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IME540 Environmentally ConsciousDesign and Manufacturing
Module 5: End of Life Options
Sample Lecture Material
Agenda – The Big Picture of
Module 5Session 1: Lecture, define assignment
Session 2: Visit the landfill
Session 3: Discussion questions, more lecture, group presentationand evaluation
Learning Objective: Propose design changes to a product toenhance recycling, reuse and/or remanufacturing capability
with consideration of the economics of these activities.
Pre-reading: case study of a landfill “A case study in thedevelopment of a landfill gas-to-energy project for the Antioch,Illinois, Community School District” by Torresani & Poetter
Life Cycle Stages
Typical Cradle-to-Grave life cycle stages:
Cradle-to-gate stage:
1. Raw materials extraction/acquisition
2. Materials processing
3. Product manufacture
Use stage:
4. Product use, maintenance, repair
End-of-life stage:
5. Final disposition/end of life
Costs?
Life Cycle Stages
A product is assumed to be at the end of life when
any of the following occur:
1. It has served its useful life
2. It is no longer functional
3. It is rendered unusable due to
technological/style obsolescence,
changing market demands, innovation-
driven product improvements, or mature
products are simply replaced by better
technology
Define End of Life Options
What are the choices for the end-of-life of a product?
!"Disposal
# Incineration
#Landfill
• Solid Waste
• Hazardous
$"Recycle
#With disassembly
#Without disassembly
%"Reuse through service
&"Refurbishment through remanufacture
Life Cycle Stages
Life Cycle Inventory techniques can compare two
products with a similar function for their
environmental impact at the end of their useful life.
Example: Comparison of desktop computer displays
CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) displays
vs
LCD (active matrix Liquid Crystal Display or flat
panels) displays
Life Cycle Stages
50%25%Solid Waste Landfill
5%46%Hazardous Landfill
15%3%Remanufacturing
15%11%Recycling
15%15%Incineration
LCDCRTDisposition
Sources: NSC, 1999; EPA, 1998; CIA, 1997; EIA, 1999; Vorhes, 2000; TORNRC, 2001.
Distribution of EOL disposition assumptions for the CRT and LCD
Costs?
Define End of Life Options
“The goal is cradle to reincarnation (or cradle-to-
cradle), since if one is practicing industrial ecology
correctly there is no grave.”
- Kumar Patel, AT&T Bell Labs
The efficiency with which the cradle-to-cradle
objective is achieved is highly dependent on the
design of products and processes.
Define End of Life Options
Define End of Life Options
Disposal – Incineration
Describe the Landfill
Today’s Landfill
Form Groups/Assign roles, PerformWeb Search, Report on Product
1. Form groups and assign team roles – recorder andspokesperson. Recorder will capture results for postingon Blackboard discussion board. Spokesperson willpresent findings to class.
2. Perform a web search to illustrate what makes up alandfill and the impact of your chosen product. Answerthe question “What are the categories of products thatmake up a landfill and which are biological versustechnological?”(10 min)
3. Report back to group with web search results for yourchosen product - post to Blackboard(5 min)
Costs.
The Recycling Process Costs?
Environmental Assessment Tool
Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) isenvironmental criteria as contained in a public standard, IEEE1680.
EPEAT evaluates electronic products according to three tiers ofenvironmental performance:
• Bronze: Meets all 23 required criteria• Silver: Meets all 23 required criteria plus at least 50% of the
optional criteria• Gold: Meets all 23 required criteria plus at least 75% of the
optional criteriaThere are 51 total environmental criteria in IEEE 1680: 23required criteria and 28 optional criteria.
Environmental Assessment Tool
Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) isenvironmental criteria as contained in a public standard, IEEE1680 with assessment:
1. Reduction/elimination of environmentally sensitive materials2. Materials selection3. Design for end of life4. Product longevity/life cycle extension5. Energy conservation6. End of life management7. Corporate performance8. Packaging
WEEE: Waste Electrical andElectronic Equipment
Reference: http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/275207/1631119/?version=1&lang=_e, retreived 2/20/1997
There are ten categories of WEEE:
1. Large household appliances
2. Small household appliances
3. IT and telecommunications equipment
4. Consumer equipment
5. Lighting equipment
6. Electrical and electronic tools
7. Toys, leisure and sports equipment
8. Medical devices
9. Monitoring and control equipment
10. Automatic dispensers
The WEEE Regulations apply to electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) in the
above categories with a voltage of up to 1000 volts AC or up to 1500 volts DC.
Assignment• Continue working in pre-assigned groups for product
assessment. Recorder and spokesperson are to switch rolesfor the next session.
• Brainstorm ideas for redesigning your chosen product that willprevent the product from ending up in a landfill at the end ofit’s useful life.
• Prepare a persuasive presentation to convince managementthat your redesign idea will be profitable.
• Some time was allocated in class but group is encouraged tomeet outside of class and to ride together to the landfill tocontinue discussion.
Costs!
References1. Baxter Sustainability Report, retrieved 2/19/2007,
http://sustainability.baxter.com/product/product_end_of_life.html
2. Duranceau, Claudia, “Opportunities for Using Recycled Materials in
New Vehicles,” Ford Motor Company Presentation to Kettering
University students on 6/8/2004 and 7/26/2005.
3. Graedel, T.E., and B.R. Allenby, “Industrial Ecology,” second edition,
Prentice Hall, NJ, 2003.
4. Hickman Jr., H. L., and R. Eldredge, “A Brief History of Solid Waste
Management in the US During the Last 50 Years,” MSW Management
website, http://www.forester.net/msw_0001_history.html, retrieved
February16, 2007.
5. IME454 Kettering University Capstone Students, Student Group
Presentation, Summer 2006.
6. Reference: WEEE Directive,
http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/275207/1631119/?version=1&lang
=_e, retreived 2/20/2007
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