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Australian Sailing |
Umpire Seminar
Umpires Techniques and Boat Positioning
August 2017
Australian Sailing |
The Origins of Umpiring
2
The Development of Umpiring First used at the Maxi World match racing 1987.
1987 Americas Cup.
The inaugural World Match Racing Championship 1988.
First IU seminar in 1989 with first IU’s appointed in 1990.
Pros Cons Know the winner with certainty at the
finish line
No night sailing
Penalty is not a DSQ and can be
tailored to the event and the type of
boat sailed.
Improves the regatta atmosphere.
Improves the relationship between
competitors and officials.
Rough Justice.
Inconsistencies.
Australian Sailing |
Day 1
• Welcome and introductions
• The Origins of Umpiring
• Some definitions and rules
• Basic umpiring techniques
• Communication between umpires
• General Umpiring principles
• Signalling decisions
• Boat Positioning
• Umpiring Practice in the classroom
• Appendix D to D2.2(f)
• Some calls from the callbook
• Discussion/questions
Day 2• Introductions
• Umpiring with two umpire boats per race
• Team Race Umpiring in ten calls
• Appendix D2.3 to D5.3
• Breakdowns, contact between boats and damage, redress, delays and procedural issues
• Rule 42
• Umpiring issues
• Critical umpiring calls
• Calls from the call book
• Regatta Relationships
• YNZ NU policy and requirements
• Discussion/questions
• Exam
SEMINAR PROGRAMME
3
Australian Sailing |
Texts:
• WS Umpires Manual
• AS Racing Rules of Sailing.
• WS Teams Racing Call Book
REFERENCE MATERIALS
Umpire Seminar 4
Australian Sailing |
DEFINITIONS AND RULES
Umpire Seminar5
Australian Sailing |6
DEFINITIONS
Australian Sailing |7
DEFINITIONS
Clear Astern and Clear Ahead; Overlapped
• Opposite Tacks – when rule 18 applies. OR both boats are sailing more than 90º from the true wind.
Australian Sailing |8
DEFINITIONS
• Is there an overlap between Blue and Green?
Case 2Case 1
Australian Sailing |9
DEFINITIONS
• Is there an overlap between Blue and Green?
Australian Sailing |10
DEFINITIONS
• Is there an overlap between Blue and Green?
No, Yellow is not
between Blue &
Green
Australian Sailing |11
DEFINITIONS
• Is there an overlap between Blue and Green?
Keep Clear
• A boat keeps clear of a right-of-way boat if the
right-of-way boat can sail her course with no need
to take avoiding action …
and,
• when … overlapped, if the right-of-way boat can
change course in both directions without
immediately making contact …
Australian Sailing |12
DEFINITIONS
Mark-Room • Mark-Room definition has three parts-
(a) Room to leave a mark on the required side.
(b) Room to sail to the mark, when the proper course is to sail close to it, and
(c) room to sail round the mark as necessary to sail the course.
Australian Sailing |13
DEFINITIONS
Must give mark-
room from now.
Mark-Room • Room for a boat to sail to the mark,
The space needed to sail to
the mark to the mark in a
“seamanlike “ way.
Australian Sailing |14
DEFINITIONS
Mark-Room • Room for a boat to sail to the mark,
Must give mark-room
from now.
Entitled only to enough space to
sail to the mark in a seamanlike
way, not the space she might
want to make a tactical swing
wide, cut close rounding.
Australian Sailing |15
DEFINITIONS
Mark-Room • … and then room to round the mark as necessary to sail the course.
Must give
mark-room
from now.
Her proper course at the
mark may be to gybe.
Yellow must leave enough
space for Blue’s boom to
come across with the
gybe.
Australian Sailing |16
DEFINITIONS
Proper Course
• No proper course before the
starting signal
• Fastest course to the finish in the absence of
the other boats referred to in the rule…
Australian Sailing |17
DEFINITIONS
Room
• The space a boat needs in the existing conditions, including space needed to comply with rules of Part 2 and rule 31, while maneuvering promptly in a seamanlike way.
• Promptly – time (generally interpreted as without unreasonable delay)
• Existing conditions – big waves, strong winds, current
• Seamanlike – not beginner or expert, but competent, safe
Australian Sailing |18
DEFINITIONS
Zone
• The area around a mark within a distance of two hull lengths of the boat nearer to it.
• A boat is in the zone when any part of her hull is in the zone.
• Obstructions do not have zones.
Australian Sailing |19
Part 2 RulesApplication During a Race
• How do the Part 2 rules apply around the race course?
• How do the rules that apply change as the situation changes?
Australian Sailing |20
Starting Area
• Is Green an obstruction?
• Who has rights?
• What rules apply?
Australian Sailing |21
Starting Area
• Blue, as leeward right-of-way boat, gets to decide on
which side of Green she wants to sail.
Australian Sailing |22
Starting Area
• Does Yellow have rights to ask for room?
• Once the blue boat decides to go to leeward of Green:
• Rule 19 applies - Green is not a mark of the course
• Rule 19.2(b) – Overlapped
• Blue (outside) shall give Yellow (inside) room
Australian Sailing |23
Starting Area
• Is Green entitled to room to pass between Blue & Yellow?
Australian Sailing |24
Starting Area
• Is Green entitled to room to pass between Blue & Yellow?
• Blue is an obstruction because both Yellow (windward) and Green (same
tack, clear astern) are required to keep clear; but not a continuing
obstruction (definition Obstruction).
Australian Sailing |25
Starting Area
• Is Green entitled to room to pass between Blue & Yellow?
• Blue is an obstruction because both Yellow (windward) and Green (same
tack, clear astern) are required to keep clear; but not a continuing
obstruction (definition Obstruction).
• When Green overlaps Yellow and gains right of way she must give Yellow
room to keep clear (rule 15).
Australian Sailing |26
Starting Area
• Is Green entitled to room to pass between Blue & Yellow?
• Blue is an obstruction because both Yellow (windward) and Green (same
tack, clear astern) are required to keep clear; but not a continuing
obstruction (definition Obstruction).
• When Green overlaps Yellow and gains right of way she must give Yellow
room to keep clear (rule 15).
• Yellow must keep clear
and give Green room
to pass between her
and Blue if she is able
to so when the overlap
begins (rules 11 and 19.2(b)).
Australian Sailing |27
The Start
• The rules that apply change as the situation changes.
Rule 12 – On the Same Tack, Not OverlappedYellow (clear astern) shall keep clear
Rule 11 – On the Same Tack, OverlappedYellow (windward) shall keep clear
Rule 17 – On the Same Tack; Proper Course
Blue (leeward) did not establish the overlap
from clear astern.
Blue is not bound by Rule 17 and may sail
above her proper course.
Rule16 – Changing
Course Blue (RoW)
shall give room
to keep clear
Australian Sailing |28
The Start
• What is L’s Proper Course?
