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7/24/2019 IMP BIKANER as Case Study
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Chapter 10
Bikaner as case study
The di st r i ct of Bi kaner l i es al most at t he nor t hern
most edge of t he deser t . I t i s bounded on t he nor t h
east by Ganganagar di st r i ct by t he di st r i ct of
Chur u on t he east , J odhpur and Nagaur on t he sout h
and J ai sal mer on t he sout hwest . I t l i es al ong t he
Paki st an bor der on t he west .
The di st r i ct t akes i t s name f r om i t s capi t al , t he
ci t y of Bi kaner , t he set t l ement f ounded by Rao Bi ka
i n 1488. I t i s sai d t hat t he spot on whi ch t he ci t y
st ands was t he bi r t hr i ght of a J at cal l ed Ner a. Who
onl y gave i t up on condi t i on t hat hi s name was
l i nked wi t h t hat of Bi ka and hence t he wor d Bi ka-
ner . The sur f ace of t he count r y i s f or t he most
par t cover ed wi t h undul at i ng sand hi l l s, var yi ng i n
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hei ght f r om 10m t o over 30m. The l and i s as dr yt as
a deser t can possi bl y be, wi t h no per enni al r i ver s
or st r eams. Two sal t l akes exi st : Chhapar i n t he
sal t near Suj angar h, and anot her at kunkar ansarabout i t ei ght y KM nor t heast of Bi kaner . Of Frace
wat er l akes, t he most not abl e i s t hat of Gaj ner ,
30km sout hwest of t he capi t al ci t y.
On t he banks of t he l ake i s a pal ace and a gar den
bel ongi ng t o t he mahar aj a. The l ake i s f ed by wat er
f r om t he r ocky count r y t o t he west , and i n about
700m l ong and 500m wi de.
The cl i mat e of t he ar ea i s dry and gener al l y
heal t hy, t hough char act er i zed by ext r aor di nar y
ext r emes of t emperat ur e. Dur i ng t he summer t he,
heat i s i nst ance; hot wi nds bl ow wi t h gr eat f ur y i n
may, J une and par t of J ul y. sever e sandst or ms are a
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common f eat ure of t he ar ea. These ar e made even
more severe by t he i nt ense and power f ul sun. On t he
ot her hand, sever e col d i s exper i enced dur i ng t he
wi nt er . I t i s, t her ef or e, nat ur al t hat t he house i sof t he r egi on have t o be bui l t t o r espond t o such
ext r emes of cl i mat e. To t he nor t h of Bi kaner , t he
houses are const r uct ed out of st one as wel l as mud.
Rect angul ar r ooms ar r anged i n geomet r i c pat t ern
ar ound t he cour t yar d const i t ut e t he basi c pl an
f or m. al l maj or Spaces ar e r ect angul ar , wi t h f l at
st one sl abs or r ough wood r oof s, except f or one
ci r cul ar ( ki t chen or st or e) space wi t h a coni cal
t hat ched r oof .
The wal l s ar e ei t her const r uct ed out of sun baked
mud br i cks or undr essed st one, pl ast er ed wi t h mud.
The vi l l age Houses have t wo or t hree cour t yar ds.
The out er cour t has a hi gh and st r ong compound wal l
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f or and pr ot ect i on agai nst t he sandst or ms. The
i nner or cent r al cour t i s t he pl ace ont o whi ch al l
r ooms open. And i t i s t he hub of act i vi t i es. The
r ear yar d i s wher e t he f odder i s st or ed. Thei nt er i or of and t hese bui l t spaces i s used onl y
when t he cl i mat e i s speci al l y sever e. Semi open
space l i ke ver andahs ar e used most of t he t i me.
The r oom whi ch i s accessi bl e f r om t he out si de
maybe used as a vi si t or s r oom or as a shop. The
pl ay of wal l s of di f f er ent hei ght s set on var i ous
pl anes gi ves t he mai n f aade an appear ance
char act er i st i c of t he ar ea. Openi ngs i n t he wal l sar e smal l and f ew i n number . The mud pl ast er ed
wal l s are pai nt ed whi t e at t hese openi ngs and t hi s
makes t hem l ook l ar ger . The bl ank sur f aces ar e
pr ovi ded wi t h an el ement of cont r ast and
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decl ar at i on. Thi s t echni que of decl ar at i on i s ver y
si mpl e but nonet hel ess ef f ect i ve. I t t r ansf or ms t he
si mpl e masses of t he wal l s i nt o wor ks of ar t . Si nce
t he f l at i nt er i or sl ab i s usabl e, a sol i d stai r i spr ovi ded, whi ch f or ms an i mpor t ant vi sual el ement
wi t hi n t he cent r al cour t . The ci r cul ar f or m of t he
ki t chen or st or e hel ps i n br i ngi ng some var i at i on
and f l ui di t y t o t he over al l f aade.
