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7/30/2019 Ideational Leadership in Germany Welfare
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c
h
a n g i n g
w
e l f a r e
s t a t e s Ideational Leadership
in German WelfareState Reform
Sabina Stiller
H P P I
T R I
A U P
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ideational leadership in german welfare state reform
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CHANGING WELFARE STATES
A k fi . A E U (EU) k -
, 1990, - ‘ ’. S . H, - k - , - , k , , , k , , - . T - j . H -k
? W , q , , - q , , , fi ? W E U - ? A , k j ? T q . I -k do j ( , ),
? W j - j , .
editors of the series
Gø E-A, U P F, B, S
A Hjk, N S C GP (Wjk R R − wrr)
K K, F U A, NK M, G W U, W, USARk V, E U, R, NJ V, U A, N
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Ideational Leadership inGerman Welare State
Reorm
How Politicians and Policy Ideas
Transorm Resilient Institutions
Sabina Stiller
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C : J.M.W. , War. Te Exile and the Rock Limpet , x- 1842, , 79,4 x 79,4 , B, L
C : Jk C bno, Vk / GL: V3-S, B
isbn 978 90 8964 186 1
-isbn 978 90 4851 174 7nur 754 / 759
© S S / A U P, A, 2010
A . W , k , , , (-
, , , ) k.
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Table o Contents
Acknowledgements 7
1 Introduction 9
. S W S P . Mj W S R D O
. I L S R
. S Bk
2 Ideational Leadership: Key to Overcoming Welare State
Resistance to Change 21
. S IL A R Ex
. C L L
. C I L
. IL J C
. A, M E IL
. IL G I C
. C
3 A Bird’s-Eye View o the German Welare State 45
. G P Bk W S
. S R: P I P L . H H G G R P?
. G P C Mj P
. C
4 Transormation o Health Care Policy?
The Legacy o Minister Seehoer 75
. A Sk S H I E
. S H C R A . S’ R: A M ‘k Sk’
. H C R A
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. R M S: F A
. C
5 Transorming Public Pensions: the Riester Pension Reorm 111
. R P: C, A P P . I L
. A R I L
. C
6 Transorming Unemployment Policy:
The Hartz IV Reorm 145
. R P: C, A P P
. I L . A R IL
. C
7 Conclusion 181
. F P: F F R
Wk F L
. Bk P
. N H W S E
List o Abbreviations 201
List o Interviewees 203
Notes 205
Bibliography 235
Index 249
TA BL E OF CONTENTS
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Acknowledgements
k ( ) D- P S R U Nj. I , x
G . - , , K K, , ‘ schrijven is schrappen’: . - GSozialstaat I , .
I k k, I . I -
J V A Hjk ‘C W S’ AU P. A, I - ‘’. A I , k : , S.
W k k, fi k
I , Centrum voor Duitsland-Studies, D P S A- S R U Nj. L k , , . M k , M V, K K, B L , -, ,
k. M, I Mq L, K A, V S, H O .
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A x G N, I G: - Zentrum für Sozialpolitik (ZS) U
B. I k k I k - B, H, B, Fk, Dü, B, B,L N. A ZS, I k k G H--M , E S, H O,P B k G- .
I k k
k . A DG M C P B, B ‘ -’. M D : M G, - PD; G K-A, B V, A W ; N -Kk, LG A G ; E S S -
k.F, I k
I , ‘ k’.M, , I k .
Sabina Stiller September 2009
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Introduction
‘P fl, , , j
ff – x, q k, -
k – q
G-’ .’
(Katzenstein 2005: 304)
F ’ , : j . D 1990, . W , ,
: - , . x j (P 1994, 1996), (E-A 1990, 1999). I , - - - E .
E , x q, k E 1990 . A, j – k k – . G , .
E F R G, - Sozi-alstaat , q
P K . k G x: , x par excellence -
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INTRODUCTION
. I ’ , G Reformstau ( k). q x
. G - .
W - fl- -k . H, k
. I k, - k -k j , -. E, G . M , G, , fi k fi. I 2008, - Bk G Sozialstaat .
I , k. D- k , Gø E-A- P P, x j . M, k k , - . A , x G . Nx,
fl k x j fi , .. . F, k.
. Sources o Welare State Persistence
Esping-Andersen: Focus on Policy Substance
I k he hree Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (1990), GøE-A , -
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SOURCES OF WELFARE STATE PERSISTENCE
, . T fi - .1 R ff x : , k
. I , k fi ( , , x ff q ). F, -fi, .. x k k (E-A 1990: 37). E-A’ k j - (E-A, 1990, 1996).