• After the starting signal, Blue (leeward) may not sail above her proper course,
which, when sailing to windward, is usually close-hauled (rule17).
• However, in order to pass on the
correct side of the starting mark,
Blue’s proper course may be to
momentarily luff up to head to wind
(definition Proper Course).
• Yellow must keep clear of Blue (rule 11), but while
Blue is changing course she must give Yellow room
to do so (rule 16).
Australian Sailing |29
Windward Legs
• RRS 16.1 protects the keep-clear boat from
unpredictable or last-second changes of course by the
right-of-way boat, which would prevent her from keeping
clear.
Australian Sailing |30
Windward Mark
• Not overlapped at the zone (3 hull lengths)
• Yellow must give Blue mark-room, which includes room to gybe at the mark if that
is Blue’s proper course.
• Rule 18 applies until Blue no
longer needs mark-room from
Yellow.
Australian Sailing |31
Windward Mark
Rule 18.3 – Tacking in the Zone
• Blue and Orange (port) change tack and pass head to wind in the zone.
• Yellow and Green (starboard) are fetching the mark.
Australian Sailing |32
Windward Mark
Rule 18.3 – Tacking in the Zone.
• One boat (port) passes head to wind in the zone
• When the other (starboard) is fetching the mark
Rule 18.2 does not apply and instead
18.3(b) does:
• Blue changes tack and passes
head to wind inside the zone.
• Yellow is fetching the mark.
• Blue shall give the Yellow mark-
room to pass the mark inside her.
Australian Sailing |33
Downwind Leg
Rule 17 – On the Same Tack; Proper Course
• How was the overlap established?
• Did the leeward boat become overlapped from clear astern within two of her hull
lengths of the windward boat?
• What is proper course?
• A course a boat would sail to finish as soon as possible in the absence of the other
boats referred to in the rule using the term. A boat has no proper course before
her starting signal.
Australian Sailing |34
Downwind Leg
Australian Sailing |35
Downwind Leg
Australian Sailing |36
Downwind Leg
Australian Sailing |37
Downwind Leg
Australian Sailing |38
Downwind Leg
Australian Sailing |39
Leeward Leg
• Yellow (starboard) is on the opposite tack and well
behind Blue (port), but Yellow has an inside
overlap when Blue enters the zone.
Australian Sailing |40
Leeward Leg
• Giving Room and Keeping Clear
• Green is the inside/windward boat.
• She does not have right of way. Rule 11
does not turn off.
• Blue and Yellow must give her room to sail
to the mark and then round the mark as
necessary to sail the course.
Australian Sailing |41
Leeward Leg
• Green is the inside/leeward boat.
• She is the right-of-way boat (rule 11).
• Blue and Yellow must keep clear of
Green and give her mark-room.
• Giving Room and Keeping Clear
Australian Sailing |42
Leeward Leg
• Position 1: Yellow (starboard) is the right-of-
way boat.
• Position 2: When Blue enters the zone, she
is clear ahead of Yellow. Rule 18.2 (b) now
requires Yellow to give Blue mark-room.
Australian Sailing |43
Leeward Leg
• Position 1: Yellow (starboard) is the right-of-
way boat.
• Position 2: When Blue enters the zone, she
is clear ahead of Yellow. Rule 18.2 (b) now
requires Yellow to give Blue mark-room.
Australian Sailing |44
The Finish
• The preamble to Section C turns Rule 18 off at a starting mark, but it does not
turn it off at a finishing mark.
• Rule 18.1(a) turns rule 18 off at a windward mark (including a windward
finishing mark) when the two boats are coming into the mark on opposite
tacks.
• Rule 18.2(b) requires
Yellow (outside) to
give Blue (inside)
mark-room.
Australian Sailing |45
The Finish
• If you touch a finishing mark before clearing the finishing line, you must complete
a one-turn penalty and then sail completely to the course side of the line before
finishing.
• In this example, Blue completed her gybe (position 4) and completed her tack
(position 9) then re-crossed the finishing line to finish.
• You can complete your one-
turn penalty anywhere, but
after completing one tack and
one gybe you must sail
completely to the course side
of the line and then finish.
Australian Sailing |46
The Finish
• Rule 24.1 – If reasonably possible, a boat not racing shall
not interfere with a boat that is racing.
• Interference is adversely affecting a boat’s forward motion or
maneuverability.
• This applies to both before
or after racing.
• Be careful where you sail;
watch your wind shadow and
physical presence.
Australian Sailing |47
Making a Call
I don’t know….
Green it!!!
What shall we
do?
Protest!
Australian Sailing |
…Follow a Process.Umpire Seminar48
How Do We Consistently Provide
Better Umpiring?
Australian Sailing |
• Not all umpiring is with 3 boats and 6 umpires.
• However, we will assume each race has 3 umpire boats with 2 umpires in each boat.
• A CHUMP is responsible for the race umpire team.
• Umpires follow one sailing team previously agreed
• Umpire boats, numbered 1 to 3, follow boats 1 to 3
• Driver of each umpire boat calls movements of boat followed.
• Partner calls movements of all boats interacting with driver’s boat.
49
Basic Umpiring Techniques
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Good communication between umpires
• Consistency
50
For Good Decisions:
Umpire Seminar
• Good knowledge of the rules
• Good positioning
• Good observation
Australian Sailing |51
For Good Decisions:
Umpire Seminar
Agree the Facts
Apply the Rules
Make a Decision
Signal
Australian Sailing |52
For Good Decisions:
Umpire Seminar
Facts
• Leeward
In position & focussed
Windward
Facts
Australian Sailing |53
For Good Decisions:
Umpire Seminar
Decision Decision
I am right of way
I must keep clear
Australian Sailing |54
For Good Decisions:
Umpire Seminar
• I am keeping clear
Decision Decision
I agree
Decision
I have some room
Australian Sailing |55
For Good Decisions:
Umpire Seminar
Protest!
I agree
SignalSignal
Green Flag
Australian Sailing |56
For Good Decisions:
Umpire Seminar
I still have some room
Getting Closer
New Facts Decision
Australian Sailing |57
For Good Decisions:
Umpire Seminar
I still have some room
Getting Closer
Facts Decision
Australian Sailing |58
For Good Decisions:
Umpire Seminar
I have no room
Getting Closer
Facts Decision
Australian Sailing |59
For Good Decisions:
Umpire Seminar
I agreeI am not keeping clear
DecisionDecision
Australian Sailing |60
For Good Decisions:
Umpire Seminar
I agree
SignalSignal
Protest!
Australian Sailing |61
For Good Decisions:
Umpire Seminar
Hail the boat/s you have penalized identifying
their colour and or number.
Australian Sailing |62
Communication Between Umpires
Australian Sailing |
• Use standard words and follow standard decision process.
