during November-December 2012 in the area of
Serres, at 2.0 km radius from the position of GCS01 (see map in Section/ Annex 6.6.5). In the
area of Serres, the average NOx values (during the sampling period) were measured to be
15.1±5.1 μg/m3. The report has deduced that levels for NOx are low in the sampling area,
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indicating a lack of major emission sources like intense vehicle circulation or industries in the
local area. The air quality in the area is considered to be good. According to Directive
2008/50/EC and the Greek Legislation, the NO2 and NOx limits were not exceeded. Details of the
exact location of the sampling points can be found in Annex 6.6.5.
Figure 2-2 Ambient Air Sampling Locations near Serres
Source: Demokritos (2013)
2.3 Modelling Areas and Potential Receptor Locations
The geographical coordinates of the emission sources of the compressor stations GCS00 and
GCS01 are shown in Table 2-2 and Table 2-3 respectively.
The study areas for the atmospheric modelling were defined in such way that the compressor
stations were situated in the centre of the study area. Figure 2-1 depicts the domain of Kipoi, with
GCS00. Figure 2-2 shows the domain of Serres with GCS01. The areal extent of the study area
was set to 30 km 30 km in order to include all the neighbouring settlements and protected
areas. The original topographical data used was of 100 m resolution. The topography of the
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areas revealed a rather smooth terrain around the stations in both cases, Kipoi and Serres
respectively.
Table 2-2 Geographical coordinates of Emission Sources for GCS00 (Kipoi) Source X (GGR 587) Y (GGR587) Longitude (deg.)(λ) Latitude (deg.)(φ)
Stack 1 – 15 MW ISO-class
692402.65 4535803 26.27304127840 40.97109991400
Stack 2 - 15 MW ISO- class
692450.4053 4535787 26.27364895630 40.97095961430
Stack 3 -15- MW ISO- class
692472.97 4535780 26.27388733240 40.97089805900
Stack 4- 15 MW ISO- class
692517.10 4535764 26.27449500670 40.97075775470
Stack 5 - 15 MW ISO- class
692542.78 4535758 26.27474516680 40.97070528000
Stack 6 - 15 MW ISO- class
692593.74 4535742 26.27535283760 40.97056497120
Source: Demokritos (2013)
Table 2-3 Geographical coordinates of Emission Sources for GCS01 (Serres) Source X (GGR 587) Y (GGR 587) Longitude (deg.) λ) Latitude (deg.)( φ)
Stack 1 – 25 MW ISO-class (large)
463420.03 4541716.50 23.56488051540 41.02583794870
Stack 2 - 25 MW ISO- class (large)
463442.24 4541717.49 23.56514463790 41.02584786360
Stack 3 - 25 MW ISO- class (large)
463496.21 4541718.80 23.56578651710 41.02586208420
Stack 4 - 25 MW ISO- class (large)
463518.95 4541719.46 23.56605696350 41.02586904810
Stack 5 - 25 MW ISO- class (large)
463572.79 4541720.45 23.56669731580 41.02588037530
Source: Demokritos (2013)
Potential sensitive receptors, i.e. populated places and protected areas, in the airshed of the
compressor stations were identified for evaluation of the modelled ground-level concentrations at
receptor locations. Towns and villages contained within a radius of approximately 15 km from the
compressor station locations were identified. Within the GCS00 and GCS01 modelling study
areas18 and 50 settlements were identified, respectively (cf. Figure 2-3 and Figure 2-4). For
GCS00, five of the settlements are located in Turkey which have been included in order to enable
evaluation of potential transboundary impacts.
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It must be mentioned that as it is presented in the Table 4-2 the GCS00 is not anticipated to
cause any adverse impact in the Natura 2000 area because the distance between this area
(Dasos Dadias – Soufli) and the GSC00 is approximately 3.6 km.
Figure 2-3 Topographical map of the Kipoi study area of size 30 30 km2, the settlements and GCS00 (in the centre)
Source: Demokritos(2013)
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Figure 2-4 Topographical map of the Serres study area of size 30 30 km²,the settlements and GCS01 (in the centre)
Source: Demokritos (2013)
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Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 8.1 - Air Dispersion Modelling
3 MODELLING SETUP
3.1 Meteorology and characteristic weather types
Atmospheric dispersion models use as input data meteorological variables such as wind speed
and direction, temperature, category of atmospheric stability, mixing layer height etc. The more
complex models (like HYSPLIT, the model used in this study) use 3-dimensional meteorological
fields as input. For the current study, meteorological data (vertical distribution of wind speed and
direction, temperature, mixing layer height, humidity, precipitation, cloud cover etc) were
extracted from the US National Centre’s for Environmental Prediction (NCEP / USA) Global
Forecasting System (GFS) available on a 6-hour temporal resolution from a planetary model of 1
degree horizontal resolution.
To calculate the average levels and the maximum values of the pollutant concentrations in the
atmosphere on an annual, daily and hourly basis, the procedure of identifying the characteristic
weather types in the area of interest was followed. The prevailing meteorological conditions, or in
other words characteristic weather types, were obtained by applying the methodology of Sfetsos
et al. (2005)5. The specific methodology was applied to the large scale GFS meteorological data
referenced above, covering a two year period (2010-2011). The analysis revealed the prevailing
weather conditions in the study areas of Kipoi and Serres and the corresponding frequency of
occurrence (in percentage) per year. Each such typical weather condition was assigned a
characteristic or else typical day (24-hour).