G - , ? , - j ( -). I , k - - . I , ’ (E-A 1996: 266-267). U 1990,
x -k ( P-’ ‘ ’ , ) ’ , . R, ‘ ’ (E-A-, 1999: 165). - - : ,
(P, 2001: 454). I ,E-A’ . I , , k P P’ x.
Pierson: Focus on Institutions and Reorm Process
I ‘ ’ , P P - - x . H
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INTRODUCTION
k ‘’ (P 1994; 1996). F, q, ‘ - . N- -
. Mj q q - ’ (P 1996: 174). S, . S j . I . I , - k
. , . C ‘ -, ’ (1996: 175), , , . - ‘ ’, . P - k ‘-’ ,
k. O k , . - q , ‘ - “”’. q “k-” “k ”’(VK 2000: 23 ).
- -k. Mj , - P ‘ , - ’, , (P2001: 415). A ‘ ’ -k - , ‘ ’. R k,
, , , ‘ ’(P 1996: 176-178).
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SOURCES OF WELFARE STATE PERSISTENCE
, - ,P q k . O , ,2 k
- E-A.
Institutionalist Approaches and Stability Bias
B x k 1990. - -
, , P’ , . , q x , .H, , k k , - . B - - , , : k
. , , k k .
I , k - (R 2000). A -k , -. P -
( , k, ‘’ , ‘ ’) . E--A --k, j . A , ‘ j x - ’ (E-A 1996: 265). I ,
, x .
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INTRODUCTION
B , , k ‘’
(.. E M 2001;C F 2004; 2002, 2004; H 2004; Sk 2005; Sk 2009). - - - - -q- . A C 2, IL k x-
, Sk (2005).
. Major Welare State Reorms Do Occur
S - , - . D , E - -. S 1990, x
. A S ,S 1990(A 1998; L R 2004; A M2003); Dk (A- L 2002) ‘k’ k ( 1999; Cx 2001); N’ (H Kø2006). Lk A-Sx , j
U K (C 2005, 2005), N Z, A(G ’ H 2003; B, D, S J 1999), , x, U S (Hk 2002; Hk 2004).
E , x j, -. N , - ‘D ’ (Hjk V K 1997). M
, D : k - ( J 2006),
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MAJOR WELFARE STATE REFORMS DO OCCUR
.3 E , D x -- ( J 2006) . I ,
k ’ () k, - .4 I F, ‘’ , - (P 2000; V 2004). E - I - E M U 1996 (F G 2000,2004). A A, -
- (B 2005).F, -
G, k (Bök W 2000; C 2005).5 I, : (.. - k 1990, C 4; - 2004 2006), ( -
2001, C 5), k (HC 2002/2003, 2003/2004, C 6). I G 1970, ‘’ (Sk 2009). R-G’ - ‘ ’
k ‘- , x -’ (2009: 61-62).
Germany: The Least Likely Candidate or Reorm
I j ,
G . G q. , -
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INTRODUCTION
j x . A G , - ‘ q , ,
‘ ’ Reformstau (S2003: 202). Reformstau G , j . B , , - .6 F
Reformstau , G - . I , k q x G , - G ’ ( C 3).
’ - -x : - ; -
(- -) x (M S2000); (C 1998; C2004); - (Bök W 2001; OECD1996). N, -1990. P, , E , - ‘
G ’, ‘ - k ’ (P1996: 170), - .
k G x . - : - , x . G x
j .
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IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND STRUCTURAL REFORMS
. Ideational Leadership and Structural Reorms
A C 2 , (IL) ‘ ’. I x k
-k - (‘’), , - (‘’). K -k j , , , q . IL k --k , .
: x k - ; ; k’ ; k - - . I , - -. IL k - , . H k? -
k: ; -q; ; (W 2002). O , j - ’ . IL - -: , ( P)
- ( E-A P k).
U x j , : - ‘j’ . A, , q q, .7 S q (C C 2005; L L 2003; S
2003; Hjk V K 1997) (H 1993; H 2001; S Jk-S 1993).8 - –
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INTRODUCTION
IL – j q , ‘ ’.
O x -. F, ‘’
, ( ), (B P 2000; P 2002). S, - x G (W 1988, 1989), , ‘- - , , ’(W 1989: 263-264, ). .
I x , j - . q , , .
S , , j , x. M, -
Table 1.1 Characterization o structural reorm
Structure Description Examples o structural shits
Financial Financing mode (taxation,
payroll contributions, insurance
premiums etc.)
(Who pays or the programme?)
Change rom insurance premium
to payroll fnancing o health care
services
Beneft Kind o beneft(s) and/or services,
including eligibility mode
(means-tested, at-rate, earnings-
related, contribution-related)
(What kind o benefts/services are
supplied, and by whom?)