That is:
• Agree facts
• Agree rules – rights, obligations and opportunities
• Agree decision
63
Communication Between Umpires
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
Facts:• Port
• Starboard
• Overlap
• Clear astern/ahead
• Windward
• Leeward
• Luffing
• Bearing away
• Holding course
• Approaching to start
• Head to wind
• Complete
• Contact
• Near/over/on layline
• Crossing
• Wiggle room
• Collision course
• Backing a sail
• Taking penalty
• 10 secs to start
• Protest(flag)
64
Standard Umpire Terminology
Umpire Seminar
Rules:• Rights
• Obligations
• Opportunities
• Right of Way
• Keep clear
• Give Room
• Luffing rights
• Seventeen
• Can bear away
• Can tack
Decision:Is/Is not:
• Keeping clear
• Giving room
• Sailing proper Course
• I agree
• I did not see
• I disagree
Australian Sailing |
• Instantaneous calls (to identify rule switch):
• Tacking (passed head to wind)
• Closehauled (after tacking) or (now)
• Gybing (foot of main across c’line)
• Port/Starboard (entire main over) Full (main full on new tack) or (done)
• Boom – Sail – Done.
• Overlap/ Clear
• Seventeen (overlap to leeward from clear astern)
• Moving astern
• Zone (+ clear/overlap)
• 18 on/off
65
Standard Umpire Terminology
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |66
Basic Decision Making Process
Umpire Seminar
Rules:
• Rights
• Obligations
• Opportunities
• Keep clear
• Room
• Luffing rights
• Can bear
away• Can tack
Decision:
Is/Is not:
• Keeping clear
• Giving room
• Sailing proper
Course
Signal:
• Penalty flag• Green flag
Protest Procedure
Facts:
• Port
• Starboard
• Overlap
• Windward
• Leeward
• Luffing
• Bearing away
• Holding
course
• Head to wind
• Contact
• Near layline
• 10 secs to start
Australian Sailing |
• Communicate at the Decision stage of the process to:
• Minimise disagreement
• Avoid repetition of agreed facts
• Make prompt decisions
• Make better Decisions
• Available for the next incident
67
Umpire Conversation Options
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Last point of certainty
• Disagreement between umpires
• Rule 14: Avoiding contact
• Room and meaning of “in a seamanlike way”
68
General Principles of Umpiring
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Signal consists of two things:
• Sound (whistle) means: Attention a decision is about to be announced.
• Flag (green and white/red/black and white) The decision itself Make prompt decisions
69
Procedures for Signalling Decisions
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Must be:
• Displayed prominently.
• If red, clearly indicate boat/boats penalised.
• Cannot be:
• Reversed so get it right the first time (grab cloth,
coloured tape).
70
Flags
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Keep Umpiring while signalling:
• One umpire (driver) concentrates on the race and keeps communicating.
• Other umpire grabs for flag(s) and whistle.
71
Continuous Umpiring
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Promptly after decision BUT:
• At mark roundings short delay can be appropriate.
• RED flag and indicating boat.
• Twin penalties together (penalising both boats).
• Double penalties clearly separated.
• Umpire Agreement
• When one umpire announces a decision such as ‘Penalty ……….’ the other should respond in
one of three ways
• “I agree” – (no further discussion, signal the decision)
• “I disagree” – (no penalty, green if necessary, unless difference can be resolved rapidly)
• “I did not see” – (first umpires knows they are making decision solo – sometimes necessary – be
certain before penalizing)
72
Timing of the Signal
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Some considerations:
• What the boat you are following is doing
• Must follow closely
• What the boat interacting with yours is likely to do
• Keep close
• Position of other yachts
• You cannot umpire from a distance
• The position of the other umpire boats
• Watch the whites of the sailors eyes
73
Boat Positioning
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
Luffing situation 1-4
74
Boat Positioning
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |75
Communicating Facts 1
Umpire Seminar
Sit Yellow umpire Blue umpire
1 I am on starboard tack; We are
overlapped; I am leeward boat; I
am holding my course
I am also on starboard tack; I
am windward boat; I am holding
my course
2
3
4
Australian Sailing |76
Communicating Facts 2
Umpire Seminar
Sit Yellow umpire Blue umpire
1 I am on starboard tack; We are
overlapped; I am leeward boat; I
am holding my course
I am also on starboard tack; I
am windward boat; I am holding
my course
2 I am still leeward boat; I am
luffing
I am starting to luff; The
distance between us is four
metres
3
4
Australian Sailing |77
Communicating Facts 3
Umpire Seminar
Sit Yellow umpire Blue umpire
1 I am on starboard tack; We are
overlapped; I am leeward boat; I
am holding my course
I am also on starboard tack; I am
windward boat; I am holding my
course
2 I am still leeward boat; I am
luffing
I am starting to luff; The
distance between us is four
meters
3 I am continuing to luff; We are
still overlapped
I am still luffing; The distance is
now one and a half metres
4
Australian Sailing |78
Communicating Facts 4
Umpire Seminar
Sit Yellow umpire Blue umpire
1 I am on starboard tack; We are
overlapped; I am leeward boat; I
am holding my course
I am also on starboard tack; I am
windward boat; I am holding my
course
2 I am still leeward boat; I am
luffing
I am starting to luff; The distance
between us is four meters
3 I am continuing to luff; We are
still overlapped
I am still luffing; The distance is
now one and a half meters
4 I am head to wind; I am still on
starboard; I am holding my
course
I am also head to wind; I am
holding my course; There is
contact abeam; Protest flag
Australian Sailing |79 Umpire Seminar
Communicating Rules, Rights, Obligation, Opportunity 1
Sit. Yellow umpire Blue umpire
1 I am leeward boat; I am right of
way; I can luff if I give you room
to keep clear
I am windward boat; I must keep
clear
2
3
4
Australian Sailing |80 Umpire Seminar
Communicating Rules, Rights, Obligation, Opportunity 2
Sit. Yellow umpire Blue umpire
1 I am leeward boat; I am right of
way; I can luff if I give you room to
keep clear
I am windward boat; I must keep
clear
2 I am luffing and I must give you
room to keep clear
I must keep clear; I am starting to
luff
3
4
Australian Sailing |81 Umpire Seminar
Communicating Rules, Rights, Obligation, Opportunity 3
Sit. Yellow umpire Blue umpire
1 I am leeward boat; I am right of
way; I can luff if I give you room to
keep clear
I am windward boat; I must keep
clear
2 I am luffing and I must give you
room to keep clear
I must keep clear; I am starting to
luff
3 I am luffing and I must give you
room to keep clear
I must keep clear; I am luffing
4
Australian Sailing |82 Umpire Seminar
Communicating Rules, Rights, Obligation, Opportunity 4
Sit. Yellow umpire Blue umpire
1 I am leeward boat; I am right of
way; I can luff if I give you room to
keep clear
I am windward boat; I must keep
clear
2 I am luffing and I must give you
room to keep clear
I must keep clear; I am starting to
luff
3 I am luffing and I must give you
room to keep clear
I must keep clear; I am luffing
4 I am head to wind; There is
contact abeam
I am also head to wind; Protest
flag
Australian Sailing |83 Umpire Seminar
Communicating Decisions 1
Situation Yellow umpire Blue umpire
1 I am right of way leeward boat Agree; I am keeping clear
2
3
4
Australian Sailing |84 Umpire Seminar
Communicating Decisions 2
Situation Yellow umpire Blue umpire
1 I am right of way leeward boat Agree; I am keeping clear
2 I am luffing and must give you room to keep clear
I am doing what I can to keep clear
3
4
Australian Sailing |85 Umpire Seminar
Communicating Decisions 3
Situation Yellow umpire Blue umpire
1 I am right of way leeward boat Agree; I am keeping clear
2 I am luffing and must give you
room to keep clear
I am doing what I can to keep
clear
3 I am still luffing; Do you need
more room?
