II Background informations Prof. M. M. Ninan. SAUL PAUL “The builder and the Architect of the...

IIBackground informations

Prof. M. M. Ninan

SAUL PAUL

“The builder and the Architect of the Church”Liturgy of St.Jacob

Pharisee of a Pharisee

Religious scenario of the time

The Jews had for a great while had three sects of philosophy peculiar to themselves;

the sect of the Essens,

and the sect of the Sadducees,

and the third sort of opinions was that of those called Pharisees

Flavius Josephus

ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS 18

3 Jewish Sects

Saducees

Pharisees

Sola Scriptura. Freewill. Liberals

Mystics, Predestination, Sanyasis

Law, Prophets, Predistination+FreewillTheologians.

Essene

Saduceesthe Jews

who only followed the Written Torah, making up

their own interpretations.

EssenesMystic group

Pharisees(the mainstream Jews)

Mishna(The Oral Traditions)

3 Jewish Sects

Josephus

Jewish general Joseph son of Matthias defended Galilee against the Roman legions. After he had been defeated, he defected to his enemies, and advised the Roman general Vespasian. When the latter became emperor, his adviser started a career as a historian who tried to explain Judaism to the Greeks and Romans. His most important works are the Jewish War, the Jewish Antiquities, an Autobiography and an apology of Judaism Against Apion (or Against the Greeks). Being an influential Roman citizen, he accepted a new name: Flavius Josephus. He must have died about 100 CE, more than sixty years old.

Flavius Josephus, ca.38-100.De antiquitate Judaica. De bello Judaico.Augsburg: Johann Schüssler, 1470

The Scribes (writers) and

Rabbis (teachers) were Pharisees

The priests, the rich, and the politicians, who cooperated with

Rome; all High Priests,

like Annas and Caiaphas were Sadducees.

EsseneSanyasi

PHARISEES(The Seperated Ones)

opposed Greek and Roman rule of their country.

"the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, nor an angel, nor a spirit; but the Pharisees acknowledge them all." Acts 23:8 "Sadducees" (who say that there is no resurrection) Lk 20:27

Bodily resurrection,

the existence of hell, angels, and demons,

the future coming of the Messiah.

Believed in:

Pharisees

Developed from

“Pious Ones” ( 1 Macc 2:42)

The Name means:

“Seperated Ones”

Anti-Hellenism

Popular religious group concerned with Piety

Observed “Oral Laws”

Written Laws

Revelation on Sinai

Oral Laws(Traditions)

Beware of the

Leaven of the

Pharisees

Scripture Is Tradition

"Hold fast to the traditions you received"

(2 Thess. 2:15).

No political influence until Alexandra Salome (76-67 BC); Actually persecuted under Hasmonean, Alexander Janneaus, her husband

With regard to Torah interpretation, the liberals of the day.

[297] What I would now explain is this, that the Pharisees have delivered to the people a great many observances by succession from their fathers, which are not written in the laws of Moses; and for that reason it is that the Sadducees reject them, and say that we are to esteem those observances to be obligatory which are in the written word, but are not to observe what are derived from the tradition of our forefathers

Josephus: Jewish Antiquities, Book 13

3. Now, for the Pharisees, they live meanly, and despise delicacies in diet; and they follow the conduct of reason; and what that prescribes to them as good for them they do; and they think they ought earnestly to strive to observe reason's dictates for practice.

They also pay a respect to such as are in years; nor are they so bold as to contradict them in any thing which they have introduced; and when they determine that all things are done by fate, they do not take away the freedom from men of acting as they think fit; since their notion is, that it hath pleased God to make a temperament, whereby what he wills is done, but so that the will of man can act virtuously or viciously.

3 They also believe that souls have an immortal rigor in them, and that under the earth there will be rewards or punishments, according as they have lived virtuously or viciously in this life; and the latter are to be detained in an everlasting prison, but that the former shall have power to revive and live again;

ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS 18

Now for the Pharisees, they say that some actions, but not all, are the work of fate, and some of them are in our own power, and that they are liable to fate, but are not caused by fate.

But the sect of the Essens affirm, that fate governs all things, and that nothing befalls men but what is according to its determination.

And for the Sadducees, they take away fate, and say there is no such thing, and that the events of human affairs are not at its disposal; but they suppose that all our actions are in our own power, so that we are ourselves the causes of what is good, and receive what is evil from our own folly.

Flavius Josephus ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS 13

Survived the destruction of temple.

They developed the Synagogues.

Mainstay of modern Jewish faith

Sadducees

(1) Those of Zadok. (Zadokite)They claim descent from Zadok, a high priest during the time of King David.

(2) The righteous ones, based on the Hebrew: Zadiq meaning righteous.

(3) Judges or controllers, from the Greek word syndikoi.

Saducees

No Sadducee texts are known; their ideas and opinions are only known from hostile sources

The fundamental difference between the Sadducees and the Pharisees is the interpretation of the Law of Moses

Take it literally and nothing more, nothing less

Man is a unity

Man is only Material

Materialism

Man is Body, Soul and Spirit

Pharisees

Essene

SaduceesMan is Body and Soul

Man ceases to exist

on deathannihilation

Body Ceases to exist.