Example
House of Jalwali village
The smal l er vi l l ages nor t h of Bi kaner epi t omi ze t he
t r ue I ndi an vi l l age. The mai n economi c act i vi t y of
t he deser t r egi on i s agr i cul t ur e and dai r y
pr oduct s. The f ar mer s Pr oduce mi l l et and ot her
gr ai ns f or t hei r own consumpt i on as wel l as t o
sel l . These vi l l ages show ver y f ew si gns of
pr ogr ess. Occasi onal l y, some vi l l ages near t he bus
r out e ar ea ar e seen t o have mor e moder n f aci l i t i es,
l i ke el ect r i ci t y. I t i s i n t he i nt er i or vi l l ages
t hat one f i nds some of t he most beaut i f ul mud f orms
i n an undi st ur bed, ver nacul ar , ar chi t ect ur al
envi r onment .
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The vi l l age of J al wal i i s si t uat ed i n t hi s r egi on
on an uneven t er r ai n. Here t he Houses ar e compact l y
gr ouped wi t hi n a net work of nar r ow meander i ng
pat hs. Gener al l y, each of t hese hoses has a pr i vat e
i nner cour t yar d and a semi - pr i vat e out er cour t yar d
f or t he cat t l e. The most si gni f i cant and t ypi cal
f eat ur e i s t he ent r ance gat e of t he t hese houses,
and al so t hei r uni que gr ai n and ot her st or age j ar s
made of mud.
The st r eet s of t he vi l l age j al wal i ar e def i ned by
t he l ong boundar y wal l s or hedges of t he out er
cour t yar ds of t he hor ses. An occasi onal ent r ance
gat e enl i vens t hese wal l s or hedges. The var i ous
si zes and shapes of t hese ent r ance gat es symbol i ze
t r ansi t i on and pr ocl ai m i ndi vi dual t er r i t or y and
i dent i t y. The st r uct ur e of t hi s el ement houses and
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suppor t s t he ent r ance door . The mud Wal l s of t he
boundar y ar e hei ght ened at t hi s poi nt t o cover t he
door way i n t he shape of an ar ch, a t r i angl e or a
square. A f ew i nches maybe pr ovi ded f or l amps.
The sel ect i on of t he f or m of t hi s el ement i s al ways
speci al and i ndi vi dual , and means a l ot t o t he
r esi dent s. Any si ngl e st r eet i s dot t ed wi t h a
number of ent r ance el ement s and i s made i nt erest i ng
i n t hat manner .
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The house sel ect ed here i s ent er ed t hr ough one such
gat e. I n t he pl an f or m, t he houses have and
envel opi ng qual i t y wi t h t he i nner cour t yar d as a
nucl eus. The mud wal l s of t he r ooms and t heenci r cl i ng wal l s, wi t h t hei r numer ous st or age
el ement s, ar e t he f i r st envel op ar ound t hei r
pr i vat e open t o t he sky domai n. The out er envel op
encl oses t he open space f or ani mal s, t he r ooms f or
vi si t or s, t he st or age ar ea f or f uel wood and ar eas
f or ot her , l ess pr i vat e act i vi t i es. The ent r ance
gat e i s The mai n r ef erence poi nt . The guest r ooms
are i n one cor ner and are away f r om t he mai n house.
These i ndi cat e The need f or pr i vacy i n l i ne wi t h
soci al cust om. t he t wo smal l r ooms have a pl at f or m
i n f r ont of t he guest r ooms. These r ooms mi ght al so
be used f or st orage pur poses or t o house ani mal s
dur i ng condi t i ons of sever e heat or col d. The f l oor
of t hi s cour t i s l ef t unf i ni shed and i s of t en l ef t
i n i t s nat ur al condi t i on.
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The mai n house i s ent er ed t hrough a smal l openi ng
i n a l ow mud wal l , separ at i ng t he t wo cour t yar ds.
Two r ect angul ar r ooms on t he t wo si des and one
ci r cul ar J hompa r i ght acr oss t he ent r ance sur r ound
t he i nt er nal space whi ch i s open t o t he sky. The
ci r cul ar J hompa has a coni cal t hat ched r oof . The
r ect angul ar r ooms have f l at r oof s. Symmet r i cal l y
pl aced r ooms emphasi ze t he ent r ance door of t he
ci r cul ar J hompa when obser ved f r om t he gat e. I t i s
al so t he seat of t he head mal e member of t he
f ami l y. The vi ew of t he ent r ance f r om t he J hompa i s
i mpor t ant , bot h vi sual l y and soci al l y.The ci r cul ar J hompa i s t he mai n l i vi ng space whi l e
t he rect angul ar r ooms ar e f or chi l dr en and members
of t he f ami l y. On t he t wo di agonal wal l s l i nki ng
t he rooms, ar e seen gr ai n st or age uni t s of var i ous
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si zes, bui l t of mud. Si nce t hey ar e hand made, t he
hei ght s, dept hs and wi dt hs of each di f f er f r om one
anot her .
The si zes of t hese grai n st or age uni t s ar e sucht hat access t o t hem i s possi bl e onl y f r om t he
out si de, as i n t he case of a l ar ge bot t l e. A
st or age uni t i s never ent er ed i nt o. The coni cal t op
i s cl osed once t he dr i ed gr ai n i s pl aced wi t hi n and
i t i s t hen l ocked.