I am luffing all I can; I need more
room to keep clear
4
Australian Sailing |86 Umpire Seminar
Communicating Decisions 4
Situation Yellow umpire Blue umpire
1 I am right of way leeward boat Agree; I am keeping clear
2 I am luffing and must give you
room to keep clear
I am doing what I can to keep
clear
3 I am still luffing; Do you need
more room?
I am luffing all I can; I need more
room to keep clear
4 Contact; I did not give you
enough room
Agree; Protest flag; Penalty on
Yellow
Australian Sailing |87 Umpire Seminar
Umpire Practice Form
Step Rule Yellow Umpire Blue Umpire
1
2
3
4
5
DECISION
Australian Sailing |88 Umpire Seminar
Umpire Practice Form
DECISION
Step Rule Yellow Umpire Blue Umpire
1
2
3
4
5
Australian Sailing |89 Umpire Seminar
Umpire Practice Form
DECISION
Step Rule Yellow Umpire Blue Umpire
1
2
3
4
5
Australian Sailing |90 Umpire Seminar
Umpire Practice Form
DECISION
Step Rule Yellow Umpire Blue Umpire
1
2
3
4
5
Australian Sailing |91 Umpire Seminar
Umpire Practice Form
DECISION
Step Rule Yellow Umpire Blue Umpire
1
2
3
4
5
Australian Sailing |92 Umpire Seminar
Umpire Practice Form
DECISION
Step Rule Yellow Umpire Blue Umpire
1
2
3
4
5
Australian Sailing |93 Umpire Seminar
Umpire Practice Form
DECISION
Step Rule Yellow Umpire Blue Umpire
1
2
3
4
5
Australian Sailing |94 Umpire Seminar
Umpire Practice Form
DECISION
Step Rule Yellow
Umpire
Blue Umpire
1
2
3
4
5
Australian Sailing |95
APPENDIX D
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Team Racing Rules
• Teams races shall be sailed under The Racing Rules of Sailing as changed by this
appendix.
96
APPENDIX D
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• D1.1 Definitions and the Rules of Parts 2 and 4
• (a) In the definition Zone the distance is changed to two hull lengths.
• Rule 18.2(b) is changed to:
• If boats are overlapped when the first of them reaches the zone, the outside boat at
that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat mark-room. If a boat is clear
ahead when she reaches the zone, or she later becomes clear ahead when another
boat passes head to wind, the boat clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give
her mark-room.
97
D1 Changes to the Racing Rules
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Rule 18.4 is deleted.
• When rule 20 applies the following arm signals by the helmsman are required in
addition to the hails:
1) For ‘Room to tack’, repeatedly and clearly pointing to windward; and
2) For ‘You tack’, repeatedly and clearly pointing at the other boat and waving
the arm to windward.
• Sailing instructions may delete this requirement.
98
D1 Changes to the Racing Rules
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Add new rule 24.3: ‘A boat that has finished shall not act to interfere with a boat that
has not finished.’
• Add new rule 24.4: ‘When boats in different races meet, any change of course by
either boat shall be consistent with complying with a rule or trying to win her own
race.’
• Add to rule 41: (e) Help from another boat on her team provided electronic
communication is not used.
• Rule 45 is deleted.
99
D1 Changes to the Racing Rules
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Rule 60.1 is changed to: A boat may:
(a) protest another boat, but not for an alleged breach of a rule of Part 2 unless
she was involved in the incident or the incident involved contact between
members of the other team; or
(b) request redress.
• Rule 61.1(a) is changed so that a boat may remove her red flag after it has been
conspicuously displayed.
• A boat intending to request redress for an incident in the racing area shall display a red
flag at the first reasonable opportunity after the incident. She shall display the red flag
until it is acknowledged by the race committee or by an umpire.
100
D1.2 Protests and Requests for Redress
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• The race committee or protest committee shall not protest a boat for breaking a rule of
Part 2 or rule 31 or 42 except:
(1) based on evidence in a report from an umpire after a black and white flag
has been displayed; or
(2) under rule 14 upon receipt of a report from any source alleging damage or
injury.
• Protests and requests for redress need not be in writing. The protest committee may
take evidence in any way it considers appropriate and may communicate its decision
orally.
• A boat is not entitled to redress based on damage or injury caused by another boat on
her team.
• When a supplied boat suffers a breakdown, rule D5 applies.
101
D1.2 Protests and Requests for Redress
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Rule 44.1 is changed to:
A boat may take a One-Turn Penalty when she may have broken one or more
rules of Part 2, or rule 31 or 42, in an incident while racing. However, when she
may have broken a rule of Part 2 and rule 31 in the same incident she need not
take the penalty for breaking rule 31.
• A boat may take a penalty by retiring, in which case she shall notify the Race
Committee as soon as possible and 6 points shall be added to her score.
• There shall be no penalty for breaking a rule of Part 2 when the incident is between
boats on the same team and there is no contact.
102
D1.3 Penalties
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• D2.1 When Rule D2 Applies:
• Rule D2 applies to umpired races. Races to be umpired shall be identified either in
the sailing instructions or by the display of flag U no later than the warning signal.
103
D2 UMPIRED RACES
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• When a boat protests under a rule of Part 2 or under rule 31 or 42 for an incident in the racing area,
she is not entitled to a hearing and the following applies:
(a) She shall hail ‘Protest’ and conspicuously display a red flag at the first
reasonable opportunity for each.
(b) The boats shall be given time to respond. A boat involved in the incident may respond
by promptly taking an appropriate penalty or clearly indicating that she will do so as soon
as possible.
(c) If no boat takes a penalty, an umpire shall decide whether to penalize any boat.
(d) If more than one boat broke a rule and was not exonerated, an umpire may penalize
any boat that broke a rule and did not take an appropriate penalty.
(e) An umpire shall signal a decision in compliance with rule D2.4.
