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Infant Male Circumcision Infant Male Circumcision in Botswana as Part of Public in Botswana as Part of Public
HIV-Prevention EffortsHIV-Prevention Efforts
Rebeca M Plank, MDRebeca M Plank, MDBotswana-Harvard PartnershipBotswana-Harvard Partnership
10 June 201010 June 2010
World Health Organization
• WHO recommends neonatal circumcision should be a component of prevention campaigns since “neonatal circumcision is a less complicated and risky procedure than circumcision performed in young boys, adolescents or adults [and] countries should consider how to promote neonatal circumcision in a safe, culturally acceptable and sustainable manner (WHO / UNAIDS, 2007).”
Neonatal Circumcision: Safety
• 100,157 circumcised– 62 local infection
– 8 bacteremias
– 83 bleeding (3 transfusions)
– 20 surgical trauma
– 20 UTIs
– No deaths
• 35,929 uncircumcised– 88 UTIs
– 32 bacteremia
– 3 meningitis
– 2 renal failure
– 2 deaths
Wiswell et al. Pediatrics 1989;83(6):1011-5
Neonatal Circumcision: Safety and Sustainability
• Virtually bloodless• No sutures• Fast healing ~ 7-10
days• Low complication rate• No risk of sex before
healing• By the time an adult
decides, he may be infected
• No loss of time from school or work
• Infant circumcision about 1/10th cost and time– Cost versus discounted
savings:
Binagwaho PLoS Med 2010 19;7:e1000211
Cultural Acceptability: Botswana• Traditional until ~ 1900
in Mochudi, others
• Revived in 1975-1982
• Circumcisions done in hospital but expensive
• July 2009: 1300 initiates circumcised medically in 10 days– MOH helped with costs
• Will be repeated this year
Table 1
Married 10 (17%)
Single 50 (83%)
Religious Affiliation -
Christian 49 (82%)
None 11 (18%)
Highest Educational Level -
No education 3 (5%)
At least some primary education 6 (10%)
At least some secondary schooling 44 (73%)
At least some tertiary education 6 (10%)
Results• Fifty-seven (95%) women reported being tested for
HIV within the last year• Twenty-one (35%) reported being HIV+• Forty-six (77%) had previously heard that male
circumcision could affect a man’s chances of becoming infected with HIV
• Thirty-one (52%) said they thought male circumcision partially protected a man from being heterosexually infected with HIV
• Twenty-six (43%) thought male circumcision completely protected a man from being heterosexually infected with HIV
If it were available, would you be interested in having your new son circumcised at this
hospital by a trained doctor?1.7%
6.7%
91.7%
1
2
3
Yes (91.7%)
No (6.7%)
“Unsure” (1.7%)
Top 3 Reasons for Circ0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Protect him from future infections such as HIV (98%)
Protect him from bladder infections as an infant (82%)
Hygiene (71%)
Cultural, traditional or religious reasons (36%)
Personal preference (9%)
Conclusions / Discussion• Male infant circumcision appears to be highly
acceptable in Botswana• Protection from HIV / other infections appears
to be a major motivation• The exaggerated perception of the protective
benefit of MC and concerns about comfort and safety must be carefully addressed
• Assessment of the actual uptake, safety and sustainability of expanded infant MC services deserves urgent attention
Aims of Current Study1.Determine the acceptability by actual uptake of
infant male circumcision and identify barriers2.Estimate the feasibility and safety
– Primary outcomes will be rate of significant complications such as bleeding, infection or need for repeat procedure
3.Estimate what, if any, advantages would exist for sustainable scale up of Mogen Clamp versus Plastibell– Human resources, equipment needs, adverse
events and acceptability to parents and providers in Botswana
Gomco Clamp
Plastibell
Plastibell• Standard surgical
instruments• Visualize the glans
prior to procedure• Little risk of bleeding
• Retained ring– Infection (tissue)– Infection (bladder)
• Supply chain must be reliable
Mogen Clamp• No retained ring
• Higher theoretical risk of bleeding
• Could amputate part of glans
• Need sterilization or high level disinfection including water and limited by number of clamps
Aim 1: Actual Acceptability• 191/300 babies randomized• In Mochudi 100 mothers brought baby for
circumcision (85% of those interviewed and 71% of ALL mothers approached)
• In Gaborone 70 have brought baby for circumcision (42% of those interviewed and 19% of ALL mothers approached)
• 100% follow-up
Aim 2: Safety (100)
• Three cases of minor bleeding immediately following the procedure, all controlled with local pressure
• No local infections• No case of damage to urethra or glans• Study physician subjectively dissatisfied with 19
cases– All photos to be reviewed by two pediatric urologists
• One case of retained Plastibell removed at day 17 without sequelae
Aim 3: Sustainability• One infant death day of life 3
– Reviewed by 5 regulatory bodies – Thought due to neonatal sepsis NOT related to
circumcision
• Infant health and implications for scale-up– < 28 days risk neonatal death– > 28 days risk bleeding– > day 1 risk of not returning– < 4 weeks exclude those observing
confinement– < day ? exclude out of hospital births
Future Directions: Arm 3
• Like the Plastibell, there is a “bell” that protects the glans. – There is also an
adjustable foreskin holder that allows positioning and repositioning PRN
• The device acts as the clamp and blade– The blade is retained
within the device (self-destructs) and prevents reuse
Future Directions: Arm 3 +• The AccuCirc comes in a self-contained kit
– Simplifies supply chain
• No parts are retained
• All items are one-time use (no sterilizing)
+ These design advantages make it an excellent candidate for task shifting as midwives, nurses and clinical officers could easily learn to perform the procedure safely
Take Home Points• Neonatal circumcision is acceptable
– Acceptability can increase with education– Begin active process in ANC
• Neonatal circumcision is safe– Plastibell will require active follow-up and well
prepared primary providers
• Sustainability will depend on timing of procedure with regard to local infant mortality and increased likelihood of follow-up
• UNAIDS / WHO Review completed
The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago. The next best time is now.
Thank you
Thank you• Shahin Lockman• Nnamdi Ndubuka• Joseph Makhema• Janet Mwambona• Fatima Hussein• Ali Ali• Poloko Kebaabetswe• Chiapo Lesetedi• Mompati Mmalane
• HUPA• CFAR• PEPFAR / BOTUSA / CDC• NIH K23-AI-084579• ASTMH / Burroughs Wellcome
• Jane Magetse• Magdeline Mabuse• Maggie Ngkau • Max Essex• Roger Shapiro• David Bangsberg• Ron Bosch• Daniel Halperin• Barbara Bassil
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