Change rom a contribution-
fnanced to a means-tested
system o unemployment
insurance
Management/
Regulation
Management mode (state, social
partners, private actors etc.)
(Who makes decisions about the
management o programme?)
Trade unions get a say in the
management o ormerly state-
regulated (public) pension unds
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STRUCTURE OF TH E BOOK
. P x ( ) j ( ).
A , k -k - q k x . I C 7, .
. Structure o the Book
C 2 (IL). I x -, - IL . C 3 k k - - G - -. M, x - , -
, , - -1970 ‘G C’ C Mk (2005-2009). C 4, 5, 6 x G . M S 1990, 2001 M R H IV M C
(2003/2004). q to what extent IL can be observed in the reform processes, how it relates to theadoption of structural reforms. x - IL. , k IL - : -k (q q) , .. -
x k - . I , x ( , , P-
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INTRODUCTION
; , x k ; q ) 35 -- M 2004 F 2006.
k IL . F, C 7 , , , k k G 2009. H G x Bk ? W k ?
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Ideational Leadership: Key to Overcoming Welare StateResistance to Change
W k k C 1, (IL). IL x , -k ( B B 1999; M-
2003: 46), (B 1978; ’ H 2000; B 1987;M 1995; H 2000; ’ H H 2004; G ’H 2003). W x G , x -– – - - . , (S 2.2), (S 2.3). S 2.4 IL
, k-: - k k .I , . S 2.5 x IL k - . F, S 2.6 IL
-à- .
. Situating IL Among Reorm Explanations
x , -
. S - , q, . M
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IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP: KEY TO OVERCOMING WELFARE STATE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
‘ ’ - q -. x (
G-P H 2002). x, - - (H S 2001; C 2001), (H S 2001; A 2003; K2005); (B 2001; Sk 2001); -x (L 1999; R 2000; K 2001; G-P2001); , , x - (S 2002, 2002; Bé 2005; R
2000; Cx 2001).1
W x j G x. E x , -, - . I -, G k (1995), q.P- , ’ - , k
(K, 2001). Lk, q -- x - (L 1999) ’ (R2000). A x, V S RCx , , ‘-’ ‘ ’ k 2001. I , x . A F R
, - ( UK ) G x. , x - x q .
S (.. -) - (.. - ) x x j G x , x - ,
-k . I , , k
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CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE LEADERSHIP LITERATURE
. , , - (IL), x . IL -k,
k j , - , .
. Contributions rom the Leadership Literature
S ,
IL . T - x -k.2
Concepts o Political Leadership
I , k J B (1978). F B, , .
x (), . I , ’ . I IL .W -x -k, ‘-’ x , -
- x.3 N B - ’’ ‘’,4 .
I , J B , - , ‘ ’ (B 1987: 182). H
, x - .5 B’k IL k
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IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP: KEY TO OVERCOMING WELFARE STATE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
‘ ’, k IL. H , B, - , , IL . H, q
- .
Concepts o Leadership in Policy-Making
W B B - , q - . q, - .
x - k . M, -k’ k . : , , .6
P ‘k - x […]’ (Lk 2000:49). I k,
IL.7 q ‘ , - ’. . S , , ‘ , , -k, , k ’
- (Lk 2000: 52-53). , q , ‘- - - ’ (: 53). I , - , , , , (: 56-58).D ,
. F x, , x -k k ‘ [] , -
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CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE LEADERSHIP LITERATURE
- ’ (Lk 2000: 49). IL. F, k ; k, ,
‘ ’ ’ .
M (1995) -, , --. , . O -,
, (M 1995: 3-4). - ‘ -k -k’. I ‘ ’. S , , - ‘(…) k - (…) ’. ‘ -
’ (M 1995: 2). E, - , q k. I , ‘ , q k ’ ‘ j k , ’(M 1995: 3). A , q
‘ k ’. W - IL, k : q .
F, - IL; k -
x (G ’ H 2003).
8
I , (’ H 2000), - -
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IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP: KEY TO OVERCOMING WELFARE STATE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
. k q, - , ; - - .9 R
q: ; - j; ; (G ’H 2003: 237). . ‘A ’ – – . S, - . , ‘ -
, ’. F, ‘ -’. F, -, k , q (G ’ H 2003: 238-41). I , ‘- q , k ‘’ ,
’(: 237).10
C , - -- , IL , . A x q, , , - . k
, - . H, , k .
. I , k IL, 1) ‘k’ j
q, 2) , 3) k -. k- ,
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CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE IDEATIONAL LITERATURE
j.