Soul exists forever

Soul reborn:reincarnation

Soul in hell Soul in heaven

eternally

purified

Deny "spirit"

Man has no soul being "monochotomous in nature" No conscious life after death Heaven is a literal restored "garden of Eden" on earth Hell is annihilation rather than eternal conscious torment Anti-Trinitarian

The Holy Spirit doesn't exist, but is merely a personification of God's power The Devil doesn't exist, but is the personification of Sin Demons don't exist, but are personification of disease. Jesus, being created by God, ceased to exist for 3 days in tomb.

Saducees

                                   1- The "Shammai" believed that the righteous would enjoy eternal life and the wicked would suffer eternal damnation.    2- The "Hillel" believed that the wicked would return to eternal life after having been purged by fire in hell.

Spiritual Resurrection

No Bodily resurrection

But the doctrine of the Sadducees is this:

That souls die with the bodies;

nor do they regard the observation of any thing besides what the law enjoins them;

for they think it an instance of virtue to dispute with those teachers of philosophy whom they frequent.

ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS 18

Third Group of Materialists

Acts 23:6-10

Started probably at Hasomean

Kingdom or even with David.

Ended by the destruction of the temple

70 AD

The Sadducees solidified as a group soon after the Maccabean revolt (167-160 B.C.). Because they supported the Hasmonean policy of military and economic expansion, they gradually came to exercise tremendous influence in John Hyrcanus's court (134-104 B.C.).

Their influence predominated until the end of Alexander Jannaeus's reign (76 B.C.).

Under Queen Alexandra (76-67 B.C.) the Sadducees lost their power, and their numbers were greatly reduced.

They fared little better under Herod the Great (37-4 B.C.), who deeply mistrusted the native Jewish aristocracy.

With the imposition of direct Roman rule (A.D. 6), Sadducean fortunes revived. Between A.D. 6 and 66 the Sadducees not only became a major power within the Sanhedrin, but, for many years, they were able to control the high priesthood as well.

The revolt of 66-70 spelled the end for the Sadducees.

Essenes

Name derived from Essæi by Philo, who derives it from hosios, "holy",

and Essæi and Esseni by Josephus.

Their numbers according to both authors was about 4000 and their chief place of residence along the west side, but away from the shore, of the Dead Sea.

The doctrine of the Essens is this:

That all things are best ascribed to God.

They teach the immortality of souls, and esteem that the rewards of righteousness are to be earnestly striven for; and when they send what they have dedicated to God into the temple, they do not offer sacrifices because they have more pure lustrations of their own; on which account they are excluded from the common court of the temple, but offer their sacrifices themselves;

Started 150 BC

Disappeared by 100 AD

Moasticism, Asceticism,

Communistic life

Tent Maker

Paul supported himself.

He was a rich Roman. (Acts. 24:26)

Every Pharisee had to teach his son a trade by which he could live—Acts 18:3-20; 1 Corinthians 4:12

Paul – the

Pharisee

Should earn his own living

Should be married.Strict adherents to sex within

marriage.

the synagogue, the rabbi, prayer,

Torah study, and belief in the oral law

Education

Among the men of Tarsus the zeal for philosophy and other kinds of education surpasses that in Athens and Alexandria and any other place renowned for schools and occupation in philosophy–Strabo Geography 14.5.13

In Early Age he was taught in the Tarsus in the

Roman tradition.

At about age 14, Paul was

sent to Jerusalem

Paul came to study in Jerusalem under Gamaliel when Shammai became Nasi of the Sanhedrin and the rise to supremacy of the house of (Beit) Shammai from AD 20.

Rabban GamalielRabbinical teacher, the mentor of St. Paul. Gamaliel counseled the Jewish Sanhedrin in Jerusalem to release St. Peter and other apostles. (Acts 5:38-39)

He reportedly became a Christian, and the finding of his body in Jerusalem was celebrated on August 3 by early Christians.

CHIEF RABBAN COSTUME consisting of underrobe,

mantle & turban. Red, gold & white combination.

Manassite chief. The president of the Sanhedrin at

Jerusalem; teacher of St. Paul.

He was also known as Gamaliel I, or Gamaliel the Elder. Grandson and disciple of the famous

scholar Hillel.

Grandson of Gamaliel I. Gamaliel II helped consolidate Judaism after the

Jewish war (AD 66-70).

He studied under Rabaan Gamaliel

Kaver of Rabban Gamaliel

Becomes a self-righteous Pharisee and a patriotic zealot--Acts 22:3

He becomes a persecutor of Christians--Acts 7:58; 8:3-22; 26:9-11

A Greek Scholar

A Hebrew Scholar

A Scholar in the Jewish Law

An Aristocratic Roman Citizen of fortune.

A Man of Three Worlds

Jew

Hellenic Culture

Roman Citizen

Principles of Missiology

Go ye,

into all the nations

and

Preach the Gospel

Word became flesh.

The Gospel was embeded in Hebrew Culture.

Paulose

Thom

as

Early Christian Relief Carving

St.Paul’s Church today