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Insightful Exploration of Brihat Panchamula from Brahatrayi and
Nighantu
Dr.Bhavna Gupta: Junior resident, Dept. of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda , IMS,
BHU Varanasi
Dr.Daneshwari Kanashetti: PhD scholar, Dept. of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda,
IMS, BHU Varanasi
Prof.Anil Kumar Singh: Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna, Faculty of Ayurveda, IMS
BHU Varanasi
Abstract- The word Mishraka means combination of two or more than two drugs, the
drugs possessing similar akriti(Morphology), guna(qualities) and karma(Pharmacological
activity) are categorized under Mishraka Gana or Mishraka varga. Brihat panchamula is
the group of root of five trees namely Bilva (Aegle marmelos Corr.), Agnimantha
(Premna integrifolia Linn.), Tuntuka (Oroxylum indicum Vent.), Patala (Stereospermum
suaveolens DC.) and Kashmarya (Gmelina arborea Roxb.). Susruta Samhita is the first
treatise to elucidate Mahat or Brihat Panchamula with its properties and action. Charaka
has used the word Mahat Panchamula and Bilvadi Panchamula instead of Brihat
Panchamula in various contexts; he incorporated Brihat Panchamula dravya in
Sothahara mahakashaya. Vagbhata narrated Mahat or Brihat Panchamula in Aushadha
varga of Annaswarupa vigyaniya adhyaya. The drugs of Brihat Panchmula are common
ingredients of various vatahara and kaphahara formulations in all the three texts, later
upcoming writers of Nighantu enumerated same properties as explained by Sushruta
without any major differences. Root/Root bark of the plants are especially used in
medicine, even though all the parts of plants are edible for clinical use. Distinct
synonyms are introduced by acharyas for all the drugs that reveal the morphology,
properties and actions of drugs. Mode of action of Brihat Panchamula dravya is based
on their rasa panchaka that reveals its vata kaphahara property hence indicated in
number of diseases of Vata and Kapha origin like Shawasa, kasa, Shotha etc. A detailed
scrutiny of ayurvedic texts was carried out from Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbhata
Samhita regarding explanation of Brihat Panchamula, botanical identity, habit,
properties, inclusion of drugs of Brihat panchamula in various mahakashaya and gana in
Brahatrayi, formulations of Brihat Panchamula with specific indications are summarized.
Mukt Shabd Journal
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In addition to this Availability, Substitution and Adulteration, Pharmacological properties
of Brihat Panchamula are also narrated in present article.
Keywords: Mishraka varga, Brihat Panchamula, Mahat Panchamula.Dashamula
Introduction- Innumerable number of herbal plants are used in medicine, it is
exhausting to study them as a single plant/drug in terms of morphology, properties and
action. As yet for the purpose of better understanding many plants having similar
swarupa(morphological features), guna(properties) and karma(actions) are grouped
under the heading of mishraka vargikarana. Combining drugs for the purpose of
desired action may be another reason for incorporating the concept of mishraka
vargikarana. Mishraka implies groups of dravya/plants having similar morphological
characters or functions, hence they are grouped in the form of gana. The word gana
means group of dravya/substances. Acharya Sushruta has described this type of groups
of dravya in the classification under the umbrella of Mishraka vargikarana1. Raja
nighantu also included Mishrakadi varga in his 23 varga2. Sushruta has described
classification of drugs while mentioning the Karmatmaka vargikarana (drugs possessing
similar action are grouped under the same heading) as Dashamula3, Triphala4 etc.
Dashamula includes Brihat Panchamula and Laghupanchamula. It is estimated that more
than 10,000 M. tones of plant raw drugs belonging to Dashmula group is being
consumed every year by Indian herbal industry contributing to nearly ~Rs. 500 crore
(~USD 1 billion) turnover through the sale of herbal formulations containing this group
of medicinal plants5. Brihatpanchamula is a set of roots of five trees namely Bilva,
Agnimantha, Tuntuka, Patala and Kashmarya. Acharya Charaka included Brihat
panchamula dravya in Shothahara mahakashaya6. These groups of drugs can be studied
under the headings namely Audbhidadravya(plant origin drugs), Jangama dravya(animal
origin drugs), Parthivadravya(mineral drugs)7.
