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CHAPTER
CONTENT
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2-1 Expressing past time: the simple past
2-2 Spelling of –ing and –ed forms
2-3 The principal parts of a verb
2-4 Common irregular verbs: a reference list
2-5 Regular verbs: pronunciation of –ed endings
2-6 Simple past and past progressive
2-7 Expressing past time: using time clauses
2-8 Expressing past habit: used to
CONTENTS
2
CHAPTER
CONTENT CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.
Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.
3
CHAPTER
CONTENT CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.
Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.
PRESENT TENSE
4
CHAPTER
CONTENT CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.
Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.
PAST TENSE
PRESENT TENSE
5
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
We graduated from college in 2010.
6
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.
(b) Adrianna studied for six hours last night.
7
CHAPTER
CONTENT
activities or situations
SIMPLE PAST began and ended in the past
(yesterday, last night, in 2007)
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.
(b) Adrianna studied for six hours last night.
8
CHAPTER
CONTENT
watch
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(c) They watched the movie last night.
(d) Alexandra answered the question yesterday.
+ ed = watched answer + ed = answered
9
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.
10
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.
(f) I understood most of the directions yesterday.
Irregular past:
sleep slept
understand understood
eat ate
11
CHAPTER
CONTENT
Simple past forms of be was and were
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(g) I was a lifeguard last summer.
(h) They were in Belgium last month.
12
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
STATEMENT I-You-She-He-It-We-They started
school last week.
REGULAR VERBS
NEGATIVE I-You-She-He-It-We-They did not start
school last week.
13
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
QUESTION
REGULAR VERBS
SHORT
ANSWER
I-you-she-he-it-we-they start
school last week?
Did
I-you-she-he-it-we-they did. Yes,
I-you-she-he-it-we-they didn’t. No,
14
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
STATEMENT
BE- VERB
NEGATIVE
I-She-He-It was home last week.
We-You-They were home last week.
I-She-He-It was not home last week.
We-You-They were not home last week.
15
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
QUESTION
BE- VERB
SHORT
ANSWER
I-she-he-it home last week? Was
we-you-they home last week? Were
I-she-he-it was.
we-you-they were.
Yes,
Yes,
I-she-he-it- wasn’t.
we-you-they weren’t.
No,
No,
16
CHAPTER
CONTENT
They _______ at the movies last night at 8:00.
2-1 LET’S PRACTICE
They ____ at the grocery store last night at 8:00.
weren’t
were
is
They were at the movies last
night at 8:00. ?
ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
17
CHAPTER
CONTENT 2-1 LET’S PRACTICE
This airplane was made
in 1625.
This airplane ______ made in 1625.
This airplane ___ made in 1943.
wasn’t
was
?
1943 is
ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
18
CHAPTER
CONTENT
ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
2-1 LET’S PRACTICE
Did Carla get a bad grade
on her test?
Carla ________ a bad grade on her test.
Carla ________ an excellent grade on her test.
didn’t get
got
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
get ?
19
CHAPTER
CONTENT
We are learning to speak English.
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
20
CHAPTER
CONTENT
smiled smiling smile
hoped hoping
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
-ing form: drop -e, add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
-e NO
-ed form: add -d
hope
(a)
21
CHAPTER
CONTENT
learn learning
helping help helped
learned
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
Two Consonants NO
add -ed
(b)
Two consonants
22
CHAPTER
CONTENT
heat heating heated
rained raining rain
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
Two Vowels
+ One Consonant
NO
add -ed
(c)
Two vowels + one consonant
23
CHAPTER
CONTENT
planning planned
stopping
plan
stopped stop
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel
+ One Consonant YES
add -ed
(d)
ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS
Double the consonant and
24
CHAPTER
CONTENT
visit
offering offered
visiting
offer
visited
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel
+ One Consonant
NO
add -ed
(e)
TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
First syllable stressed
25
CHAPTER
CONTENT
preferred prefer
admitting admitted
preferring
admit
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
add -ing
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel
+ One Consonant
YES
add -ed
(f)
TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
Second syllable stressed,
double the consonant
26
CHAPTER
CONTENT
played play
enjoying enjoyed
playing
enjoy
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
NO
keep the -y
(g)
vowel + -y
-y
27
CHAPTER
CONTENT
worried worry
studying studied
worrying
study
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
NO
-y + -ing
(h)
consonant + -y
-y
-i + -ed -y
28
CHAPTER
CONTENT
died die
tying tied
dying
tie
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB
-y + -ing
(i)
-ie
-ie
add -d
29
CHAPTER
CONTENT 2-2 LET’S PRACTICE
-ING form ________
rain
-ED form ________
raining
rained
30
CHAPTER
CONTENT 2-2 LET’S PRACTICE
-ING form _________
study
-ED form _________
studying
studied
31
CHAPTER
CONTENT 2-2 LET’S PRACTICE
-ING form _____ lie
-ED form _____
lying
lied
Please don’t
lie to me!