The analysis showed that the study area f or Kipoi could be characterised by in total seven (7)
typical weather types (Table 3-1), while it were eight (8) for Serres (Table 3-2). Table 3-3 and
Table 3-4 summarise the meteorological conditions from the planetary scale model characterizing
the weather of a typical day in the two regions. Data for specific humidity and mixing layer height
are only available for noon (12:00).
5Sfetsos, D. Vlachogiannis, N. Gounaris, and A. K. Stubos, (2005). On the identification of representative samples from large data sets with application to synoptic climatology, Theor. Appl. Climatol. 82, 177–182.
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Table 3-1 Characteristic weather types and their frequency within a year in the area of Kipoi (GCS00)
Typical weather type ID Frequency of occurrence in a year (%) Number of days in a year
1 10.4 38
2 11.5 42
3 11 40
4 9.9 36
5 19.8 72
6 15.4 56
7 22 80 Source: Demokritos (2013)
Table 3-2 Characteristic weather types and their frequency within a year in the area of Serres (GCS01)
Typical weather type ID Frequency of occurrence in a year (%) Number of days in a year
1 10.5 38
2 25.8 94
3 8.9 32
4 8.7 32
5 17.6 64
6 4.9 18
7 18.1 66
8 5.5 20 Source: Demokritos (2013)
Table 3-3 Typical meteorological conditions of the 7 characteristic weather types in the area of Kipoi
Kipoi (GCS00) Typical weather type
Temperature (°C)
(at 2 m agl)6
Wind speed (m/s)
(at 10 m agl)
Wind direction (deg.)
(at 10 m agl)
Specific humidity (g/kg7)
(at 2 m agl)
Mixing layer
(height agl) (06:00)
1 18 4.7 21 n.a. (not available) n.a.
2 104 1.8 20 n.a. n.a.
3 7 6.3 21 n.a. n.a.
4 9 6.2 21 n.a. n.a.
5 11 1.3 203 n.a. n.a.
6 2 3.0 211 n.a. n.a.
7 0 6.8 21 n.a. n.a.
(12:00)
1 18 1.5 4.8 9.8 291
2 16 3.2 218 7.3 1356
3 9 3.7 18 6.1 170
4 15 3.6 18 6.6 1406
5 14 7.8 211 7.4 664
6 7 1.4 232 4.4 508
6agl - above ground level 7Specific humidity provided as gram water per kilogram of air
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Kipoi (GCS00) Typical weather type
Temperature (°C)
(at 2 m agl)6
Wind speed (m/s)
(at 10 m agl)
Wind direction (deg.)
(at 10 m agl)
Specific humidity (g/kg7)
(at 2 m agl)
Mixing layer
(height agl) 7 5 4.6 20 3.6 523
(18:00)
1 18 3.7 358 n.a. (not available) n.a.
2 11 1.7 289 n.a. n.a.
3 8 5.3 6.5 n.a. n.a.
4 9 5.2 6.2 n.a. n.a.
5 12 4.2 229 n.a. n.a.
6 3 2.1 331 n.a. n.a.
7 1 5.9 8.6 n.a. n.a.
(24:00)
1 22 4.9 9.3 n.a. (not available) n.a.
2 14 2.2 355 n.a. n.a.
3 10 6.3 12 n.a. n.a.
4 11 6.3 12 n.a. n.a.
5 14 1.4 246 n.a. n.a.
6 4 3.3 3.6 n.a. n.a.
7 1 6.9 13 n.a. n.a.
Source: Demokritos(2013)
Table 3-4 Typical meteorological conditions of the 8 characteristic weather types in the area of Serres
Serres (GCS01)
Typical weather type
Temperature (°C)
(at 2 magl)8
Wind speed (m/s)
(at 10 magl)
Wind direction (deg.)
(at 10 magl)
Specific humidity (g/kg9)
(at 2m agl)
Mixing layer
(height agl)
(06:00)
1 11 3.8 290 n.a. (not available) n.a.
2 2 0.5 180 n.a. n.a.
3 9 0.9 101 n.a. n.a.
4 21 2.5 247 n.a. n.a.
5 11 0.2 210 n.a. n.a.
6 9 0.7 329 n.a. n.a.
7 0 0.7 300 n.a. n.a.
8 9 8.0 313 n.a. n.a.
(12:00)
1 17 1.0 46 5.7 1852
2 16 0.7 280 3.6 580
3 14 2.5 276 6.7 712
4 19 0.5 213 11.6 19
5 19 2.6 91 7.7 1232
6 18 3.6 120 8.3 449
7 7 0.6 252 3.4 597
8agl - above ground level
9 Specific humidity provided as gram water per kilogram of air
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Serres (GCS01)
Typical weather type
Temperature (°C)
(at 2 magl)8
Wind speed (m/s)
(at 10 magl)
Wind direction (deg.)