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Materials and Methods
A detailed scrutiny of ayurvedic texts is carried out from Charaka, Sushruta and
Vagbhata samhita. All Nighantu are screened for description of Brihat panchamula.
Botanical identity and habit of 5 trees are as given in table 1. Properties of Brihat
Panchamula drugs are provided in table 2 as per Dravyaguna vigyana. Inclusion of
drugs of Brihat panchamula in various mahakashaya and gana in Brahatrayi are
summarized in table 3. Formulations of Brihat Panchamula mentioned in brahatrayi
texts with specific indications are tabulated in table 4, 5, 6 and 7 referred from Charaka,
Sushruta and Vagbhata Samhita respectively.
Table-1; Plants of Brihat Panchamula with their botanical identification and Habit8
Plant Name Botanical Name Family Habit
Bilva Aegle marmelos Corr
Rutaceae Tree
Agnimantha Premna integrifolia Linn.
Verbenaceae Large shrub
or small tree
Tuntuka(Syonaka) Oroxylum indicum Vent.
Bignoniacea
e
Large
deciduous
tree
Patala Stereospermum suaveolens
DC
Bignoniacea
e
Large
deciduous
tree
Kashmarya(Gamb
hari)
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae Small tree
Table-2; Properties of Brihat Panchamula drugs
Drugs Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka
Bilva9 Kashaya, Tikta Laghu,Ruksha Ushna Katu
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Agnimantha10 Tikta, Katu, Kashaya,
Madhura
Laghu,Ruksha Ushna Katu
Syonaka11 Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya Laghu,Ruksha Ushna Katu
Patala12 Kashaya, Tikta Laghu,Ruksha Ushna Katu
Gambhari13 Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya Guru Ushna Katu
Table-3; Inclusion of drugs of Brihat panchamula in various mahakashaya and
gana in Brahatrayi.
Drugs Charaka Samhita
(Mahakashaya)14
Sushruta Samhita
(Gana)15
Astanga Hridaya
(Gana)16
Bilva Arshoghna,
Asthapanopaga,
Anuvasanopaga,
Sothahara
Varunadi,
Ambasthadi,
Brihatpanchamula
Varunadi,
Ambasthadi
Agnimantha Anuvasanopaga,
Sothahara,
Shitaprashamana
Varunadi, Viratarvadi,
Brihatpanchamula
Varunadi,
Viratarvadi
Syonaka Anuvasanopaga,
Purishasangrahaniya,
Sothahara,
Shitaprashamana,
Ambasthadi,
Brihatpanchamula
Viratarvadi
Vataghna
Patala Sothahara Aragvadadi,
Brihatpanchamula,
Adhobhagahara
Vataghna
Gambhari Virechanopaga, Sarivadi, Vataghna
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Dahaprashamana,
Sothahara
Brihatpanchamula
Brihat panchamula in Charaka Samhita
Charaka has used the word Mahat Panchamula and Bilvadi Panchamula instead of
Brihat panchamula in various contexts. He included same drugs in Dvipanchamula and
Sothahara Mahakashaya. He has mentioned Patala, Agnimantha, Syonaka, Bilva,
Kashmarya in Brahma rasayana along with other 4 panchamula (Lagu Panchmula,
Punarnavadi Panchmula, Jivaniya Panchmula). Chakrapani designated Brihat
panchamula wherever Charaka mentioned Panchamula. There is no explanation
regarding properties of this group but there are references of its actions and indications
as mentioned below.