Limitations o Leadership Concepts in Explaining Policy Change
W , . S - . I , k . N ,
. , . W k - , k - .
W k
- , j . Nx, - -k.
. Contributions rom the Ideational Literature
- x - 1970 k 1980, -. I 1980, x -k, - .11 A , x
-k, S Jk-S(1988, 1993) K (1995) , (P 1995: 173). ,
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IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP: KEY TO OVERCOMING WELFARE STATE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
k ( , -, x, , k ), . B x k , -
. x, P S Hk Jk-S’ ‘-
’ k, – – j . I ,
- (S 1999: 9). I , J K-’ ‘ ’ k, (K 1995). Mj k ‘ ’, - (, ) k (. S 1999: 9; K 1995). - k (. Bé2005).12 F q , k
(H 1974; H 1989, 1993; - .. V Hjk 1997; Hjk S2000). H’ -k ‘ j q q - j ’ (H 1993:278). M, ‘q j - , , x ’
‘ x ’ (Hjk S 2000: 131). , , .
Ideas and Social Policy Reorm
H k k -k
? I , ‘’ ‘-’. F , R Cx ‘
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CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE IDEATIONAL LITERATURE
’ x Dk N, G (Cx2001). I , Cx ‘-’, ,
, . P - x . I ‘’, ‘ ’ .
G x, F R . - k
U S (R 2000). q ( ), . x x ‘’, ,, (R 2000: 173-176).H, , R , (: 188). W k -
x , x : x k ‘’ IL -.
x V S, , (S 2002, 2002). D - (
) ( ) (S 2002: 308-309). I R’ , S x - j. j (, ), x - x (‘’ . ‘-’ ) q -k
j. - , x ( ) .
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IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP: KEY TO OVERCOMING WELFARE STATE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
D , ‘, ’ ‘ ’. I , , ‘ - ’ ‘
’ (S 2002: 256).I , - j ,13 (S 2002:309).
Building Blocks or IL rom the Ideational Literature
W k ? A , q k q -. , k IL.14
S, Cx R ’ - , .
‘k’, -k j . W k IL , - j - .
A -k’ . ’, k S, .A ( )
: ‘ ’ ‘ ’. 15 C- j ‘ ’ ‘ , , -, , - ’(S 2000: 218, 5.2). - k () -k. N
‘ ’ ‘ / ’ (.). , - j () ,
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CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE IDEATIONAL LITERATURE
. IL, ‘ ’, : IL-
. , IL - ‘ ’. q .
k . F , k .
C, k- .16 A, , , -k. k k ‘’ ‘’; , – – ‘’ (G K 1993). - -k ,
, ‘’ ‘’ (B 1999: 13-14), MxW’ (W G M 1948: 61 .).17 I ,18 - ‘k’ .
q k : k IL . I x - , - - (.. - ) . IL,
) ,
19
, ) - .20 W
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IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP: KEY TO OVERCOMING WELFARE STATE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
( , - ), , . I
IL k ‘ ( )’.
Limitations o Ideational Approaches
D , k. - . A
, x - . H, k k - -k (V K- 2002). V S, x, k , , : ‘F - , , , ,
k ’ (S 2002: 251). A . I , -k , . I -k , , , (. J 1994; R 2000). I (
) -k, - -k, ; - x - ( W 2003). O (C 1998).
, - . I
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IL AS A JOINT CONCEPT
( k ), j . I IL k, k -k, , .21 I ,
- k ‘’ k .
. IL as a Joint Concept
IL . C-
k . -, . C, . W k . , , k
. F, q k , x ’ k .
I , IL ‘ ’.IL x key policy-makers who use strategies that are idea-based (‘ideational’), and purposively aim for the achievement of change, even
in view of reform resistance (‘leadership’). K -k - k x , x (, x ). j x (. 1994; C 2003). R , - , ( ,
k ).IL k -k ( )
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IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP: KEY TO OVERCOMING WELFARE STATE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
. A , , 1) x k ; 2) k ( ), 3)
( , - ); 4) k - - . k . I -, IL : ,
( P’ k) -- ( E-A P). - x C 3.
. Aspects, Mechanisms and Efects o IL
IL -
, k- .22 H k ? k- . IL k-, -. , k , k-: ; -q; ;
(W 2002). O k- , , - . , ( ) . H, x , .23 IL
.
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ASPECTS, MECHANISMS AND EFFECTS OF IL
k k- -, k-. I , -k , x . k : , k H H’ ‘’ (H 1974).24
’ , ‘ ’ (F G 2004).25 , , - k- . L IL .
Exposing Drawbacks o the Status Quo
, IL- k q , , . I , k x k -, , , k. A , ‘’ q .