(at 10 magl)
Specific humidity (g/kg9)
(at 2m agl)
Mixing layer
(height agl)
8 15 7.4 331 4.3 1852
(18:00)
1 11 2.7 90 n.a. (not available) n.a.
2 8 1.6 269 n.a. n.a.
3 11 4.1 319 n.a. n.a.
4 21 2.0 274 n.a. n.a.
5 12 3.6 103 n.a. n.a.
6 14 3.6 122 n.a. n.a.
7 1 0.8 99 n.a. n.a.
8 8 3.6 293 n.a. n.a.
(24:00)
1 8 1.9 278 n.a. (not available) n.a.
2 2 0.8 135 n.a. n.a.
3 7 3.6 325 n.a. n.a.
4 28 2.1 102 n.a. n.a.
5 8 0.9 293 n.a. n.a.
6 14 3.9 127 n.a. n.a.
7 0 0.4 276 n.a. n.a.
8 4 1.9 308 n.a. n.a. Source: Demokritos(2013)
Figure 3-1 Wind rose diagram at the location of Kipoi (GCS00)
Note: 1 knot = 0.51444 m/s
Source: Demokritos(2013)
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Figure 3-2 Wind rose diagram at the location of Serres (GCS01)
Note: 1 knot = 0.51444 m/s
Source: Demokritos(2013)
The 3-dimensional meteorological fields required as input to the Hysplit dispersion model were
produced for the typical days by means of the PSU/NCAR mesoscale model, known as MM5.
MM5 is a limited-area, non-hydrostatic, terrain-following sigma-coordinate model designed to
simulate or predict mesoscale atmospheric circulation. The model is supported by several pre-
and post-processing programs and has been used extensively in meteorological prognosis and
research studies. The vegetation / land use data for use with MM5 were updated using recent
information for the compressor station regions. The MM5 model runs were performed with the
Grell option (simple cloud scheme), the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM) longwave
scheme and the Five-Layer Soil model option. In the vertical, the MM5 domain was based on 29
full levels to the top at 100 mb10.
10 References: D. Vlachogiannis, A. Sfetsos, N. Gounaris and A. Papadopoulos, Computational study of the effects of photovoltaic panels on meteorological patterns during a hot weather event in an urban environment, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, Vol. 50, 460-468, 2012. D. Vlachogiannis, A. Sfetsos, N. Gounaris and A. Papadopoulos, Computational study of the effects of induced land use changes on meteorological patterns during hot weather events in an urban environment, 14th International conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes, KOS Island (Greece) 2-6 October 2011. S. Andronopoulos, A. Sfetsos, D. Vlachogiannis, A. Yiotis and N. Gounaris, Application of adjoint CMAQ chemical transport model in the Athens Greater Area: sensitivities study on ozone concentrations, accepted in IJEP (International Journal of Environmental Pollution), 47, Nos. 1/2/3/4, pp. 193-206, 2011. D. Vlachogiannis, a. Sfetsos, A. Papadopoulos and N. Gounaris, The impact of land-use modification scenarios on the air-quality of an urban region during ozone episodes using the MM5-CMAQ modelling system, 13TH International Conference on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes, Paris, France, June 1-4, 2010.
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The MM5 model calculated the 3-dimensional meteorological fields of the region of interest, in a
horizontal and temporal resolution of 3 km × 3 km and 1-hour, respectively. Figure 3-1 and Figure
3-2, depict the wind rose diagrams calculated at the locations of the two compressor stations.
The predominant wind directions at the position of GCS00 are N and N-NE. The winds from
these directions are light to strong, as wind speeds can reach values higher than 11.3 m/s (22
knots). Light to strong winds from the SW and S-SW directions occur in the area but less
frequently. Calm winds are rare and amount to 1.3%.
For Serres (GCS01), the winds from W to NW as well as from the E and E-SE are predominant.
The winds are light to moderate from these directions. Stronger winds occur from the NW and N-
NW directions. The percentage of calms is approximately 10% in the area.
3.2 The Dispersion modelling tool
As already mentioned, the dispersion calculations were performed with the Hysplit (Hybrid Single
Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) Model. The HYSPLIT model11 is the newest version of
a complete system for computing simple air parcel trajectories to complex dispersion and
deposition simulations. The model calculation method is a hybrid between the Lagrangian
approach, which uses a moving frame of reference as the air parcels move from their initial
location, and the Eulerian approach, which uses a fixed three-dimensional grid as a frame of
reference. In the model, advection and diffusion calculations are made in a Lagrangian
framework following the transport of the air parcel, while pollutant concentrations are calculated
on a fixed grid.
The model is designed to support a wide range of simulations related to the atmospheric
transport and dispersion of pollutants, including their deposition onto the Earth’s surface.
11HYSPLIT, http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php.
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3.2.1 Emission Scenarios
The modelling scenarios for GCS00 and GCS01 have been summarised in Table 1-1.The station
GCS00 in Kipoi will be equipped with a total of 5+1 gas turbines (5 of 6 in operation) each with an
installed power of 15 MW (ISO-class). This configuration represents the case when the
compressor station will be operating at full load (20 bcm/year). In the case of half load, i.e at 10
bcm/year, the configuration set up will include 2+1 turbines. Each turbine will be equipped with an
own stack.