(f) A boat penalized by an umpire shall take a Two-Turns Penalty.
104
D2.2 Protests by Boats
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Australian Sailing |105
Calls from the ISAF Callbook
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |106
Discussion/Questions
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |107
The End, Day One
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |108
Umpiring Seminar, Day 2
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
Day 1
• Welcome and introductions
• Some definitions and rules
• Basic umpiring techniques
• Communication between umpires
• General Umpiring principles
• Signalling decisions
• Boat Positioning
• Umpiring Practice in the classroom
• Appendix D to D2.2(f)
• Some calls from the callbook
• Discussion/questions
Day 2
• Introductions
• Umpiring with two umpire boats per race
• Team Race Umpiring in ten calls
• Appendix D2.3 to D5.3
• Breakdowns, contact between boats and damage, redress, delays and procedural issues
• Rule 42
• Umpiring issues
• Critical umpiring calls
• Calls from the call book
• Regatta Relationships
• YNZ NU policy and requirements
• Discussion/questions
• Exam
SEMINAR PROGRAMME
109
Australian Sailing |110
Team Race Umpiring in Ten Calls
Umpire Seminar
• Windward/leeward pre-start
• Windward/leeward
• Close tack upwind
• Upwind and at mark 1, boat ahead tacks
• Hunting upwind
• Giving and taking mark-room
• Tacking in the zone
• Breaking overlaps on off-wind legs
• Gybing and luffing on a run
• Gybing out on a beat
Australian Sailing |111
Windward/Leeward Prestart
Umpire Seminar
Rule 11 and Rule 15
• Key words:
• “Leeward right”
• “Windward give”
• “Initially give room to keep clear”
• “I have room”
• “I am trying to keep clear”
• “I am doing nothing”
• “I reacted promptly”
• “I gave you room”
Australian Sailing |112
Windward/Leeward
Umpire Seminar
Rule 11 and Rule 16.1
• Key words
• “17 on”
• “17 off”
• “Proper course”
• “Holding”
• “Luffing”
• “Keeping clear”
• “Doing all I can”
• “Not doing all I can”
Australian Sailing |113
Close Tack Upwind
Umpire Seminar
Rule 13 and Rule 17
• Port tacks ahead or to Leeward of Starboard
• Key words
• “Luffing”
• “Tacking”
• “Complete”
• “Holding”
• “Kept clear”
• “17 on”
• “Clear (astern) or 17 off”
Australian Sailing |114
Upwind, Boat Ahead Tacks
Umpire Seminar
Rule 13 and Rule 16.1
• Key words
• “Luffing”
• “Tacking”
• “Complete”
• “Holding”
• “Luffing”
• “Bearing away to avoid”
Australian Sailing |
Rule 16.2
• Key words
• “Bearing away/ducking/dipping”
• “Keeping clear”
• “Holding”
• “Bearing away/changing”
• “Had to change immediately”
Note that 16.2 applies when S bears away to force P to bear away further or
tack and, when S luffs to tack to cover P as P is about to pass astern of her.
115
Hunting Upwind
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
Rule 18.2 (a) & (b)
• Key words
• Overlap
• Zone
• Right
• Give
• Have mark-room
• No mark-room
• Taking too much
• Not giving mark-room
116
Giving and Tacking Mark-room
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• When a port tack boat approaches mark 1 below the layline and passes head-to-wind in
the zone, she must give mark-room to any starboard tack boat that thereafter becomes
overlapped inside her. Rule 18.2(a).
• Key words
• “Luffing”
• “Tacking”
• “In the zone”
• “Overlap”
• “Mark-room”
• “Room to tack, will fetch”
117
Tacking in the Zone
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• A windward boat curtails a luff by a leeward boat by briefly luffing further to become clear
ahead.
Rule 17
• Key words
• “Luffing”
• “Keeping clear”
• “Luffing further”
• “Clear ahead”
• “17 off”
• “Bearing away”
• “Proper course”
118
Breaking Overlaps on Off-wind Legs
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
Rule 16.1
• Key words
• “Starboard right”
• “Luffing”
• “Gybed immediately”
• “Did not give time”
• “Boom contact”
• “Unseamanlike gybe”
119
Gybing and Luffing on a Run
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
Rule 16.1
• Key words
• “Bearing away”
• “Holding”
• “Gybing, port, give”
• “Gybing, starboard, right”
• “Gave room”
• “Gybing, reacted promptly”
• “Luffing”
• Luffing, doing all I can”
120
Gybing Out on a Beat
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Driver concentrates on boat being followed.
• Partner observes other boats including mark roundings of team not being followed.
• When other boats approach driver’s boat, or before driver’s boat enters a zone, driver
calls actions of his/her boat.
• Partner immediately switches attention to driver’s boat and normal umpiring/calling
resumes.
121
Variation to Continuous Calling
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Umpire the boats in an area of the course and do not just follow one boat
• This reduces wake and interference with racing yachts and eliminates interference
between umpire boats
• Avoids umpires occasionally becoming unsighted at critical times
• Umpire boats must follow reasonably consistent track and course to ensure all racing
yachts covered at all times
122
Umpiring with Two Boats Per Race
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• When umpiring with two boats per race it may
become necessary to identify the critical gap
between boats and concentrate on that.
• Also, umpire boats need to be in correct
positions at all mark roundings.
• May need to communicate rule 17 status on
run.
123
Identifying the Critical Gap
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Australian Sailing |124
Identifying the Critical Gap
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |125
Identifying the Critical Gap
Umpire Seminar
Overall umpire boat positioning throughout race
Australian Sailing |126
Mark 1
Umpire Seminar
• Left umpire three lengths to windward of the
mark
• Right umpire behind fleet
• Left umpire watches first half of fleet around
and then positions himself to windward of
front of fleet
• When all have rounded right umpire positions
himself to leeward of leading boat of second
half of fleet
Australian Sailing |127
Approaching Mark 2
Umpire Seminar
• Front windward umpire judges zone for leading boats
• Front umpire accelerates if leading boats luff and judges gap
• Back umpire judges entry for second half of fleet and luffs
Australian Sailing |128
Run
• Front umpire left and level or
slightly ahead of front boats
• Back umpire on right and level or
slightly astern of rear group of
boats
Australian Sailing |129
Mark 3
• Front umpire calls entry of first boats into zone and must cross leg 4 as first boat
rounds mark
• Back umpire calls back half of fleet as they enter zone
Australian Sailing |130
Mark 4
• On leg 4 both umpires about two lengths below fleet
• Front umpire calls entry to mark 4 zone for front boats
• Rear umpire stops at zone ready to head to windward after back boats round
Australian Sailing |131
Leg 5
• Front/right umpire level with leading pair
• Back/left umpire level with rear of fleet
• Be prepared to swap
Australian Sailing |132
Finish
• If possible front umpire moves to above finish line before the first boat finishes
• Back umpire stays close behind the fleet
Australian Sailing |
When a boat protests under a rule of Part 2 or under rule 31 or 42 for an incident in the racing area,
she is not entitled to a hearing and the following applies:
(a) She shall hail ‘Protest’ and conspicuously display a red flag at the first
reasonable opportunity for each.