-
k- k : - x .26
Figure 2.1 Distinction between causal mechanisms that link IL and structural reorm
Ideational mechanisms
) policy ailure or loss o eectiveness brings on the search or alternatives (and new
policy principles)
) creating insights into the logics o appropriateness and necessity behind the innovation
helps to lower switching costs and to re-defne old policy principles
Interest-related mechanisms
) reorm-critical interest groups are made to ‘ace the acts’ or to redefne (the perception)
o their interest, lowering switching costs
4) orging consensus based on policy-seeking and not power-seeking motives reduces
switching costs
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IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP: KEY TO OVERCOMING WELFARE STATE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
k k (W 2002). x - . B ‘’ ,
IL- k q.Cq, q , - .
Legitimizing New Policy
S, IL- . -
, (’ H 2000; ’ H G2003), (M 1995). - , , ; , ‘’ ‘ ’. B - .
T -
. T k-, -k , , - . A, , x fi , (W 2002: 96-97).T ff -
– k fi x - – . Lk , , . R j - , k-.
Framing Reorm Resistance as Problematic
, IL- -k ‘’ , ( ) . q k (.. , -
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ASPECTS, MECHANISMS AND EFFECTS OF IL
) - . k’ q q
( ) ; () , .27 ,IL- -k k’ ( k ) - k -k . IL - ‘’ ‘’ (B 1999) k k-
k . M, , , - .
, - . IL- -k, - , .B , , , -,
k-k, x.
Eorts at Political Consensus-Building
IL -k’ - -. I , - . R , --
, ‘ ’ (’ H 2000; G ’ H 2003) x -k (G ’ H 2003:241-242). O IL : ‘ ’, - IL - - . I , - k , ‘
’. A Lk, k ‘ - - , x ,
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IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP: KEY TO OVERCOMING WELFARE STATE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
, ’ (Lk 2000:54-55). I - , -- , . W IL- ,
, - .
- . A , , . -
. k IL- - , . I -k k, , k-.
The Orientation o an Ideational Leader
W fi IL
, IL- k . P - . P - -k ‘-k’ ‘-k’ . P-k - , - ‘’ ( x, j).28 A ,
-k ffi -k , q - j ffi .29 IL- - ‘’ -. C j ‘ ’ ‘ , , , , - ’ (S 2000: 218, 5.2).T k
() -k. N- ‘ ’ ‘ fl/ff ’
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IL AND TH EO RI ZI NG ON GRADUAL INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE
(.). T, j () , - . T IL,‘ ’, -
: IL- . T IL ‘ ’. H, . O , - - ( IL),
-k . I , IL- , k -, j , x - ff, fi .
, - IL- k . - - - , ,
. IL:
. IL and Theorizing on Gradual Institutional Change
W IL k x x , . F,
Figure 2.2 Conceptualization o IL
Communicative and behavioural aspects
) Exposing the drawbacks o the policy status quo and old policy principles
) Making consistent eorts to legitimize new policy and its underlying principles
) Engaging with reorm opponents by raming their resistance as ‘problematic’
4) Making eorts at political consensus building to muster support or a particular reorm
Orientation/motivation aspect
) IL-type policy-makers are more policy- than power-oriented
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IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP: KEY TO OVERCOMING WELFARE STATE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
( ) , , , , . I ,
( x ). I , q - ‘’ x k . , q- (K 1988). - ‘ ’ (P 1998). I , x
. I , - x- (K 2004; H 2001;B ’ H 2000). P’ (1994; 1996).
( ) , , k x - . A C-
1, . O , W Sk K (2005) - ( ) - . A , k x . A k , Sk (2009) k
G , - ‘- ’ Sk .
I , k k Sk -. ‘x’, ‘’, ‘’, ‘’ ‘’. ‘Ex-
’ k , ‘’ - . ‘D’
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IL AND TH EO RI ZI NG ON GRADUAL INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE
x ; . I , ‘’, x -
. F, ‘’ x - (2005: 31).
A . , q . - . ,
. – – , .
S, , Sk T’ k .30 T fi fl -. O fi , x
. x, , . W x , . A , x . I ‘’ ,
. A , - x. A , q x ff .
x Sk ? , k ‘ ’
(.. ) ‘ k’ . :
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IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP: KEY TO OVERCOMING WELFARE STATE RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
(…) , ‘’ (…)
, , -
(2005: 16).
W x ‘’ ‘’ k .F, - , , - . S, ( - q ),
. ( ) (2005: 19).
D k , , . I , – , –
. IL k k – k -k – - k . I - . P, IL k ‘- ’ , x . I , IL k -
‘’ .
. Conclusion
IL k
C 1: j . k k .