Table 3-5 provides stack dimension and flue gas information for the emission sources of GCS00.
The operation of the station is set at 8,760 hours per year in the modelling.
Table 3-5 Kipoi (GCS00) Emission Source Parameters for each Turbine/Stack Source Gas Turbine
Type Stack
Height [m] Stack
Diameter [m] Flue Gas Temp.
[°C] Flue Gas
Velocity [m/s]
5 + 1 GCS01 – Gas Turbine
15 MW – ISO Class
30 3 505 15.9
Note: Operation of more than one15 MW ISO class gas turbines results in a thermal input exceeding the 50 MW threshold for large combustion plants. Therefore, the compressor station complex will fall under the EU Directive on Industrial Emissions (Pollution Prevention and Control) (2010/75/EC). Source: Demokritos (2013)
Table 3-6 presents GCS00 atmospheric emissions rates and composition used as input in the air
dispersion modelling studies. The shown data are representing a single stack.
Table 3-6 Kipoi (GCS00) Emission Rates and Composition Source Normalised Flow Rate
(Dry - 15% O2) [Nm³/h] Concentration [mg/Nm3] Emission rate [kg/h]
NOx CO NOx CO
Gas turbine 15 MW 149,172 50 100 7.1 14.2
The NOx and CO emission concentrations meet the requirements of 2010/75/EC for gas turbines (Annex V, Part 2, No 6) Source: Demokritos (2013)
In Serres, in the case of GCS01, there will be 4+1 gas turbines (4 of 5 in operation) each with an
installed power of 25 MW (ISO-class) when the compressor station will be operating at full load
i.e. 20 bcm/yr. Table 3-7 provides the stack dimension and flue gas information for the emissions
sources of GCS01.
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Table 3-7 Serres (GCS01) Emission Source Parameters for each Turbine/Stack Source Gas Turbine
Type Stack
Height [m] Stack
Diameter [m] Flue Gas Temp.
[C] Flue Gas
Velocity [m/s]
4 + 1 GCS01 – Gas Turbine
25 MW – ISO Class
30 3.8 543 15.9
Note: Operation of more than one15 MW ISO class gas turbines results in a thermal input exceeding the 50 MW threshold for large combustion plants. Therefore, the compressor station complex will fall under the EU Directive on Industrial Emissions (Pollution Prevention and Control) (2010/75/EC). Source: Demokritos (2013)
Table 3-8 presents GCS01 atmospheric emissions rates and composition used as input in the air
dispersion modelling studies. The shown data are representing a single stack.
Table 3-8 Serres (GCS01) Emission Rates and Composition Source Normalised Flow Rate
(Dry - 15% O2) [Nm³/h] Concentration [mg/Nm3] Emission rate [kg/h]
NOx CO NOx CO
Gas turbine 25 MW 239,803 50 100 11.4 22.8
The NOx and CO concentrations meet the requirements of 2010/75/EC for gas turbines (Annex V, Part 2, No 6) Source: Demokritos (2013)
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4 MODELLING RESULTS
4.1 Model Results Interpretation
The air dispersion modelling generated results for the surface concentrations of NO2 and CO due
to the emissions from the compressor stations GCS00 and GCS01 in the areas of Kipoi (at two
alternative positions) and Serres, respectively. It was assumed that the stations operate
continuously throughout the entire year without a standstill. Therefore, the results represent the
maximum case scenario of concentration values in the study areas.
The concentrations of NO2 were calculated for hourly and annual averages to allow for
comparison of the modelled results with the respective air quality limits as set forth by the
legislation (MD 14122/549/E.103/2011 “Measures to improve air quality in compliance with the
provisions of Directive 2008/50/EC "on the air quality and cleaner air for Europe" by the
European Parliament and Council of the European Union of 21 May 2008”). According to this
regulation, the air quality limit for NO2 for averaging period of 1 hour is set at 200 μg/m3 not to be
exceeded more than 18 times in any calendar year. For the annual average, the respective limit
is 40 μg/m3 defined for protection of human health. For protection of vegetation the annual
average for NOx is 30 µg/m³, which includes besides NO2 also NO. The CO values were
calculated as maximum daily 8 hour running mean concentrations for comparison with the
respective air quality limit of 10 mg/m3.
For the interpretation of the results the following aspects of the modelling approach should be
noted:
The modelling has assumed continuous operation during a whole simulation year;
The air dispersion simulation was performed without the inclusion of photochemical
reactions, which could potentially reduce the concentrations of NO2 and CO in the
atmosphere, to ensure that the maximum possible values in the study area were
determined;
The simulated concentration values were calculated for NOx emissions taken as NO2
instead of a mixture of NO2 with NO. Thus, the results can be compared with NO2and NOx
concentration limits set by the European Directive 2008/50 and respective Greek
legislation. But in reality only a part of NOx is emitted as NO2 or converts to NO2 during
dispersion which is depending on different factors (e.g. solar radiation, air temperature,
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atmospheric concentration of ozone and hydrocarbons). By taking all NOx emissions as
being NO2, the simulated NO2 concentrations have been overestimated.
