Imaging of complex structures by 3-D reflection seismic datasep · 2015. 5. 27. · Sigsbee data -...

biondo@stanford.edu

Imaging of complex structures by 3-D reflection seismic data

Biondo Biondi

Stanford Exploration ProjectStanford University

IPRPI Workshop on Geophysical Imaging

1) 2-D ADCIG 2) 3-D ADCIG

biondo@stanford.edu

2An example of imaging complex structures…

1) Potentials of wavefield-continuation methods can be fulfilled only if we use MVA methods based on:

Wavefield-continuation migration

• Salt-boundary picking

• Below salt Common Image Gathers (CIG)

Wavefield-continuation velocity updating

2) We may need to go beyond downward-continuation migration methods and …

be able to perform MVA

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3Deep Water GOM - Kirchhoff Mig.

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4Deep Water GOM – Wavefield-continuation Mig.

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5Outline

• Migration and complex wave propagation

• Wavefield continuation migration

• Gaussian Beams and Coherent States migration

• Migration => Iterative Regularized Inversion

• Normalized Migration

• Iterative Wavefield Inversion with geophysical and geological constraints

• Migration Velocity Analysis (MVA)

• Angle Domain Common Image Gathers (ADCIGs)

• Ray tomography using ADCIGs

• Wave-equation Migration Velocity Analysis

• Routine

• Advanced

• Future?

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6Outline

• Routine

• Advanced

• Future?

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7Sigsbee data - Kirchhoff

J. Paffenholz - SEG 2001

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8Sigsbee data - Wavefield continuation

J. Paffenholz - SEG 2001

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9Sigsbee data - Wave modeling

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15Outline

• Routine

• Advanced

• Future?

Schlumberger Private

Uwe Albertin, WesternGeco

Superposition of Beamss

p0sp’0s

Solve wave equation by localizing initial wavefield in space and ray parameter (wavenumber)

Extrapolate and superimpose these solutions to form

wavefield

If local solution is accurate and superpositionis correct, accurate wavefield should result,

including all arrivals, amplitudes, and phases

Gaussian Beam (Ray based)s

Cerveny, Popov, Psencik 1982Hill, 1990, 2001Kinneging et al 1989White et al 1987Hale 1992

p0sp’0s

Asymptotic Coherent State (Ray based)s

Foster and Huang, 1991Thompson, 2000Albertin et al 2001

p0sp’0s

Wavefield-Extrapolated Coherent Statep0s

Foster and Huang 1991Wu et al 2000Albertin 2001

Wavefield Extrapolated Zero-offset Impulse

Asymptotic Coherent State Reconstruction

3 raytraced coherent states

Asymptotic Coherent State Reconstruction

Asymptotic Coherent State Superposition

Wavefield Extrapolated Zero-offset Impulse

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25SEG/EAGE salt data set - Crossline

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26SEG/EAGE salt data set - CrosslineWavefield-continuation migration

Kirchhoff migration

Beam Migration y=375

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28Outline

• Routine

• Advanced

• Future?

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29Offset Domain CIG (Kirchhoff)

ReceiversSources

Off1 Off2 Off3

Vmig = Vtrue

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30Angle Domain CIG (wavefield continuation)

ReceiversSources

γ1γ1

γ2γ3

γ2 γ3

αVmig = Vtrue

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31Sigsbee data - Well illuminated CIG

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33Sigsbee data - Partially illuminated CIG

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35Sigsbee data - Poorly illuminated CIG

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40Outline

• Routine

• Advanced

• Future?

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41Migration => Normalized Migration

Migration dm *L=

Least-Squares Migration ( ) dm *1* LLL −=

Normalized Migration dm *1LW −=

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42Normalized Migration

Normalization factor

Velocitymodel

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43Migration => Iterative Regularized Inversion

Least-Squares Migration ( ) dm *1* LLL −=

Iterative Regularized Inversion

( ) dm *1*2* ε LAALL −+=

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44Regularization operator (A)

Geophysical regularization Geological regularization

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45Layered velocity model

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46Migration

Courtesy of Marie Clapp (SEP)

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47Inversion with Geophysical regularization

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48Inversion with Geophysical regularizationMigration Normalized

MigrationRegularizedInversion

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49Outline

• Routine

• Advanced

• Future?

biondo@stanford.edu

50ADCIGs with correct velocity

ReceiversSources

γ1γ1

γ2γ3

γ2 γ3

αVmig = Vtrue

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51ADCIGs and velocity errors

ReceiversSources

Vmig < Vtrue

γ1γ2

γ2 γ3

Vmig < Vtrue ∆l1 < ∆l2 < ∆l3

∆l2∆l1 ∆l3

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52ADCIGs and local velocity errors

ReceiversSources

γ1γ1

γ2γ3

γ2 γ3

Vmig < Vtrue

αVmig < Vtrue

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53Sigsbee data - Correct velocity

Data courtesy of SMAART JV

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54Sigsbee data - Wrong velocity

Data courtesy of SMAART JV

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55ADCIGs and velocity in simple structure

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56Velocity sensitivity of Angle-Domain DDCIGs

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57Outline

• Routine

• Advanced

• Future?

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58Outline

• Routine

• Advanced

• Future?

biondo@stanford.edu

59Migration Migration Velocity Analysis

wavefronts wavefields

Kirchhoff migration

traveltime tomography

Wave-equation migration

Wave-equation MVA

Courtesy of Paul Sava (SEP)

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60A tomography problem

sqs ∆− L∆min∆Traveltime

MVAWave-equation

tomographyWave-equation MVA

∆q ∆ttraveltime

∆ddata

wavefield

∆Rimage

L ray field wavefield

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61WEMVA: main idea

0WWW∆ −=

∆ss0+

( ) ( )sii ∆∆+= ϕϕ 0seW U

( )0s0 eW ϕiU=

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62WEMVA: objective function

slownessperturbation

slownessperturbation(unknown)

Linear WEMVAoperator

imageperturbation

(known)

sRs ∆− L∆∆min

image perturbation

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63“Simple” wavepath with f=1 26 Hz

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64“Complex” wavepath with f=1 26 Hz

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65“Messy” wavepath with f=1 26 Hz

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72Migration and ADCIGs with correct velocity

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73Correct velocity model and initial velocity error

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75Migration and ADCIGs with initial velocity

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76Measuring velocity errors by residual migration

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77Reliability of measurements and velocity errors

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78True and estimated velocity error

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79Migration and ADCIGs with initial velocity

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80Migration and ADCIGs with estimated velocity

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82Conclusions

• Complex structures require accurate and expensive wavefield-continuation imaging operators.

• To image reflectors that are poorly illuminated we need to go beyond the application of the adjoint operator (migration) and move towards “intelligent” (regularized) inversion.

• Wavefield-continuation operators are beneficial not only for migration but also for velocity estimation.

• The estimation of holes in poorly illuminated reflectors and of velocity errors are tightly coupled problems.

biondo@stanford.edu

83Acknowledgments

Uwe Albertin at WesterGeco for Gaussian Beam slides.

SMAART JV and J. Paffenholz (BHP) for the Sigsbeedata set.

Unocal and Phil Schultz for Deep Water GOM data.

3DGeo for images of Deep Water GOM data.

Total for North Sea data set.

SEP sponsors for financial support.

biondo@stanford.edu

Imaging of complex structures by 3-D reflection seismic datasep · 2015. 5. 27. · Sigsbee data -...

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