(b) The boats shall be given time to respond. A boat involved in the incident may respond
by promptly taking an appropriate penalty or clearly indicating that she will do so as soon
as possible.
(c) If no boat takes a penalty, an umpire shall decide whether to penalize any boat.
(d) If more than one boat broke a rule and was not exonerated, an umpire may penalize
any boat that broke a rule and did not take an appropriate penalty.
(e) An umpire shall signal a decision in compliance with rule D2.4.
(f) A boat penalized by an umpire shall take a Two-Turns Penalty.
133
D2.2 Protests by Boats
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• An umpire may penalize a boat without a protest by another boat, or report the incident
to the protest committee, or both, when the boat:
• Breaks rule 31 or 42 and does not take a penalty;
• Breaks a rule of Part 2 and makes contact with another boat on her team or with a
boat in another race, and no boat takes a penalty;
• Breaks a rule and her team gains an advantage despite her, or another boat on her
team, taking a penalty;
134
Appendix D D2.3 to D5.5
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Breaks a rule and her team gains an advantage despite her, or another boat on her
team, taking a penalty;
• breaks rule 14 and there is damage or injury;
• clearly indicates that she will take a One-Turn Penalty, and then fails to do so;
• fails to take a penalty signalled by an umpire;
• commits a breach of sportsmanship.
• The umpire shall signal a decision in compliance with rule D2.4. A boat penalized by
an umpire shall take a Two-Turns Penalty except that, when an umpire hails a
number of turns, the boat shall take that number of One-Turn Penalties.
135
Appendix D D2.3 to D5.5
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• An umpire shall signal a decision with one long sound and the display of a flag as
follows:
• For no penalty, a green and white flag.
• To penalize one or more boats, a red flag. The umpire shall hail or signal to identify
each boat penalized.
• To report the incident to the protest committee, a black and white flag.
136
D2.4 Signals by an Umpire
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• D2.5, Two-Flag Protest Procedure• This rule applies only if the sailing instructions so state and it then replaces rule
D2.2.
• D2.6, Limited Umpiring• This rule applies only if the sailing instructions so state and it then changes rules
D2.2 and D2.5.
137
D2.4 Signals by an Umpire
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• A decision, action or non-action of an umpire shall not be grounds for redress, subject
to an appeal under rule 70, or grounds for abandoning a race after it has started.
• The protest committee may decide to consider giving redress when it believes that an
official boat, including an umpire boat, may have seriously interfered with a competing
boat.
138
D2.7 Limitations on Other Proceedings
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• D3.1(a) Each boat finishing a race shall be scored points equal to her finishing place.
All other boats shall be scored points equal to the number of boats entitled to race.
• When a boat is scored OCS, 10 points shall be added to her score unless she retired
as soon as possible after the starting signal.
• When a boat fails to take a penalty imposed by an umpire at or near the finishing line,
she shall be scored points for last place and other scores shall be adjusted
accordingly.
139
D3 SCORING A RACE
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• When a protest committee decides that a boat that is a party to a protest hearing has
broken a rule and is not exonerated,
(1) if the boat has not taken a penalty, 6 points shall be added to her score;
(2) if the boat’s team has gained an advantage despite any penalty taken or imposed,
the boat’s score may be increased;
(3) when the boat has broken rule 1 or 2, rule 14 when she has caused damage or
injury, or a rule when not racing, half or more race wins may be deducted from her
team, or no penalty may be imposed. Race wins deducted shall not be awarded to
any other team.
140
D3 SCORING A RACE
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• D3.2 When all boats on one team have finished, retired or failed to start, the other
team’s boats racing at that time shall be scored the points they would have received
had they finished.
• D3.3 The team with the lower total points wins the race. If the totals are equal, the
team that does not have first place wins.
141
D3 SCORING A RACE
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |142
D4 SCORING A SERIES
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• BREAKDOWNS WHEN BOATS ARE SUPPLIED BY THE
ORGANIZING AUTHORITY;
• D5.1 Rule D5 applies when boats are supplied by the organizing authority.
• D5.2 When a boat suffers a breakdown in the racing area, she may request a score
change by displaying a red flag (yellow) at the first reasonable opportunity after
the breakdown until it is acknowledged by the race committee or by an umpire.
If possible, she shall continue racing.
• D5.3 The race committee shall decide requests for a score change in accordance
with rules D5.4 and D5.5. It may take evidence in any way it considers
appropriate and may communicate its decision orally.
143
D5 BREAKDOWNS
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• D5.4 When the race committee decides that the team’s finishing position was made
significantly worse, that the breakdown was through no fault of the crew, and
that in the same circumstances a reasonably competent crew would not have
been able to avoid the breakdown, it shall make as equitable a decision as
possible. This may be to abandon and resail the race or, when the boat’s
finishing position was predictable, award her points for that position. Any doubt
about a boat’s position when she broke down shall be resolved against her.
• D5.5 A breakdown caused by defective supplied equipment or a breach of a rule by
an opponent shall not normally be determined to be the fault of the crew, but
one caused by careless handling, capsizing or a breach by a boat on the same
team shall be. If there is doubt, it shall be presumed that the crew are not at
fault.
144
D5 BREAKDOWNS
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• 1.7 In RRS Appendix D 5.2 change “red” to “yellow”. When a yellow flag is
displayed while racing the umpires will usually display a black flag and boats
are required to wait after finishing for a hearing by race umpires to determine
the facts and a decision on redress will be made at a further hearing chaired by
the Chief Judge either afloat or ashore. This changes D5.
145
Sailing Instructions
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Guidelines for the Protest Committee and Sailors Regarding Claims for Redress for
Failure of Boat Gear at Team Sailing Regattas
146
Sailing Instructions-Attachment A
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
1. Redress for gear failure:
(a) Not considered if the other team has a clear winning combination at the
time of the failure and the team with the breakdown has little or no chance of
gaining a winning combination.
(b) Considered when the team with the breakdown has a winning combination
or a good opportunity to obtain a winning combination.
(c) Not usually allowed for faults in the gear that a team could have checked
before the race - see checklist below.
147
Attachment C
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
2. Redress may be given, subject to (a) or (b) above, for: main halyard head
knot becoming undone if tied by another team, foils breaking through fatigue, but not
capsize righting, mast breaking or bending resulting from other teams fault, significant sail
tear due to the other teams fault, hull damage due solely to the other teams fault, total
failure of mylar, blowout of main sheet block. Failed outhauls due to wear or
inappropriately tied by another team either of which could not be easily checked.