The background air quality concentrations of the region have not been included in the modelling
study; therefore, the modelled concentration values of the pollutants refer only to those
contributed by the compressor stations. The existing ambient background levels were reported in
a previous section and are considered in the conclusions section below.
4.2 Results
In this section, the detailed modelling results for the full load operation (20 bcm/year) and the
selected locations for GCS00 and GCS01 are provided. The paragraphs of the various runs
hereafter have a common structure as follows:
A table showing the maximum hourly levels for NO2 for the various typical weather types;
A table showing the overall maximum levels for NO2 and CO in the entire study area and
at the residential areas;
Figures showing the maps for the above parameters
Additionally, tables of the modelling results for GCS00 at 10 bcm/year operation are also
provided.
4.2.1 Results of Model Run for GCS00 (Kipoi) for 20 bcm/year
Table 4-1 provides the hourly maximum of the calculated NO2 concentration per weather type of
the study area (as mentioned before, the calculations were performed for NOx and conservatively
is interpreted as NO2). Table 4-3 shows the maximum average concentration values of NO2 and
CO over the domain. The table also summarises the average NO2 maximum hourly and annual
concentrations and the CO maximum 8-hour mean values calculated for the residential receptors
in the area
Figure 4-1 and
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Figure 4-2 show maps of the maximum hourly and the annual average concentrations of NO2,
calculated by HYSPLIT from the 7 identified weather types. Figure 4-3 depicts the 8-hour
maximum CO concentrations.
Table 4-1 Maximum values of hourly average NO2 concentrations per weather type for GCS00
GCS00 KIPOI
Weather type Maximum hourly NO2 concentration (μg/m3)
1 51.0
2 42.0
3 48.4
4 49.7
5 41.3
6 89.0
7 49.5 Source: Demokritos (2013
Table 4-2 Calculated maximum ground-level concentrations for NO2 and CO and at the residential receptors in the study area for Kipoi
GCS00 KIPOI
Distance from GCO00 (km)
Maximum hourly NO2 concentration (μg/m3)
Annual average NΟ2 concentration (μg/m3)
Maximum 8-h mean CO concentration (μg/m3)
Legal limit value 200 40 10,000
Overall Maximum 89 3.7 3.2
No. Place of residence
GREEK PART
1 FERES 13.3 16.25 0.60 0.00
2 GEMISTI 3.83 0.69 0.00 0.00
3 KIPOI 2.68 0.54 0.00 0.01
4 LAGINA 12.15 33.28 1.86 0.15
5 LEFKIMI 9.40 3.52 0.02 0.00
6 LIRA 10.70 8.62 0.12 0.10
7 PEPLOS 2.81 10.10 0.62
8 PILEA 15.62 8.15 0.24 0.14
9 PROVATONAS 6.42 0.64 0.01 0.21
10 TAVRI 2.97 18.87 0.25 0.08
11 THYMARIA 3.04 7.76 0.13 0.01
12 TIHERON 5.94 16.44 0.75 0.82
13 TRIFILI 6.70 29.51 0.72 0.00
TURKISH PART
1 AHIR 11.33 0.44 0.00 0.00
2 BALABANCIK 11.96 6.62 0.07 0.06
3 IPSALA 9.89 0.00 0.00 0.32
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GCS00 KIPOI
Distance from GCO00 (km)
Maximum hourly NO2 concentration (μg/m3)
Annual average NΟ2 concentration (μg/m3)
Maximum 8-h mean CO concentration (μg/m3)
Legal limit value 200 40 10,000
Overall Maximum 89 3.7 3.2
No. Place of residence
4 SARICAALI 8.09 0.64 0.00 0.12
5 TURPCULAR 13.06 0.16 0.00 0.00 Source: Demokritos (2013)
Figure 4-1 Maximum hourly ground-level concentrations of NO2 for the 7 weather types (WT) in the case of GCS00 (Kipoi)
Black dots indicate residential areas Source: Demokritos (2013)
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Figure 4-2 Total average annual NO2 concentration contours (in g/m3) for GCS00 (Kipoi)
Source: Demokritos (2013)
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Figure 4-3 Maximum hourly ground-level concentrations of CO for the 7 weather types (WT) in the case of GCS00 (Kipoi)
Black dots indicate residential areas Source: Demokritos (2013)
4.2.2 Results of Model Run for GCS00 (Kipoi) for 10 bcm/year
In analogy to Table 4-1 and Table 4-2, Table 4-3 and Table 4-4 summarize the modelling results
for the GSC00 for the 10 bcm/year case. This means that only two (2) gas turbines will be in
operation. The topographic shapes in the figures are similar to those provided for the 20
bcm/year only with reduced concentration levels.