Table-4; Formulations of Brihat Panchamula mentioned in Charaka Samhita with
specific indications
Formulations Indication References
Bilvadipanchamula Sthaulya Ch.Su. 21/24
HaritakyadiRasayana Rasayanartha Ch.Chi.1/73
Prathama Brahmarasayana Rasayanartha Ch.Chi.1-1/33
Chyavanprash avaleha Kasa, Swasa, Hridyaroga Ch. Chi1-1/63
Panchapanchamula Ghrita Raktapitta Ch.Chi.4/96
Dashamula Ghrita Swarabheda roga Ch.Chi.8/97
Kamsaharitaki Amavata,Raktapitta,Amlapitta Ch.Chi.12/50
Panchakola Ghrita UdaraRoga, Gulma,Arsha Ch.Chi.13/113
Kwatha Vrana Ch.Chi.25/77
Niruhavasti Vatavyadhi Ch.Si.3/35
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Punarnavadi Niruhavasti Tridosharoga Ch.Si.3/65
Yavagu/Kwatha Marmaghata Ch.Si.9/8
Vasti Vatavyadhi Ch.Si.11/23
Baladivasti ………….. Ch.Si.11/34
Vasti(kwatha) Alasaka,Visuchika,Panduroga Ch.Si.12/18
Note: Ch.Su-Charaka sutrasthana; Ch.Chi-Charaka chikitsa sthana; Ch.Si-Charaka
siddhisthana
Brihat panchamula in Sushruta Samhita
Sushruta Samhita is the first treatise to elucidate Mahat or Brihat Panchamula with its
properties and actions. Drugs of this group possess Tikta, Kasaya and Madhura rasa,
Ushna Virya and Katu Vipaka. They act as Kapha Vata shamaka and Agnideepaka.
Table-5; Formulations of Brihat Panchamula mentioned in Sushruta Samhita with
specific indications
Formulations Indications References
Trivrtadi samshodaniyagana Virechana Su.Su.44/35
Satapakataila Vatavyadhi Su.Chi.4/29
Kshirataila Mahavatavyadhi Su.Chi.5/22
Taila Gudabhramsha Su.Chi.20/62
Dipikataila Karnagata roga Su. Utt.21/20
Kwatha Gulma, Apasmara, Grihani,
Plihashoola
Su. Utt.36/5,
42/31
Kwatha Su.Ut.43/11,
55/46
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Note: Su.Su-Sushruta sutrasthana; Su.Chi-Sushruta chikitsasthana; Su.Utt-Sushruta
uttaratantra
Brihat panchamula in Asthanga Hridaya
Vagbhata described Mahat or Brihatpanchamula in Aushadha varga of Annaswarupa
vigyaniya adhyaya. The drugs possess Kashaya, Tikta rasa and Ushna virya. They act as
KaphaVatahara. Vagbhata used same group of drugs in various formulations according
to different dosha conditions17.