32
CHAPTER
CONTENT
They became friends.
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
33
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
SIMPLE FORM
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finish
hope
try
Simple Form
No final –s, –ed, or –ing
see
sing
go
34
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
SIMPLE PAST
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finished
hoped
tried
Simple Past
–ed for regular verbs
saw
sang
went
35
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
PAST PARTICIPLE
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finished
hoped
tried
Past Participle
–ed for regular verbs
seen
sung
gone
perfect tenses & passive
36
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finishing
hoping
trying
Present Participle
–ing for all verbs
seeing
singing
going
used with progressive tenses
37
CHAPTER
CONTENT
Somebody spent all my money.
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
38
CHAPTER
CONTENT
SIMPLE FORM: awake
SIMPLE PAST: awoke
PAST PARTICIPLE: awoken
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
39
CHAPTER
CONTENT
SIMPLE FORM: forget
SIMPLE PAST: forgot
PAST PARTICIPLE: forgotten
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
40
CHAPTER
CONTENT
SIMPLE FORM: shave
SIMPLE PAST: shaved
PAST PARTICIPLE: shaved/shaven
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
41
CHAPTER
CONTENT
SIMPLE FORM: throw
SIMPLE PAST: threw
PAST PARTICIPLE: thrown
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
42
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLE FORM: give
SIMPLE PAST: _____ gave
PAST PARTICIPLE: _____ given
43
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLE FORM: sit
SIMPLE PAST: ___ sat
PAST PARTICIPLE: ___ sat
44
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLE FORM: read
SIMPLE PAST: _______ read
PAST PARTICIPLE: _______ read
45
CHAPTER
CONTENT 2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS
talk/t/
She talked to me for an hour.
46
CHAPTER
CONTENT
voiceless sound + -ed /t/
(a) talked = talk/t/
stopped = stop/t/
hissed = hiss/t/
watched = watch/t/
washed = wash/t/
examples:
k
/k/ /p/
pp
,
2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS
47
CHAPTER
CONTENT
/k/ /s/ /ch/ /sh/ ,
voiceless sound + -ed /t/
(a) talked = talk/t/
stopped = stop/t/
hissed = hiss/t/
watched = watch/t/
washed = wash/t/
examples: /p/
ss
ch sh
, , ,
2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS
48
CHAPTER
CONTENT
voiced sound + -ed /d/
(b) called = call/d/
rained = rain/d/
lived = live/d/
robbed = rob/d/
stayed = stay/d/
examples:
ll
/l/ /n/
n
,
2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS
49
CHAPTER
CONTENT
voiced sound + -ed /d/
(b) called = call/d/
rained = rain/d/
lived = live/d/
robbed = rob/d/
stayed = stay/d/
examples: /l/ /n/ /v/
v
/b/
bb
all vowel sounds
y
, , , ,
2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS
50
CHAPTER
CONTENT
“t” or “d” + -ed / d/
(c) waited = wait / d/
needed = need / d/
t
d
e
e
e
2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS
51
CHAPTER
CONTENT 2-5 LET’S PRACTICE
behave__ 1. /t/
2. /d/
3. / d/
e
?
52
CHAPTER
CONTENT 2-5 LET’S PRACTICE
behave__ 1. /t/
2. /d/
3. / d/
e
/d/
53
CHAPTER
CONTENT 2-5 LET’S PRACTICE
plant___ ? 1. /t/
2. /d/
3. / d/
e
54
CHAPTER
CONTENT
plant___
2-5 LET’S PRACTICE
/ d/
e 1. /t/
2. /d/
3. / d/
e
55
CHAPTER
CONTENT
He ran to work yesterday. He was running when the bus drove by.