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CONCLUSION
E k: - .B ‘’ IL k , ,
k. k j .
IL k - -. I -, , k- ’ . k x j -
, G. IL . I - : E-A. S IL k - , k . A , IL x , , x, k. I k
P’ -k’ - . E q - . I , -k k k . IL
. B , C 3 - G 1975.
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A Bird’s-Eye View o the German Welare State
I , k k G . W - -
x - . W - Bk . S 125 Bk , - . - , , , . - ‘ k’ (E-A
1996). k IL . F, ‘k’ , . A C 2, IL ., - - , , - , ,
, (S2005; Ok 2004; - .. A 2001). , IL q . G , -
1975 (G S-K 2003; - B S-K 2004; 1998-2003 E, O, Zö 2003). I j
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
- - - .
. Germany as Prototype o the Bismarckian Welare State
Welare State Principles
E-A’ k (E-A1990), , , , x
. A S D L , E-A , . - Bk 1880 .W x , - k .
F, C Bk - . ,
, x. (- -) - (k ).A , - ‘’ , - . I , , , x .
S, . , -. , x ,.. , : x k , , (.. S
), k (.. L ). S x x S
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GERMANY AS PROTOTYPE OF TH E BISMARCKIAN WELFARE STATE
. . A , - ()
- (B P 2000).1 I k : , ‘ ’ - .
F, M S (2001: 63) , . -
q- , .. . A- , k - , (S 2002; P2002; Sk 2001). I , ’ , , . I ,
(M P 2001). C- G x, ‘’ – – . I j , - . P, x, x -
. C - x (L 2000).
A C , - G . D ‘G E’, , -1970, x - E-A. (B S-K 2004; S 2005), G -
- , q .
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
W- : . M, -’ -
, : k , - j, , , , -k- k, , ’ (Mk 1985 B S-K 2004:18). F , -
: ; ; , , / k ( ). W k, , .. x- -. j k - (
) (B S-K2004: 18-19).
F C : . ( x ), k -
, - -. - k k . S ’ ‘G E’, , ‘’. A C - G , k
k j C .
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GERMANY AS PROTOTYPE OF TH E BISMARCKIAN WELFARE STATE
Pressures on Contemporary Welare States
B 20 , k-
, . -1990 (V K 2000). O C ( ) - -, , (: 21). , ’
: -F k, - , , , (E-A- 1996). , - , C - . S ;
, .2
F, , ( ) .I , . / ; q -
(L 2002). I , k () ‘ k’. S k k , , - , ‘k- ’, ff . N k , , -k k (B2005).
A k , , .
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
- (P 1998), -F ( -) k, , , ; x , -
, k (E-A 1993 ). q , ( ), - ( k) (P 1998: 544).
A, , ‘ ’. I , - , q q (I W 1998 P 1998: 544 ).
I , x - x, , x
. O , k . S - x .3 A, CDU/CSU-SPD G- k 2005, k 40 .4
F, . -
x - 65 .5
Reactions o Continental Welare States to Pressures:
‘Welare without Work’
W C -, -
( ) . , ,
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GERMANY AS PROTOTYPE OF TH E BISMARCKIAN WELFARE STATE
k. I , - j C . A , - G ,
, x k, (C 1998). E G F R - , x x .
I ( - ), C
. I, k , , - k , .A k k ‘--’ k (E-A 1996: 78-79). Gø E-A :
(...) . U
x,
, , ; .
T x k -
‘’ -
’ (: 80).
-, -, . F ,
C , F S ‘ ’, ‘ k’ ‘ C ’ (S 2000: 219-221).6
‘ ’ ‘ k’ (Hjk, M, V K 2000). ,
k.
7
‘-’ k, ‘- ’ ‘ k’
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
C - , . q G , , . G-
k - . O x G’ , P M E S ‘ x’ j x k, G, (M S 2000). 8 ,
, k - . H, k x .
. Sources o Resilience: Political Institutions and Policy Legacies
The Political-Institutional Context
G - , B L 1949, - , - . H, , (S 2003: 347). G -k , , -k- . I , - x
. I ‘ k ’ ‘ x, ’ ‘ -q ’. H, ‘ , q , k ’ - ’ (: 371).
V G
, . ’ , , j j F C-
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SOURCES OF RESILIENCE: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AN D POLICY LEGACIES
C, .10 I , x k (I 1992; B 2001).11 I , x- ( fi)
fl ( 1995, 1999).12 H, , , k k - ff . T, – – k . M, fl : ,
‘’ (Sk 2001 ; B P 2000), k fl , - k x .
