View
212
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
INFECTION CONTROLUnit #8
Definition Infection Control: Efforts
designed to protect both the patient and care provider.
Infectious Disease: Any illness resulting from invasion of a host by disease producing organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
Microorganisms Also known as: microbes Small living plant/animal not visible
to naked eye Found everywhere in the
environment, including in/on human body
Many microbes exist on or within us and do not cause disease or infection (are called non-pathogens)
Microorganisms Microbes that cause
infection/disease are called pathogens
Some microbes can be beneficial (Normal Flora)in one body system & become pathogenic in another
(ex. E-coli- normal in large intestine, causes UTI in urinary)
Classifications of Microbes5 types:
Bacteria Protozoa Fungi Rickettsiae Viruses
1. Bacteria Simple one-celled organism that
can produce disease in a host, can multiply outside of cells on surfaces or objects.
Classified by shape and arrangement
Bacterium protected by a hard shell is called a spore
3 main types: cocci, bacilli, spirilla
Bacteria-Cocci Round/spherical in shape 3 types:
1. Diplococci-occur in pairs or 2 circles, causes gonorrhea, meningitis, & pneumonia
2. Streptococci-occur in chains, causes strep throat
3. Staphylococci-occur in clusters/groups, causes boils, wound infections & toxic shock, UTI’S
Streptococci Strep bacteria
Staphylococci Staphylococcus aureus
(wound)
Bacteria-Bacilli Rod shaped Occur singly, in pairs, or in chains Many have flagella(threadlike
projections like tails that allow them to move)
Ability to form spores or thick walled capsules(extremely difficult to kill while in spore form)
Can cause TB, tetanus, whooping cough, botulism
Bacillus Anthracis Anthrax with white blood cells
Bacteria-Spirilla Spiral or corkscrew in shape Include corkscrew spirochete Can cause syphilis and cholera
2. Protozoa One celled animals Found in decaying materials &
contaminated water Some are pathogenic & cause
malaria, amebic dysentery, Pneumocystis Carini Pneumonia (PCP), Trichomonas
Protozoa Plasmodium: Malaria
3. Fungi Simple plantlike organisms Live on dead organic matter Yeasts & molds are common
forms of pathogenic fungi Can cause ringworm, athlete’s
feet, & histoplasmosis (systemic respiratory infection)
4. Rickettsiae Parasitic microbe:1. Cannot live outside the cells of
another living organism2. Commonly found on fleas, ticks, &
mites3. Transmitted to humans by bites of
these insects4. Can cause typhus fever & Rocky
Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsiae Rocky Mountain Spotted
Fever
5. Viruses Smallest microbe-only visible with
electron microscope Cannot reproduce unless they are
inside another living cell Spread mainly from human to
human by blood & body secretions Very difficult to kill-resist most
disinfectants, not affected by antibiotics
Can cause common cold, flu, pneumonia, measles, chickenpox, herpes, warts, hepatitis B, HIV
Virus Hepatitis B virus
Factors Required for growth of Microbes
Warm environment Darkness-most are killed quickly in
sunlight Source of food & moisture Need for oxygen varies- aerobic(need
O2 to live) anaerobic(don’t need O2) Human body is ideal supplier of all of
these requirements
Pathogenic Microbes cause Infection/Disease
1. Some produce poisons (toxins) which harm the body
2. Some cause an allergic reaction resulting in watery eyes, runny nose & sneezing
3. Others attack & destroy the living cell they invade ( ex. Malaria invades RBC & causes it to rupture, HIV invades T-cells)
Chain of Infection Factors that must exist for disease
to occur. Includes: 1. Causative agent 2. Reservoir 3. Portal of exit 4. Means of transmission 5. Portal of entry 6. Susceptible host
Causative Agent /
Pathogen
Reservoir
Portal of Exit
Host
Transmission
Chain of Infection
Portal of Entry
Chain of Infection1. Causative agent- pathogen such
as bacteria or virus2. Reservoir place- where causative
agent lives. Common reservoirs include human body, animals, environment, and fomites ( objects contaminated with infectious material that contains the pathogens, i.e. pencil, desk, hand rail, etc.)
Chain of Infection A Human being or animal that is a
reservoir for microorganisms but is not ill with infection/disease is a carrier or host. (Example: HIV)
Chain of Infection3. Portal of exit- way for causative
agent to escape from the reservoir. Pathogens can leave the body through urine, feces, saliva, blood, tears, mucous discharge, sexual secretions & draining wounds
Chain of Infection4. Means of transmission- pathogen
must be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live.
Five main routes of transmission:1. Contact- direct/indirect2. Droplet- propelled short
distances through air (flu)3. Airborne- remain suspended in
air for long periods of time ( TB, measles, chicken pox)
Chain of Infection Five main routes of transmission:
4. Vectorborne – Insect bite (fleas/ticks)
5. Common Vehicle – pathogen transmitted through items such as surgical instruments, stethoscopes, blood pressure equipment, etc.
Routes of transmission:CONTACT
Contact: According to the CDC, this is the most frequent method of disease transmission in a hospital environment. Direct- direct contact transmission from one person to another through physical contact. Indirect- transmission from one person to another through an object such as contaminated hands or medical instruments (needle stick, dressings, patient care items).
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS Patients under contact precautions
should be placed in a private room or in a room with another patient who has the same infection. If this is not possible, patient placement will depend on the type of infection and an infection control expert should be consulted.
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS Gloves should be worn Change gloves after handling
potentially infective material Dispose of gloves before leaving
room. NEVER wear gloves in hallways or
outside patient’s room
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS A non-sterile gown should be worn
when entering the patient's room if clothing may be contaminated.