3. Breakdown compensation will only be considered for breakdowns that would
result in material prejudice and will not be granted for damage resulting from
unseamanlike boat handling including capsizing.
148
Attachment C
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• This is not a definitive list but gives as many examples as possible. The principles on
which this list is based are that a careful and competent crew could normally have
checked and corrected these possible faults when taking over a 420 from another crew.
It is expected that these items would be checked while the crew is sailing from the
changeover point to the holding or start areas.
149
Checklist
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
Rigging
• Main stay shackles taped at stay adjusters.
• Goose neck fittings not showing damage.
• Vang fittings on mast and boom firmly shackled and not bent.
• Mainsheet fittings on boom firmly shackled and not twisted.
• Mainsheet not twisted.
• Main sheet knot to prevent boom hitting side stay
• Jib sheets safely attached with stopper knots.
• Main sheet pulleys all good
150
Attachment C – Items Crews Should Check
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
Sails
• Main halyard securely attached.
• Outhaul securely attached.
• Tack properly attached whether pinned or tied.
• Jib luff not twisted.
• No obvious tears in sails.
• Top batten secure in batten pocket.
151
Attachment C – Items Crews Should Check
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
Hull and foils
• Centreboard moving freely.
• Centreboard controls, including jamb cleats, working.
• Rudder pins all present and fitting.
• Rudder blade moving up and down and locking.
• Tiller clearing deck at all angles.
• Tiller and rudder fastenings not too loose.
• Tiller extension and joint not worn or broken.
• No obvious damage to easily visible parts of gunwale or hull.
• Hiking straps sound.
• Bungs and flaps present
• Jam cleats working
152
Attachment C – Items Crews Should Check
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Immediately assess the relative positions of the competing boats
• Decide whether redress could be granted in accordance with Sailing Instructions.
• Chump for the team should be advised and he/she should display a black flag.
• Also advise the Chief Judge by radio.
• At hearing obtain a consensus from the umpires.
• The Chief Judge to be involved in the final decision on redress.
153
Breakdowns – Yellow Flags
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• 1.7 …………. When the umpires display a black flag under in this situation and also
under D2.4 (c), boats are required to wait after finishing for a hearing by race umpires.
This hearing will determine if an incident on the water under D2.4 (c) can be decided on
immediately or must be referred to a further hearing chaired by the Chief Judge, either
afloat or ashore. This changes D5 and D2.4.
154
Sailing Instructions
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• When there is contact between boats, that could possibly have caused damage, it is
necessary to display a black flag and inspect the boats for damage after the race (see
SI 1.9).
• If there is damage record it with the boat identification, race number and team.
• Advise the teams which team the umpires considered at fault.
• It may be possible to have a hearing with the Chief Judge to determine if a team should
be penalised by race wins under App.D3.1(d)(3) but normally this hearing will be
ashore.
155
Contact Between Boats
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Red flag required as soon as possible
• Typically
• Recalls and starting signals
• Change of conditions & circumstances
• Limited – no redress for;
• Actions/non-actions by the umpires
• Signals by umpires
• Protest- and penalty requirements
• PC may consider redress under certain circumstances
156
Requests for Redress
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Procedures decided by Chief Judge
• Race umpires gather facts
• Chump to check on red flags not displayed under D2.2(a)
• What is the request/protest about?
• Are all requirements met?
• Advise Chief Judge
• Usually hear later, race umpires on panel or witnesses.
• Decisions – options
157
Hearings
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• 1.9 Umpires in this regatta will penalise team personnel for any unnecessary delays,
including frivolous claims for redress clearly inconsistent with Attachment C at any time
during the regatta. Penalties will be; 1st occurrence, a warning. 2nd occurrence 3.5
points will be added to the Race Score for the race closest to the occurrence. 3rd or
subsequent occurrence, a hearing on shore which may lead to disqualification of
individuals or the team involved from any appropriate number of races or the entire
regatta. This action will be taken under D2.3 (g).
158
Sailing Instructions
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• 1.4 Add new rule D 1.1(f) when a boat completes a leg of the course in accordance with
C7.2(c) she is not permitted to return to that leg.
159
Sailing Instructions
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |160
Rule 42
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• You see a competitor adjust the standing rigging
• You clearly signal a boat with a penalty and a red flag but they sail on
• You observe a slow recall signal on the RC boat and then a red flag on a boat
• A boat taking a penalty on a run does two tacks but only one gybe
• You think a boat touches a mark and her opponent yells out “they touched the mark”.
• You see the crew all go to leeward then back to windward the boat rolls to windward propelling the
boat forward breaking an overlap, almost immediately the boat slows down
• You see a protest flag on one of your boats 30-40 seconds after an incident
• You have a protest flag in an incident where there is contact and you cannot agree on which boat
was at fault
• Competitor shouts – my tiller is broken
• A boat displays a yellow flag one minute before the start
• A boat displays a yellow flag after the start of a race.
161
Procedural Issues – Team Racing
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• You see a right of way boat ‘deliberately’ hit another boat.
• You see a competitor miss out a mark.
• A competitor interferes with a boat on another leg of the course and is protested by a red flag.
• A boat is given a penalty but still makes a big gain.
• You penalise a boat – they shout “What was that for?”
• You see contact but not sure if there is damage and there is no protest flag
• You have an incident between one of your boats and a boat in another race; the other
umpires are not in a position to see the incident and you are sure that the boat in the other
race was in the wrong, what should you do?
• Competitor shouts – that was a lousy call.
• You think a boat touches a mark and her opponent yells out “they touched the mark”.
162
Procedural Issues – Team Racing
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |163
Critical Calls for Umpires
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |164
Calls from the ISAF Call Book
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Umpires come into contact with many different groups and different people at an event.
165
Relationships
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |166
Relationships
Umpire Seminar
• Competitors• Race Committee/Pro• Organising Authority• Organisers• ISAF Tech delegates• Measurers• Sponsors• Host club, officials, members, staff and
volunteers• Coaches & Team managers• Parents• Boat repair team (Racing and Umpire
boats)• International Jury/Protest Committee• Public – Ashore/Afloat• Hosts
• Press – media
• Commentators
• Spectators
• Boat Owners – umps, race, committee,
spectators
• Other Umpires
• Chief Umpire
• Observers
• Other event competitors
• Emergency services
• Coast Guard/Harbour Authorities
• Boat Suppliers
• Catering
• Partners – umpires/others
• Other water users
• Local dignitaries
Australian Sailing |167
Relationships
Umpire Seminar
• Hosts and other providers (boats etc)
• Best summarised as … want to be invited back.
• Leave boats in good, clean condition
Australian Sailing |168 Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing
Accreditation Policy
Australian Sailing |
• AS Accreditation Process.