Guda Bishnoiya,Jodhpur district
Guda Bi shnoi ya f al l s under j odhpur di st r i ct as
si gni f i cant pl ace, wor t h vi s i t i ng.
Thi s vi l l age i s j ust 22km f ar f r om J odhpur ci t ybei ng very much di scussed and wi del y popul ar hol ds
t he maj or shar e i n t he ar chi t ect ur e of mud. Thi s
vi l l age I t set l ong t he bank of f amous Guda l ake.
Wher e t he maj or i t y bi r ds come ever y year .
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A Vi si t t o Guda Bi shnoi yan r ef l ect s t he per f act way
t o appr eci at e and r espect Bi shnoi cul t ur e, wr aped
i n mud. Thi s i s t he pl ace where anyone can come t o
know how t he vi l l ager s ar ound l i ve and pr ot ect t henatur e and envi r onment . The at mosphere i n t hi s
whol e regi on i s so admi r abl e t hat anyone bei ng
Vi si t or coul d be easi l y absor bed i n t hei r own
cul t ur e.
Construction techniques
The compl et e const r uct i on i s i n t r adi t i onal st yl e.
And Bui l t wi t h nat ur al l y avai l abl e sur r oundi ng
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mat er i al l i ke, mud, t hech, bamboo and l i me. Houses
ar e made of l ocal mat er i al s and pl ast er ed wi t h cow
dung.
Beaut i f ul pai nt i ngs have been done i n t r adi t i onalst yl e by l ocal woman ar t i sans.
Pai nt ed wal l s
The f ur t her cover i ng of houses i s done wi t h
t hat ched r oof s. Each house i s made and i ndi vi dual
dwel l i ngs uni t s whi ch has opened t he sky
cour t yar ds. The houses ar e ar omat i zed by guggl e
col l ect ed f r om l ocal f or est . The mat er i al chi ef l y
ut i l i zed i s sun- dr i ed mud br i cks and pl ast er ed wi t h
mud on i t .
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Rees and st eams mi xed wi t h mud t o pr ovi de st r engt h
Local l y avai l abl e mud
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The sunken spaces
Ent r ance t o a hut
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Wal l const r uct i on wi t h j al i s
erviewOv
aj ast han coul d be cal l ed as a compl et ed
ge ar e:
e nat i ve pl ace.
ot hi ng eveni ng.
No t r i p i n R
one wi t hout a vi si t t o guda bi shnoi yan.
The wi del y vi si bl e f eat ur es of t hi s vi l l a
. Mud ar ound t he ent i r e r egi on.
. Deser t wi l d l i f e.
. Demoi sel l e cr anes.
. Cr af t sman shi p of t h
. Shepherds and f armers.
. Beaut i f ul mor ni ng and so
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Thi s vi l l age show sl ow si gns of progress but i t i s
da bi shnoi yan coul d be consi der ed as an i deal
ver y much f ul l of beaut y and nat ur al scenar i o.Occasi onal l y, some vi l l ages near t he bus r out e ar ea
ar e seen t o have mor e moder n f aci l i t i es, l i ke
el ect r i ci t y. I t i s i n t he i nt er i or vi l l ages that
one f i nds some of t he most at t r act i ve mud f orms i n
an undi st ur bed, ver nacul ar , ar chi t ect ur al
envi r onment .
Gu
exampl e among t he st udi ed i n t he case st udy because
of f aci l i t at es mor e of t he sur r oundi ng peopl e
t our i st wi t h i t s appear ance. Al t hough i t i s a
vi l l age but cont r i but es a l ot i n maki ng any mud
pr of i l e mor e r i ch.
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( Faci l i t at ed hut wi t h beaut i f ul ext er i or and
i nt er i ors )
Chapter 11
conclusion
Mud ar chi t ect ur e i n t r adi t i onal const r uct i on met hod
cont i nues t o t hr i ve i n most of t he Thi r d Wor l d, and
gi ves t he vi s i on of or i gi nal i t y.
The day i s comi ng when ar chi t ect ur e wi l l be f or
l i vi ng, and not mer el y a spect at or spor t , because
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i t bei ng accept ed i bn many spf er es of const r uct i on
, st i l l unknown t o many .
The most humbl e mat er i al of so cal l ed mat er i al ofur al const r uct i on can br i ng t he new wor l d of mor e
appr eci at i on an so wi t h t he hope of t hi s awar eness
bui l di ng wi t h mud has become an i mpor t ant f act or i n
pl anni ng new devel opment .
Mud depi ct s t he t r ue and pr oduct i ve l i nk bet ween
t r adi t i ons and moder ni t y. because of i t s appl i cat i on
i n t he anci ent ci t i es and vi l l ages and vi vi d use i n
moder n i nt er i or s.
The cl assi cal and beaut i f ul ar chi t ect ur e of I ndi a
has been wel l document ed and saved, but t he
t r adi t i ons ar e t hr eat ened by t he new demands f or
change and devel opment . But st i l l t he i mpor t ance of
t hi s t echni que of const r uct i on can not be aoded
because MUD ARCHI TECTURE has i t s own beaut y.
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