I , -x - k -k. F S ‘j- ’, j Bundestag Bundesrat (S 1988);
‘ ’ (Lj 1984).S , ; .. (L- 2000).13 j Bundestag Bun-desrat ( 1990 ) q (-
Bundesrat ).14 ( - / -) ‘ ’ G (S 2003; 2005). H, , -, k - (M
2005).
15
F, G -k k -x j. k
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
, F C C, - ‘ j’ ‘ j’ (S 2003: 128). A
, G - . I - , , - , - (A 1994). A , ( ) -k,
(C 2003; Dö M 1997).G ’
, , M S (2003: 202) : ‘ G q , , , ‘ ’ Reformstau . -k ,
- x.
Welare State Institutions and Policy Legacies
R , j- . I ,
j -- , k - . PAYGO -q x ( P 2001: 411-416). I , - .
Old-Age Pensions
G - ( 2001) ( k k,
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SOURCES OF RESILIENCE: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AN D POLICY LEGACIES
). - , q . S 1957, - k
( - ), x - (..; ). P x, - , 1992 .I 1980, 70 ( 45 ) , k , . A (2001),
(C 2005: 95-97).16
O, k , - , , j , - , , --- (PAY-GO) (N Rü 1993: 94-95).17
-
. D -, .. , . k . I , ,- , j : - , PAYGO
k . , , , - -- k . E, , -. - . I ,
- k . B k k :
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
- . E , k, PAYGO , - ,
, C 5 R -. k, , PAYGO .
A , - q- (S 2002: 63). S- x
-k . x - , , -. O , - - , Bk G , - j (S 2002). S, Bk . I , ,
k (M P 2001). A-, G , x .
I , ‘k’ fl - - . T G ( S- 3.1). A , x
, , - VDR (Verband Deutscher Rentenversicherer ), - - ff .18
Unemployment InsuranceU ,, Bk ,
. A, k , -
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SOURCES OF RESILIENCE: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AN D POLICY LEGACIES
. U 2004, G - : ( q ) (
, ALG); , - x (, ALH) () ALG. 19 B F E A ( Bunde- sanstalt für Arbeit , 2004 Bundesagentur für Arbeit ), ( , ) j . A - , k -
. B BA . - : - , -k ; - -k , x; - - BA (R2005; C 2005, 1994).
C , - , - .R, ( ) . F , N S (2002) x, k -
. A ( ) - (.. N Z A), ( ) - , x - . G-’ S - A-Sx .
O ff , k
k – – . R ,
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
fl -k . S fi - k x - , - (Dö M 1995: 140
: Sö F 2004: 249). T x - - .I , , ’ , -, . P- : k , -
fl -k . I k ffi k x , x fl k’ - . I , fl , k (Sö F 2004: 251).20
Statutory Health Care Insurance G -
(SHI), 90 , . SHI , q ; k . C k- , -’ , , -1990, . Sk
, Kassenärztliche Vereinigungen, , , k . - k ( ) ( - G 2002; Rk G 2004).
I , PAYGO SHI (Sö F
2004: 249).
21
Bk 1883 k PAYGO SHI. S 1970,
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SOURCES OF RESILIENCE: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AN D POLICY LEGACIES
k , ‘ ’ - - . H, k -k , k- ,
.. - - , SHI ().
W - fi , G . A, k- . O G SHI - ( -1990) ‘ x -
, q ’(Dö M 1995: 141).22 I , : ‘j ’, - (.. - - ), (Verbandslastigkeit), -k . W G- , x
. T -, ( ) - k ( C 4). I , k - ( - ). M, k , ,
k ’ (: 142-43). -
: , G -k - , (W- 1989). FDP, - ,
, k x (Dö M 1995: 144).F, FDP j -
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
- , ( C 7 1990). S, k Länder (
), - . , Länder k Bundesrat (: 144), k .
, - - k - k .
. How Have German Governments Responded to Pressures?
-k . W , - , , C 4, 5 6. q k (
) - ( ) . A, , , x G . ‘’ q . F , -
’ - , j . N .
The SPD-FDP Coalition (1969-1982): Expansion and the Beginning o
Consolidation23
F 1969 , S-D-L (SPD-FDP) - G x , k .24 A x
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HOW HAVE GERMAN GOVERNMENTS RESPONDED TO PRESSURES?
x , k , x- , 1972 ( - S 2005: 94).
1974, , , -. -k , C W B H S 1974. 1975 - k , , , k , -. A 1976,
1977 1981 j : 1970 .25
I S 1982, , - SPD FDP -. - CDU/CSU FDP , , - . E, ‘ ’ . SPD-FDP
7.5 , 2 34 . O , x/GDP , 1975, k (S 2005: 98).