Table-6; Formulations of Brihat Panchamula mentioned in Asthanga Hridaya
Samhita with specific indications
Formulations Indications References
Kwatha Sthaulya A.H.Su14/23
Kwatha HridyaRoga A.H.Chi 6/27
Kwatha Gudabhramsha A.H.Chi 9/53
Ghrita Vataja Gulma A.H.Chi 14/23
Ghrita Yonivyapat,Gulma,Udararoga A.H.Chi 21/32
Taila Sleshmayukta Vata A.H.Chi 21/64
KshiraVasti Pittavrata Vata A.H.Chi22/25
Kwatha Pittavrata Vata A.H.Chi22/56
Yavagu Shoola,Vibandha,Anaha A.H.Ka3/14
NiruhaVasti Vataroga A.H.Ka4/4
Vasti Panduroga,Vishuchika,Kapharoga A.H.Ka 4/34
Ghrita Balaroga,Grahanashaka,Agnidipaka A.H.Utt3/51
Mahapanchagavya Ghrita Arsha,Kamala,Panduroga A.H.Utt7/19
Taila Vataja karnashoola A.H.Utt18/4
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Note: A.H.Su-Asthanga Hridaya sutrasthana; A.H.Chi- Asthanga Hridaya chikitsasthana;
A.H.Ka- Asthanga Hridaya kalpasthana; A.H.Utt- Asthanga Hridaya uttaratantra
Table-7; Formulations of Brihat Panchamula mentioned in Astanga Sangraha
Samhita with specific indications
Formulations Indications References
Kwatha Sthaulya A.S.Su24/15
Ghrita Jwara A.S.Chi2/7
Ghrita Rajayakshma A.S.Chi7/21
Kwatha Chardhi,Hridyaroga,Trishna A.S.Chi8/21
Taila Gudabhramsha A.S.Chi11/22
Kwatha Grahani A.S.Chi12/18
Taila/ Ghrita Kustha A.S.Chi21/3
Note: A.S.Su-Asthanga Sangraha sutrasthana; A.S.Chi- Asthanga Sangraha chikitsasthana;
Review in Nighantu
Kaiyadeva Nighantu18, Dhanwantari Nighantu19, Raja Nighantu, Madanapala Nighantu,
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu have narrarated Brihat Panchamula in a broader aspect.
Shodhla Nighantu used word Tintuka for Syonaka and Sriparni for Gambhari. Kaiyadeva
Nighantu has used the term Tarkari for Agnimantha. Bhavprakasha Nighantu has used
different Synonyms as Sriphala for Bilva, Sarvatobhadra for Gambhari and Ganikarika for
Agnimantha. Dhanwantri Nighantu described the properties of Brihat Panchmula under
Dashamula. Madanadi Nighantu has mentioned this group under the heading of
Dashamula. Saushruta Nighantu has only mentioned names of Brihat Panchamula
drugs. This group of plants are indicated in Sannipatajvara, Swasa, Kasa, Tandra,
Parshvashoola. Acharya Madanapala added mahatagnikari (increases agni) and Meda
Kapha Swasa Samirahari in the indications of Brihat Panchamula. Abhidhana Ratnamala,
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Asthanga Nighantu, Chamatkara Nighantu, Nighantu Shesha, Paryaya Ratnamala,
Rajavallabha Nighantu, Shivakosha Nighantu, Saraswati Nighantu, Siddhasara Nighantu
and Hridayadipaka Nighantu have not depicted Brihat Panchamula.
Useful part- As per classical texts (Samhita and Nighantu) root is the useful part of all
the five plants, the same is mentioned by official books like AFI part 1(Ayurvedic
Formulary of India) edition I. The same book of edition II suggests using of root and
stem bark.
Availability, Substitution and Adulteration
None of the authors mentioned substitute drug for Bilva, that suggests vast availability
of Bilva all over India. There are 2 types of Agnimantha Laghu (also called Tarkari) and
Vrddha Agnimantha which are identified as Clerodendron phlomidis Linn.f. and Premna
integrifolia Linn. respectively. Both belong to same family and possess similar
properties20. As per AFI part 1 Clerodendron phlomidis Linn.f. and Premna mucronata
Roxb. are substitute plants and according to 2nd part of same text it is mentioned that
Premna obtusifolia R. Br. and Premna mucronata Roxb. are substituent drugs. In API vol
3(Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India) it is mentioned that Clerodendron phlomidis Linn.f.
as the genuine botanical source of Agnimantha and accepted Premna integrifolia Linn.
and Premna mucronata Roxb. as substitutes for Agnimantha. Premna latifolia is
agnimantha bheda. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. as substitute for Syonaka and Trewia
nudiflora Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) as substitute for Gambhari mentioned by Bapalal Vaidya.