Remove before leaving patients room
Avoid touching contaminated areas with uniform/hands
CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
Patient movement should be limited, but if it is necessary, care should be taken not to contaminate other patients and surfaces.
Whenever possible, patient care equipment should be dedicated to a single patient or group of patients with the same infection. If this is not possible, the equipment must be carefully disinfected after each use.
Routes of transmission: DROPLET Droplet transmission - Occurs
when an infected patient expels droplets into the air and the droplets land in the nasal cavity, mouth, or conjunctiva. The droplets are generated from coughing, sneezing, talking, and by some medical procedures. When you sneeze, millions of tiny droplets are propelled from your mouth and nose.
The droplets fly through the air rather than remaining suspended in the air. Measles, mumps, rubella, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) can all be transmitted through droplet transmission. Almost all common diseases may be spread through droplet transmission.
Routes of transmission: DROPLET
DROPLET PRECAUTIONS
Placed in a private room Or room with patient who has the
same infection. Three foot separation between the
infected patient and other people It is not necessary to keep the door
closed. Health care personnel should wear
a mask and goggles The patient should wear a mask if
moved
Airborne transmission - when tiny particles containing pathogens remain suspended in the air for long periods of time.
Examples: Measles and chickenpox
Routes of transmission: AIRBORNE
One of the worst outbreaks of disease in human history was the influenza pandemic of 1918. Historians believe it began in America.
At least 21 million people died, and possibly as many as 50 million. Many of them drowned to death when fluid from the infection filled their lungs.
Some airborne pathogens can be spread in the wind, and affect huge areas.
AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS Placed in a private room or, if
necessary, OR: In a shared room with another
patient who has an active infection of the same type.
Door should be kept closed Air circulation system must prevent
spread of unfiltered air to other areas
Negative Air Pressure System Patient movement around the
facility should be minimized.
AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS If the patient must be moved, he or
she should wear an N95 mask.
Everyone entering the room should wear a N95 respirator.
Examples: pulmonary tuberculosis, chickenpox,
Vector-borne transmission A vector - organism that carries
pathogens from one host to another.
Examples: fleas, ticks, and rats. Malaria, yellow fever, and bubonic plague are all diseases that can be spread through vectors.
Common vehicle transmission This type of transmission occurs
when pathogens are spread to several hosts through a single contaminated item such as food, water, or surgical instruments.
Example E. coli spread through food.
Chain of Infection5. Portal of entry- way to enter a new
reservoir or host Different portals of entry:
Breaks in the skin or mucous membrane
Respiratory tract Digestive tract Genitourinary tract Circulatory system
Chain of Infection6. Susceptible host- individual who
can contract the disease Most susceptible- elderly,
newborns, persons with weak immune systems, persons with cancer
Humans become host when large numbers of pathogens invade the body and body defenses are weak
Breaking the Chain of Infection If any part of the chain can be
eliminated, the spread of disease/infection will be stopped
Follow practices to interrupt or break this chain (wash your hands)
Aseptic techniques Asepsis- absence of disease
producing microbes or pathogens Common aseptic techniques:
handwashing & good personal hygiene, using disposable gloves when contacting contaminated objects, proper cleaning of instruments & equipment
Handwashing: the single most effective way to prevent the spread of pathogens
Levels of aseptic control1. Antisepsis - prevent/inhibit the
growth of pathogenic organisms. Usually not effective against
spores & viruses Can be used on the skin Example; Alcohol & betadine
Levels of aseptic control2. Disinfection - process that
destroys or kills pathogenic organisms
Used mainly on objects not people
Not always effective against spores & viruses
Can irritate and damage the skin, Example; Bleach solutions
Levels of aseptic control3. Sterilization - process that destroys
all microorganisms both pathogenic and nonpathogenic.
Kills spores & viruses Steam under pressure, gas,
radiation, and chemicals can be used to sterilize objects
Autoclave is the most common piece of equipment used for sterilization
Infection control methods CDC (Center for Disease Control)
has identified 2 levels for infection control.Standard Precautions Transmission-Based Precautions
Goal: Keep pathogens within a specific area
Infection control methods Standard precautions: treat all
patients as though they may be infected.
Standard precautions combine the major features of :
1. Universal Precautions - reduces the risk of transmitting bloodborne pathogens
2. Body-Substance Isolation (BSI)- reduces the risk of transmitting pathogens from moist body substances
Standard Precautions Wash hands:
Before/after examining patients After contact with blood, body fluids &
contaminated items. Wear gloves: if there could be
contact with blood, body fluids, mucous membrane, or broken skin.
Remove gloves: Before going to another patient, wash hands and put on new gloves.
Wear a mask protective eyewear and gown: when splashes or sprays of body fluids are likely.
Standard Precautions Do not recap needles. EVER!
Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces including beds, bed rails, patient examination tables and bedside tables
Launder soiled linens and avoid direct contact with soiled items
Use oral rather than injectable medications whenever possible
Universal Precautions Universal Precautions - introduced
in 1985 as a response to the appearance of AIDS.
Treat all materials as though they are infected with diseases such as HIV or HBV.
Use gloves and gowns, masks and
eye protection during medical procedures.
Infection control methods Standard precautions include:1. Protective work practices -
handwashing, handling sharps, good hygiene
2. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) - gloves, gowns, face shields, masks
3. Protective housekeeping (disinfectants)
4. Protection: Hepatitis B vaccination
5. Exposure reporting
Infection control methods Transmission-Based Precautions are
used in addition to standard precautions.
Categories include airborne, droplet, contact
Place patient in private room Keep their door closed Wear masks & gloves to enter the
room, Move patient only for essential
purposes Have patient wear mask outside of
the room
So Go Out,SAVE LIVES
and FIGHT DISEASE!!
The END!
Recommended