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Unit 13 – Taxonomy
In this unit, the summary is shown in blue, and the underlined words are vocabulary; the animation and video
hyperlinks are shown in orange.
http://assets.natgeotv.com/Shows/10406.jpg
Hello, my name is
Gulo gulo[in English, wolverine]
TPS How would you classify your shoes? If you had to create a cladogram [see below] to
show the evolution of shoes, how would you do it?
Shoe Sort
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Identical_cladograms.svg/250px-Identical_cladograms.svg.png
When you go shopping in the grocery store, similar items are often placed on the same aisle. Why? They are most often related to each other.
In science, classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities.
Introduction
What is taxonomy?Textbook Reference pg. 443
Scientists classify the diverse number of organisms on the planet in order to learn and study from them into hierarchical groups (from general to more specific categories).
In this unit you will learn how scientists classify living things; the science of taxonomy.
Who was Carl von Linne? Textbook Reference pg. 444
Von Linne [AKA Carolus Linnaeus] was the Swedish biologist who in the mid-1700’s developed the biological system of classification. ◦7 taxonomic levels [or
taxa] ◦kingdom to species
http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/images/linne06d.jpg
Binomial Nomenclature Textbook Reference pg. 444
Scientists give animals Latin/Greek names in classification which consists of two parts:◦genus + species [specific epithet].
Often use Latin because it is universal [worldwide] and not widely spoken, therefore, the meaning is not likely to change.
In Latin, nomenclatura = ◦nomen "name"+ calare "to call"
EX Tyrannosaurus rex translates to “tyrant lizard” and “king.”
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http://hqwalls.org/t_rex_dinosaur_wallpaper-wallpapers.html
Always in italics Genus name is
written 1st, capitalized
Species name is written 2nd, NOT capitalized
EX scientific names◦Homo sapiens
(modern man)◦Felis domesticus
(common housecat)
Binomial Nomenclature Cont.
http://www.unmaskingevolution.com/images/imaginative.gif
Purpose for Classification1. A Latin name eliminates confusion caused by
regional name differences.◦ EX crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all
common names for….◦ Cambarus bartoni
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◦Mountain lion, panther, cougar and puma are all common names for...
◦Felis concolor
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Purpose cont.2. organizes large amounts of information3. Classification also reveals (or shows)
evolutionary relationships between organisms
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Phylogenetic_Tree_of_Life.png
Evolutionary Classification Textbook Reference pg. 452
Phylogeny – evolutionary relationships among organisms
Biologists now group organisms according to phylogeny (lines of evolutionary descent), not just physical characteristics.
Create a mnemonic to remember the sequence of taxons from general to specific◦D◦K◦P◦C◦O◦F◦G◦S
Mnemonic Foldable
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_DiCeGX2-bR8/TKI_zgN01QI/AAAAAAAAAFs/myAAROvR-80/s1600/Taxanomy+5.5.2.JPG
Modern Levels of Classification Textbook Reference pg. 449
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/entomology/images/p4large.gif
What is domain? Textbook Reference pg. 1073
Domain is the most recently added 8th taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive than a kingdom.
There are three domains shown above. ◦Two are prokaryotic, one is for eukaryotes.
Domains in the News
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Archaea
Eukarya
Bacteria
Domains Cont.
Three domains of life:◦Archaea & Bacteria contain only
prokaryotes. ◦Eukarya contains all eukaryotes.
Take notes from the following slides in a Venn diagram.
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Domain Archaea Members of the domain Archaea are bacteria
[prokaryotes] that live in very extreme environments (hot volcanic springs, black organic mud, etc) and many can only survive in the absence of oxygen!
Archaea were first found in extreme environments, such as volcanic hot springs.
Pictured here is Grand Prismatic Spring of Yellowstone National Park.
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Regular everyday bacteria [prokaryotes] belong to domain Bacteria.
EX Salmonella
Domain Bacteria
According to the Mayo Clinic there are more than 2,000 strains of salmonella bacteria, but only a dozen or so make people sick. Salmonella is most often contracted by eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs. Image
Domain Eukarya All of the organisms
that have a nucleus [eukaryotes] are included in Domain Eukarya.