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Table 4-3 Maximum values of hourly average NOx concentrations per weather type (operation 10 bcm/year)
GCS00 KIPOI
Weather types Maximum hourly) NO2 concentration (μg/m3) 1 21.07
2 20.93
3 26.34
4 24.93
5 19.77
6 49.33
7 24.13
Source: Demokritos Table 4-4 Calculated maximum ground level concentrations for NO2 and CO and the
residential receptors in the study area for Kipoi (operations 10 bcm/year) GCS00 KIPOI
Distance from GCS00
(km)
Maximum hourly (mean)
NO2concentration (μg/m3)
Annual average NΟ2 concentration
(μg/m3)
Maximum 8-h mean CO concentration
(μg/m3)
Nu. Legal Limit Value
(limit 200 μg/m3)
(limit 40 μg/m3)
(limit 10000 μg/m3)
Overall Maximum
49.33 1.63 1.58
Place of residence
GREEK PART
1 FERES 13.29 9.54 0.20 0.33
2 GEMISTI 3.83 0.28 0.00 0.00
3 KIPOI 2.68 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 LAGINA 12.15 4.70 0.09 0.06
5 LEFKIMI 9.40 1.78 0.01 0.00
6 LIRA 10.70 2.29 0.04 0.02
7 PEPLOS 2.81 16.21 0.77 0.69
8 PILEA 15.62 4.37 0.14 0.07
9 PROVATONAS 6.24 1.13 0.02 0.02
10 TAVRI 2.97 14.49 0.12 0.04
11 THYMARIA 3.04 2.12 0.03 0.02
12 TIHERON 5.94 8.01 0.25 0.16
13 TRIFILI 6.70 11.40 0.25 0.28
TURKISH PART
1 AHIR 11.33 0.12 0.00 0.00
2 BALABANCIK 11.96 2.70 0.03 0.04
3 IPSALA 9.89 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 SARICAALI 8.09 0.26 0.00 0.00
5 TURPCULAR 13.06 0.00 0.00 0.00
Source: Demokritos
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4.2.3 Results of Model Run for GCS01 (Serres)
Table 4-5 provides the hourly maximum of the calculated NO2 concentration per weather type of
the study area (as mentioned before, the calculations were performed for NOx and conservatively
is interpreted as NO2). Table 4-7 shows the maximum average concentration values of NO2 and
CO over the entire study area. The table also summarises the average NO2 maximum hourly and
annual concentrations and the CO maximum 8-hour mean values calculated for the residential
receptors in the area. Figure 4-4 and Figure 4-5 show maps of the maximum hourly and the
annual average concentrations of NO2, calculated by HYSPLIT from the 8 identified weather
types. Figure 4-6 depicts the 8-hour maximum CO concentrations.
Table 4-5 Maximum values of hourly average NO2 concentrations per weather type for 20 bcm/year
GCS01 SERRES
Weather types Maximum hourly NO2 concentration (μg/m3)
1 30
2 71.18
3 81.35
4 105.70
5 107.9
6 68.28
7 141.80
8 75.47 Source: Demokritos (2013)
Table 4-6 Calculated maximum ground-level concentrations for NO2, CO and at the residential receptors in the study area for Serres
GCS01 SERRES
Distance from GCO01
(km)
Maximum hourly NO2concentratio
n (μg/m3)
Annual average NΟ2 concentration
(μg/m3)
Maximum 8-h mean CO
concentration(μg/m3)
Legal limit value 200 40 10 000
Overall Maximum
156 8.4 3.3
Nu. Place of residence
1 SERRES 7.02 2.51 0.03 0.02
2 ADELFIKO 9.27 38.54 2.54 1.19
3 AG. ELENI 3.03 33.67 0.68 1.22
4 AG. PARASKEVI 12.64 7.17 0.09 0.07
5 AGIO PNEVMA 12.57 27.07 1.34 0.46
6 AMPELOI 15.54 7.84 0.39 0.21
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GCS01 SERRES
Distance from GCO01
(km)
Maximum hourly NO2concentratio
n (μg/m3)
Annual average NΟ2 concentration
(μg/m3)
Maximum 8-h mean CO
concentration(μg/m3)
Legal limit value 200 40 10 000
Overall Maximum
156 8.4 3.3
Nu. Place of residence
7 ANO KAMILA 12.48 4.58 0.14 0.09
8 ANTHI 10.53 9.52 0.19 0.14
9 AXINOS 14.08 0.66 0.02 0.02
10 DIMITRITSIO 13.66 16.68 0.83 0.57
11 ELAIONAS 12.67 0.72 0.01 0.01
12 EM. PAPPAS 13.48 9.80 0.43 0.25
13 EPTAMYLOI 8.25 3.29 0.08 0.08
14 FLAMPOURO 10.76 2.05 0.11 0.05
15 KALA DENDRA 14.26 1.12 0.03 0.02
16 KATO KAMILA 7.13 28.71 1.06 0.56
17 KATO XRISTOS 13.51 1.48 0.03 0.03
18 KONSTANTINATO 2.32 64.44 7.80 2.46
19 KOYMARIA 11.27 22.37 1.25 0.56
20 KOYVOYKLIA 8.37 47.42 2.57 0.94
21 KRINOS 3.0 18.53 0.68 0.33
22 LEFKONAS 10.08 4.82 0.04 0.01
23 LIGARIA 12.22 12.86 0.38 0.39
24 MELENIKITSI 16.78 0.19 0.00 0.00
25 MESOKOMI 7.42 0.67 0.01 0.01
26 MITROUSIO 10.18 4.81 0.07 0.04
27 MONOKLISIA 14.41 7.13 0.15 0.12
28 MONOVRYSI 4.67 36.18 2.56 1.29
29 NEA TYROLOI 16.04 6.57 0.11 0.06
30 NEO SOYLI 9.74 38.60 2.36 1.34
31 NEOS SKOPOS 3.72 5.91 0.12 0.07
32 NEOXORI 2.78 48.02 1.90 0.76
33 NIKOKLEIA 15.73 2.28 0.04 0.05
34 OINOUSSA 9.51 7.52 0.26 0.16