Chunekar explained Premna flavescens Ham. and Trewia nudiflora Linn. as substitutes for
Gambhari. Also, Gmelina asiatica Linn. as substitute of Gmelina arborea Roxb. Bhava
prakasha explained two types of Patala namely Patala and Sita patala with difference in
flower morphology but there is no variance in properties. Sita patala is also called as
Ghanta patala, botanically it is Stereospermum chelonoides DC.
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Pharmacological properties of Brihat panchamula as per recent research studies
1. Bilva possess various pharmacological activity like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-
diarrheal, antidiabetic, antiproliferative, analgesic, antiarthritic, anti-inflammatory
activity, cytoprotective effect, hepatoprotective effect, antifertility effect and
shows insects controlling property21.
2. Agnimantha Antinociceptive, antiarthritic, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-
inflammatory, antimicrobial, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, antiparasitic,
gastroprotective, cardioprotective, CNS depressant, hepatoprotective,
hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, longevity promoting and neuroprotective
activity22.
3. Patala possess various pharmacological activity like Antihyperglycemic and
Antioxidant Activities, Anti-inflammatory effect, Hepatoprotective activity and
Anticancer activity23.
4. Shyonaka possess anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, anticancer,
antioxidant, photo cytotoxic, antiproliferative, antiarthritic, antimicrobial,
antimutagenic and immunostimulant properties24.
5. Gambhari possess anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, diuretic,
hepatoprotective and antiepileptic properties25.
Discussion
Sushruta Samhita is the first treatise to elucidate Mahat or Brihat Pancamula with its
properties and actions. Drugs of this group possess Tikta, Kasaya and Madhura rasa,
Ushna Virya and Katu Vipaka. They act as Kapha Vata shamaka and Agnidipaka.
Charaka has used the word Mahat Panchamula and Bilvadi Panchamula instead of
Brihat Panchamula in various contexts. He included same drugs in Dvipanchamula and
Sothahara Mahakashaya. He has mentioned Patala, Agnimantha, Syonaka, Bilva,
Mukt Shabd Journal
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Kashmarya in Brahma rasayana along with other 4 panchamula. There is no explanation
regarding properties of this group. Vagbhata described Brihat panchamula in Aushadha
varga of Annaswarupa vigyaniya adhyaya. On screening various formulations of brihat
panchamula in Brahatrayi these were used mainly for Vata Kaphaja and tridoshaja
disorders and for rasayana purpose. Upcoming writers of Nighantu included same
properties as explained by Sushruta without any major differences, Dhanvantari
Nighantu added indications of Sannipata jvara, Swasa, Kasa, Tandra, Parshva shoola. All
the plants belong to brihat Panchamula group are trees possess Tikta Kashaya rasa,
Laghu Ruksha guna, Ushna virya and Katu vipaka. Regarding useful part of the plants
mula refers to roots, many authors mentioned to take roots but Bhava prakasha
mentioned that if the roots of trees cannot be possible to collect instead root bark of
trees can be taken. Problem of plant botanical identity, substitution and adulteration has
also crept in because some authors have treated taxonomic synonyms of the same plant
species as different botanical entity while a few have clubbed different species as one. At
present many market formulations contain Brihat panchamula drugs like
Dashamularistha etc.
Conclusion
Botanical identity can be as follows-Bilva is Aegle marmelos Corr, Agnimantha is Premna
integrifolia Linn, Paṭala is Stereospermum suaveolens DC, Syonaka is Oroxylum indicum
Vent, Gaṃbhari is Gmelina arborea Roxb. Root and stem bark can be used for medicinal
purpose. Mode of action of Brihat Pancamula dravya is based on their rasa pancaka.
Drugs of Brihat Pancamula are Ushna in virya and Laghu, Ruksha in Guna. Due to
Kashaya, Tikta Rasa Brihat Pancamula is Kapha Samaka and due to Ushna in virya it is
Vata Samaka and Agni deepaka and can be used in diseases like Svasa, kasa and Shotha.
This article helps researcher to analyze classical information and carry out further
research.
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