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
56
CHAPTER
CONTENT
THE SIMPLE PAST
X
(a) Edgar ran to work yesterday.
(b) Pat drove to work this morning.
began and ended at particular
time in the past
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
57
CHAPTER
CONTENT
THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
(c) Edgar was running when the bus drove by.
(d) They were eating when I got home.
in progress
was/were + -ing
X X
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
58
CHAPTER
CONTENT
THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
(e) When the bus drove by, Edgar was running.
(f) The bus drove by while Edgar was running.
when = at that time
while = during that time
X X
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
59
CHAPTER
CONTENT
was not talking.
wasn’t talking.
NEGATIVE
STATEMENT I-She-He-It was talking.
You-We-They were talking.
I-She-He-It
You-We-They were not talking. weren’t talking.
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
60
CHAPTER
CONTENT
QUESTION
SHORT
ANSWER
I-she-he-it talking ? Was
Yes,
No,
you-we-they talking ? Were
I-she-he-it was.
I-she-he-it wasn’t.
Yes,
No,
you-we-they were.
you-we-they weren’t.
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
61
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-6 LET’S PRACTICE
Yesterday, the camels ___________
in the desert.
walk
were walking
62
CHAPTER
CONTENT
At 8:00, we began to work.
At 8:30, we ____________.
work
were working
2-6 LET’S PRACTICE
63
CHAPTER
CONTENT
Marie __________ for the bus.
Marie _____________ for a plane.
was waiting wait
OR
wait, not
wasn’t waiting
2-6 LET’S PRACTICE
64
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
Our son called while we were using the computer.
65
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(a) After I exercised, I took a shower.
(b) I took a shower after I exercised.
(a) time clause main clause
time clause main clause
time clause main clause
66
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(a) After I exercised, I took a shower.
(b) I took a shower after I exercised.
(b) main clause time clause
time clause main clause
time clause main clause
67
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(c) I took a shower after I exercised.
(d) Before I took a shower, I exercised.
after
before
until
as soon as
while
when
subject
and verb
a time
clause + =
68
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(e) I exercised I took a shower.
(f) I exercised, I took a shower.
until = to that time and no longer
as soon as = immediately after
until
As soon as
69
CHAPTER
CONTENT
main clause + comma + time clause
When Mary came home, I was studying.
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(g) Mary came home I was studying.
(h)
while
time clause + comma + main clause
70
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
First: I rang the doorbell
Then: it played music
(i) When I rang the doorbell, it played music.
when allows simple past
in both clauses
71
CHAPTER
CONTENT
two actions at the same time
past progressive okay in both
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(j) She was learning to ski while he was
playing golf.
72
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 LET’S PRACTICE
While we ___________, our children
____________ school.
attend
work
were working
were attending
73
CHAPTER
CONTENT
Lynn _________ while she __________
a book.
fall asleep
was reading
read
fell asleep
2-7 LET’S PRACTICE
74
CHAPTER
CONTENT
First: I went shopping.
Then: I put the food away.
After _____________, ________________. I went shopping I put the food away
________________ after ______________. I went shopping I put the food away
2-7 LET’S PRACTICE
75
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
He used to be a baby, but now he is man with a family.
76
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(a) I used to swim every afternoon.
Now I work in the afternoon.
(b) Fatima used to play piano, but now
she plays the violin.
(c) Jasmine used to laugh, but she
doesn’t anymore.
used to past situations
no longer exist
used to + simple form of a verb
77
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(d) Did you used to swim every afternoon?
(OR Did you use to swim every afternoon?)
did + subject + used to
(OR did + subject + use to)
78
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(e) I didn’t used to swim every day, but
now I swim every afternoon.
(f) Fatima never used to love school, but
now she loves it.
For negative ideas,
never is more common.
79
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-8 LET’S PRACTICE
Correct?
The children used to swam in the ocean.
80
CHAPTER
CONTENT
The children used to swim in the ocean. The children used to swam in the ocean.
Correct? No
2-8 LET’S PRACTICE
81
CHAPTER
CONTENT
Correct?
Were you used to ask questions in school?
2-8 LET’S PRACTICE
82
CHAPTER
CONTENT
Correct?
Were you used to ask questions in school?
No
Did you used to ask questions in school?
2-8 LET’S PRACTICE
83
CHAPTER
CONTENT
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