35 PALAIOKASTRO 19.26 0.82 0.01 0.01
36 PARALIMNIO 9.86 0.88 0.01 0.01
37 PENTAPOLI 10.51 0.79 0.01 0.01
38 PEPONIA 6.04 29.49 0.97 0.31
39 PETHELINOS 14.33 0.50 0.00 0.01
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GCS01 SERRES
Distance from GCO01
(km)
Maximum hourly NO2concentratio
n (μg/m3)
Annual average NΟ2 concentration
(μg/m3)
Maximum 8-h mean CO
concentration(μg/m3)
Legal limit value 200 40 10 000
Overall Maximum
156 8.4 3.3
Nu. Place of residence
40 PROVATAS 13.49 6.79 0.37 0.22
41 PSIXIKO 5.98 2.03 0.04 0.03
42 SISAMIA 14.40 21.66 0.27 0.48
43 SKOTOUSA 16.56 1.56 0.05 0.05
44 SKOYTARI 4.30 90.18 6.26 2.63
45 TERPNI 14.38 5.55 0.06 0.07
46 TOYMPA 11.79 1.40 0.01 0.01
47 VALTOTOPI 4.60 3.28 0.12 0.06
48 VAMVAKOYSA 7.38 53.98 4.16 1.54
49 VERGI 16.38 6.40 0.17 0.18
50 XRISO 7.81 3.82 0.25 0.13 Source: Demokritos (2013)
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Figure 4-4 Maximum hourly ground-level concentrations of NO2for the 8 weather types (WT) in the case of GCS01 (Serres)
Black dots indicate residential areas Source: Demokritos (2013)
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Figure 4-5 Total average annual NO2 concentration contours (in g/m3) for GCS01 (Serres)
Source: Demokritos (2013)
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Figure 4-6 Maximum hourly ground-level concentrations of CO for the 8 weather types (WT) in the case of GCS01 (Serres)
Black dots indicate residential areas Source: Demokritos (2013)
4.3 Evaluation of Results
4.3.1 Comparison with Air Quality Limits
The above results show that the calculated ground-level concentrations generated from operation
of GCS00 and GCS01 will be below the European and Greek air quality limits. The modelled air
quality parameters are well below the normative threshold concentration values.
The overall maxima determined in the entire study area for GCS00 were 3.7 µg/m³ for the annual
average of NO2, 89 µg/m³ for the hourly maximum of NO2 and 3.2 µg/m³ for the 8-hr average of
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CO. These correspond to less than 10% compared to the legal limit for the annual NO2
concentration, about 45% of the hourly NO2limit, and less than 0.04%of the 8-hr limit for CO.
The overall maxima in the entire study area for GCS01were 8.4 µg/m³ for the annual average of
NO2, 156 µg/m³ for the hourly maximum of NO2, and 3.3 µg/m³ for the 8-hr average of CO, which
correspond to less than 22% compared to the annual NO2limit value, about 78% of the hourly
NO2limit, and less than 0.04% of the 8-hr limit for CO.
For the scenario with only 10 bcm/year at GCS00 the values were about half of the 20 bcm/year
operation. The respective percentages are: less than 5% for the annual NO2 concentration, about
25% for the hourly NO2concentration, and less than 0.02% for the CO 8-hr mean.
4.3.2 Contribution to the Ambient Air Concentrations
For the evaluation of the impact significance of a Project, also the background levels should be
taken into consideration and the future sum being evaluated.
For CO the concentrations in the region of eastern Thraki and Macedonia are reported to be
approximately 180 µg/m³ (0.18 mg/m3)for the annual mean and in the range between 140 and
230 µg/m³ (0.14 - 0.23 mg/m3) for the monthly mean values. In comparison, the modelled overall
maxima for GSC00 and GSC01 were only 3.2 and 1.6 µg/m³. Hence, the contribution of the
stations to the ambient CO concentrations will be very small.
The NO2the concentrations obtained in the baseline survey at various sampling locations around
Kipoi and Serres (cf. Section 2.2) were 7.5±2.5 μg/m³ (Kipoi) and 15.1±5.1 μg/m³ (Serres) as
averages of the three weeks sampling campaigns. Although the NO2 concentrations were
sampled for a shorter period, they can be regarded as indicative for the actual annual average
values.
With an overall maximum for the annual average of 3.7 µg/m³ in Kipoi (GSC00) the future
maximum levels in the area would range around 9 to 14 µg/m³ which is well below the legal
standards of 40 µg/m³ for protection of human health and 30 µg/m³ for protection of sensitive
vegetation.
For Serres (GSC01), the future maximum levels range around 18 to 28 µg/m³or the annual
average and will also meet the legal standards.