This domain includes a variety of life forms in 4 kingdoms:◦Protist◦Fungi◦Plant ◦Animal
Domain Animation
http://www.biocentrum.dtu.dk/upload/institutter/bic/biocentrum/studievalg/his_archaea_fot3_380.jpg
When organisms are newly discovered, they are identified, sorted, and categorized into one of the three domains.
Basis of classification:1. Type of cell2. Number of cells3. Mode of nutrition Take notes from the
following slides in your NovaMind App.
The Six Kingdoms Textbook Reference pg.
454-455
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Prokaryote Eukaryote Unicellular = one-celled Multicellular = many-celled Autotroph = “self-feeder”, photosynthetic or
chemosynthetic Heterotroph = “different-feeder”, consumer
or decomposer Motile = organism moves Sessile = stationary, does not move
Relevant Kingdom Vocabulary
Prokaryotic Kingdoms Textbook Reference pg.
456-457 Eubacteria – bacteria common to “YOU” and me◦Cell Type: Prokaryotic, Unicellular◦Energy: Autotrophic and heterotrophic
Archae bacteria – live in harsh environments (highly salty or acidic, high temperatures) ; mostly anaerobic w/out oxygen◦Prokaryotic◦Unicellular◦Autotrophic only
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Kingdom Protist Textbook Reference pg. 457-458; Ch. 19
Protist – lack complex organ systems; require moist environments; first appeared in the fossil record 200 million years ago!
◦ Eukaryotic w/ cell walls◦ Unicellular & Multicellular◦ Autotrophic &
heterotrophic EX amoebas, algae, kelp
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Slime Mold = Protist
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-360Hzs1e75w/TaiqOZ0s7MI/AAAAAAAAAC4/xUXmW6Q6qoY/s1600/Slime_mold%2528ms-07%2529.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Slime_Mold_On_Deadwood.JPG
Kingdom Fungi Textbook Reference pg. 458; Ch.
20
Fungi – EX Molds, mildews, and mushrooms; first appeared in the fossil record 400 million years ago!◦Eukaryotes w/ cell walls
of chitin◦Unicellular &
multicellular◦Heterotrophic
decomposers
http://www.shutterfreaks.com/albums2/album225/mushroom.jpg
Black Mold = Fungus
http://howtobuildahouseblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Black-Mold.jpg
What caused the Salem Witch Trials?
n 1692 some teenage girls in Salem, Massachusetts, accused a West Indian slave named Tituba and two white women of practicing witchcraft. By April the girls began to denounce others as witches, including a former minister. In total close to 150 people were accused.
"Both women and men, such as George Jacobs, stood trial for witchcraft in Salem, 1692." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: Government and Politics. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2008. U.S. History In Context. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.
Plants – oxygen producers; create their food using photosynthesis (thus the green color). ◦Non-motile (do not move)◦Eukaryotes w/ cell walls of cellulose◦Multicellular◦Autotrophs
EX mosses, ferns, flowering and cone-bearing plants
Kingdom Plants Textbook Reference pg. 458-
459; Ch. 21
Kingdom Animal Textbook Reference pg. 459;
Ch. 25 Animals - At the
microscopic level, animal cells are different; they do NOT have cell walls.◦Eukaryotes◦Multicellular◦Heterotrophs
EX sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, humans
http://www.mccullagh.org/db9/d30-2/jellyfish-7.jpg
Dichotomous Key Taxonomists have
dichotomous keys to help to identify organisms; a guide.
A dichotomous key consists of several pairs of descriptive statements to help identify an unknown organism.
Dichotomous key animation
http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/critter/watercritter/images/keymap_template.gif
What is a cladogram? Textbook
Reference pg. 452
Derived characters – characteristics found in recent parts of a lineage through cladistics; used to construct cladograms.
Cladograms show evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.
Caldogram animationCrab BarnacleLimpet
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
VISIBLE SIMILARITIES
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