• Gaining Experience
HOW TO BECOME AN UMPIRE
Umpire Seminar 169
Australian Sailing |
Club Umpire Criteria
• Current member of their club
• Agree to the “Code of Conduct for Officials”
• Attended an Australian Sailing race officer seminar in the past 4 years
or
• Nominated by their affiliated club
170
Umpire Accreditation
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
State or National Umpire Criteria
• Current member of their club.
• Agree to the “Code of Conduct for Officials”.
• Attended an Australian Sailing race officer seminar in the past 4 years.
• Exam pass
• Performance Assessment pass.
• Events Experience:
– State; Have acted as an Umpire in at least four Team Racing or Match Racing Events.
– National; Have acted as an Umpire in at least four National (or three State and two National) Team
Racing or Match Racing Events
171
Umpire Accreditation
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Maintain a high level of understanding and application of the rules, procedures and
Australian Sailing policies;
• Ensure that each decision or action taken is based upon the rules and principles of
fairness and objectivity, and is made with care and without prejudice;
• Uphold the confidentially of committee and jury deliberations during and after the
regatta;
• Be polite, courteous, open-minded, and patient with colleagues, competitors, regatta
officials, team officials, coaches and hosts, and to respect cultural differences;
• Declare, without delay, any apparent conflict of interest which may arise;
172
AUSTRALIAN SAILING OFFICIALS’ CODE OF CONDUCT
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |
• Arrive at the event in adequate time and remain until after all duties are completed;
• Incur only expenses that are necessary, and when expenses are reimbursed, to claim
only legitimate and essential out-of-pocket costs;
• Maintain high standards of behaviour and good manners, including being on time,
wearing appropriate clothing, refraining from inappropriate smoking, and maintaining
only a moderate consumption of alcohol (total avoidance before important decision
making)
• Agree to the Australian Sailing Membership Protection Policy
173
AUSTRALIAN SAILING OFFICIALS’ CODE OF CONDUCT
Umpire Seminar
Australian Sailing |174
Australian Sailing Umpire Exam
Umpire Seminar
• Multiple choice
• 40 questions
• 60 minutes
• Closed book
• 75% pass mark national, 65% club
• Cannot re-sit the test within 6 months
• Must re-sit and pass the test for re-accreditation
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On-Water Assessments
Umpire Seminar
Assessment Guidelines for Club and National Umpire:
• A candidate meets the criteria for National level if they demonstrate the competency
listed most to nearly all of the time.
• A candidate meets the criteria for Club level if they demonstrate the competency
listed at some to most of the time.
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Criteria
Umpire Seminar
• Rules Application
• Anticipation
• Boat Handling
• Observation
• Communication
• Temperament and Behavior
• Physical Fitness
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Rules Application
Umpire Seminar
• Did the Candidate demonstrate good understanding of definitions affecting on-the-water rules?
• Did the Candidate identify the right of way boat?
• Did the Candidate identify a boats basic obligations and opportunities?
• Was the Candidate able to identify the precise moment of rule transition?
• Did the Candidate recognise the principle of rule 15 and 16?
• Was the Candidate able to correctly identify breaches of rule 42?
• Was the Candidate able to identify obstructions when relevant and when these rules come into force?
• Is the Candidate able to call and process multiple incidents occurring in rapid succession? (CU not required)
• Does the Candidate understand protest committee procedures? (CU not fully required)
• The Candidate possesses the appropriate Rules knowledge (for cases, calls on the water and debriefings?)
• Does the Candidate apply rules, cases and calls correctly
• Did the Candidate make consistent decisions?
• Did the Candidate understand and correctly implement Candidate-initiated, red-flag, double and twin penalties?
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Anticipation
Umpire Seminar
• Understands and predicts manoeuvres such as: covering, lee bow tack, luffing,
overlaps at marks/ obstructions, prestart ,tacking/gybing around marks, specialist
match or team racing moves.
• Able to state the options for the next 10 seconds and to identify the most likely
option
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Boat Handling
Umpire Seminar
• Is able to operate small power boats. First preparation, leaving/returning to
mooring/dock, going to and returning from the course safely.
• Is able to re- fuel a range of boats with the correct fuel.
• Passengers must never be at risk, minimum rushing around.
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Observation
Umpire Seminar
• Identifies the correct boat.
• Concentrates on own issue, avoiding other issues when these are distracting.
• Spots issues from boats racing - red flags - breakdowns .
• Observes relevant race committee actions - start sequence, recalls, course
changes.
• Observes other matches.
• Notes when other Umpires require assistance.
• Is able to act as a reliable witness for any post - race hearings.
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Communication
Umpire Seminar
• Does the Candidate speak the key facts, rule transitions and decisions concisely as they
occur?
• Is the Candidate a good listener and take account of fellow Candidate’s opinions and
observations?
• Does the Candidate use internationally acceptable terminology?
• Does the Candidate give and receive calls (arm and radio) to/from other Candidate boats?
• Did the Candidate demonstrate proper use of radio, including procedures and response to
calls?
• Was the Candidate able to clearly describe most incidents after the match, both afloat and
ashore?
• Is the Candidate able to communicate clearly and calmly with fellow-Candidates,
competitors and organisers? (SU - not required)
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Temperament and Behaviour
Umpire Seminar
• Accepts ISAF rules and calls and complies with ISAF code of conduct. Pulls own
weight within the team. Keeps calm under stress, able to make and signal timely,
accurate decisions. Handles post - race de-briefs in a manner that encourages
learning and improvement for self, other Umpires and competitors. Is able to
maintain good relations with Umpires, organisers and race committee. Keeps to
time. Has respect for other people's property (umpiring equipment, yachts, etc.) and
treats accordingly. No alcohol until the work of the day is done. No unauthorised
communication with the media. No prejudice to any competitors - either negative or
positive.
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Physical Fitness
Umpire Seminar
• Is the Candidate able to spend long days on the water in small boats in bad
conditions and maintain focus?
• Is the Candidate mobile enough to transfer between small boats afloat in moderate
conditions and able to stand in good position to Umpire?
• Is the candidate’s hearing, eyesight and voice adequate to function as an Umpire?
• Is the Candidate able to participate and contribute in meetings and debriefings after
long days on the water?
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Boat Positioning
Umpire Seminar
• Either while driving (mandatory) or directing (optional).
• Correct distance and angle from the boats
• Rapid response when out of position.
• Low level of interference with any match.
• Is able to follow the basic position plan, modifying when appropriate.
• Smooth transition between scenarios.
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Sample Exam Questions
Umpire Seminar
• Either while driving (mandatory) or directing (optional).
• Correct distance and angle from the boats
• Rapid response when out of position.
• Low level of interference with any match.
• Is able to follow the basic position plan, modifying when appropriate.
• Smooth transition between scenarios.
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Discussion and Questions
Umpire Seminar
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Seminar Conclusion
Umpire Seminar
Finish
Go out and have Fun
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