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Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 8.1 - Air Dispersion Modelling
4.3.3 Impact on Residential Receptors
In the previous section, the values at locations of maximum impact are discussed. The more
important aspect addresses the receptors that are affected by the Project. In Table 4-2 and in
Table 4-4 the modelled incremental concentrations are provided for each settlement in the study
area. In Table 4-7 the results for the maximal affected settlements are compiled for comparison
with the legal limit values. The results show that the limit values in these settlements are well
met. Moreover, most of the villages in the study areas are much less affected.
Table 4-7 Comparison of the modeling for the maximal affected settlements with limit values
GSC00 GSC01
Greece µg/m³
Turkey µg/m³
Greeceµg/m³
Maximum increment for NO2 annual average 1.86 0.07 7.8
Village Lagina Balabancik Konstantinato
Baseline range 5 - 10 5 - 10 10 - 20
Future concentration including the baseline 7 – 12 5 – 10 18 -28
Limit value 40 (human health)
Maximum increment for NO2 hourly maximum 33.28 6.62 90.18
Village Lagina Balabancik Skoytari
Future concentration including the baseline *) 38 - 43 *) 12 - 17 *) 100 - 110 *)
Limit value 200 (human health)
Maximum increment for CO 8-hr mean 0.8 0.3 2.63
Village Tiheron Ipsala Skoytari
Baseline range 140 - 230 140 - 230 140 - 230
Future concentration including the baseline 141 - 231 141 - 231 143 - 233
Limit value 10,000 (human health)
*) For consideration of the baseline in the hourly maximum it has to be considered that hourly concentration values are strongly depending on specific weather conditions and whether various emission sources may accumulate at a receptor location. Only in the case that other sources, with regard to the receptor location, would be located ‘in-line’ with the compressor stations, these could also affect the receptor within the short-term period of one hour. Since such a situation is an unlikely case, it is common practice to adopt the annual baseline value also as baseline for the hourly maximum.
4.3.4 Impact on Natura 2000 Areas
For sensitive vegetation, the applicable legal limit value is 30 µg/m³ for NOx. Since the modelling
was performed for NOx that was interpreted as being NO2 only, the modelled values can directly
be used for this evaluation.
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Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 8.1 - Air Dispersion Modelling
The modelled incremental concentrations at the Natura 2000 area in the northwest of GCS00
range between 0.01 and 0.3 µg/m³ which is very small against the limit value. Under
consideration of the baseline measurement results of 5 – 10 µg/m³, the impact from the station
will be negligibly low.
For the Natura 2000 area near GSC01 located to the northeast, the incremental concentrations
range from 0.04 to1.3 µg/m³ which also is very small against the limit value. Under consideration
of the baseline measurement results of 10 – 20 µg/m³, the impact from the station will be
negligibly or only a minor increase to the current baseline.
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Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0071Rev.: 00 Document Title:
Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 8.1 - Air Dispersion Modelling
5 CONCLUSIONS
The air dispersion study was performed by employing the HYSPLIT model in order to calculate
ground-level concentration values for NO2 and CO generated from the emissions of the gas
turbines that will be operated at the compressor stations GCS00 (Kipoi) and GCS01 (Serres) in
the eastern section of the TAP. The modelling study included the determination of characteristic
weather types representing the meteorological conditions in the two study areas. Each study area
of 30x30 km2was centred at the location of the respective compressor station.
For the modelling continuous full load operation of the stations’ gas turbines throughout the year
was assumed which represents operation of the pipeline at 20bcm/year capacity. Furthermore,
the NO2 concentrations were modelled for emissions of NOx which besides NO2 also include NO.
While only a portion of NO transforms into NO2, the modelling assumed complete transformation.
In terms of air emissions this represents the so-called “worst case”, and thus results are
considered to be conservative, rather overestimating the future ground-level concentrations.
The results of the air dispersion modelling only revealed very low to low incremental ground-level
concentrations forNO2 and CO in the study area. The calculated short-term concentrations in
most of the study area were low. At some locations, for meteorologically disadvantageous hours,
elevated levels were obtained which, however, did meet the legal limits.
The concentrations of NO2 and CO calculated for GCS00 at the settlements in Turkey were very
low indicating that the effect of GCS00 on the ambient air quality in Turkey will be almost
negligible.
For operation of the pipeline at10 bcm/year, the increments would be about half compared to
20 bcm/year.
The comparison of future concentrations, calculated from the sum of measured baseline data and
the modelled increments, with the Greek legal limits (Joint Ministerial Decision (JMD)
14122/549/E.103/2011- Gov. Gaz. 488/B/30.03.11; which is similar to EU Directive 2008/50/EC)
revealed that the contribution of the compressor stations’ emissions to the measured low current
baseline concentrations will not cause exceedance of a legal limit.
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Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-ASP-642-Y-TAE-0071Rev.: 00 Document Title:
Integrated ESIA Greece Annex 8.1 - Air Dispersion Modelling
In conclusion, the operation of compressor stations GCS00 and GCS01 is not anticipated to
cause adverse effects on the ambient air quality at relevant receptors, i.e. the settlements in the
study areas for the compressor stations and the Natura 2000 areas.
Date 06/2013
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