H j x? L k -- , ,
( 1975 ), - k : , , x (B S-K 2004: 51). F, ( k ), , -, :
(S 2005: 97).W - , j 1977 1978 j,
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
- j . O , - - ( F E A)
. O , S-D-L - , x (B S-K 2004: 68-69).
C , -1970 k - . , - x - - x . A 1977- , C A H C ( Konzertierte
Aktion im Gesundheitswesen) - (Dö1995: 387-388; R W 1990). ’ - .
The ‘Kohl Era’ (1982-1998): Consolidation, Expansion and ‘Restructuring’
CDU/CSU-FDP C K - , , -
. A q, -: k x, , , , (2005: 99). S K x - , : , 1982 1990 k , 1990 ,
(2005: 100-103).T fi x -
, k M L S AffN Bü.26 , - , .27 I -, - (Sozialabbau),
. W fi , 1980 ‘ ’ j E- (S 2005:11). H, -
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HOW HAVE GERMAN GOVERNMENTS RESPONDED TO PRESSURES?
, 1985 , ( ) x . T, fi -
. , ,
x . ( ), - , - , 1994.28 A - , K G q-
(Umbau). H, (arifautonomie) .29
H j ? I , . S k , 1980 ‘ ’ (C 2005: 64). I 1983 1984,
‘ , k, k’. B 1984 1987, ‘ ’ ‘ x-’ (.. , x - - ). S-q, k
(: 65). S, : -k k k (x k ). Ok, , , x . A ,
k x, (B S-K 2004: 56).
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
I , , ( k ; ALG [- ] ALH [ ] ; k ALH
ALG). , , 1995 , : , ( k - ), ‘’ . A , - k q ALH - , - ALG (C 2005: 69-70). A, k -
x , 1980 . W , k, x - (B S-K 2004: 61).
W - 1990, ? A, - , -1990 -
j. M , ‘ k - (...) x ’. , ’ - (C 2005: 105-106). J , 1989, - ( k 1992), - j , x
x (Sä1993, 1999 C 2005: 107).
- k j : - - . 1997 ‘ - k ’ (C 2005: 111-112): -
, , ‘ -’ ( k x x
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HOW HAVE GERMAN GOVERNMENTS RESPONDED TO PRESSURES?
). F , , - , K G k - , k
‘ q’ . , , , , q . O , - - , ‘ - -’ (B S-K 2004: 75).
F, , - ‘K E’. 1992 - - . I -: - x ( ); k ( ); - - (, , - ); - - (Rk
G 2004: 247-248). D 1980, - , 1985(B S 1998: 117). 1988 H C R A(GRG) -, (W 1989). F 1992 - 1998, , GRG -.
1992 S H C A (GSG) k . k - x x k ( k , , 1996 ): ‘ ’ (Rk
G 2004: 249-250). W GSG -- , jG , 1995 k
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
( 1996 1997) SPD . ‘K E’, , x, k (B 2003: 213).
The Red-Green Coalition (1998-2005): Cost-Containment
and Structural Change
E R-G - q -k - . W (
2002 2005) - - , . O , ( SPD ) ‘- x j’ G’ - (Standort Deutschland ). O , - , x/
GDP - : R-G , K G. S R-G -k, x- SPD- k(S 2005: 113). 1998 k
SPD , K G: ( , 1998 ), ; ; k ; . I , Sö G k
: x R ‘- x
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HOW HAVE GERMAN GOVERNMENTS RESPONDED TO PRESSURES?
- ’ ( ) k H IV ( ) (: 114-116).
W j ? L k k . Sö G
x k - j- ‘ q’ k (.. ). I 2001, - j- , - (C 2005: 72-73). F- 2002 H Sö’ Agenda 2010, 2003 ‘
’ ‘k ’ (: 75), H I, II III ( , j - []-) .
H IV -k H C k . I , - .30 R -
, B S-K -k k - . A k , K G, R-G . , - q . R- k , k
k , (B S-K 2004: 66).31
S k , - x - . A , -1998 - 32 , R -, 1999 2001.
k , . A ,
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
- , R - . -k -
- , L (S 2005: 116-118). I 2003, k x 2004 - . A - - 2004 ‘ ’ ( -
), j (:116-117). R-G ‘ - , , x- - ’. W , -
(B S-K 2004: 77).I , R-G -
- k: (SHI). - (G 2003: 7). I (1998-2000), - K G
2000 SHI R A: q SHI. I , 2001 2002, : x k-j . I , k-j k , ( 2007), k k -
SHI (B 2003: 218). W , , -
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HOW HAVE GERMAN GOVERNMENTS RESPONDED TO PRESSURES?
k ( H 2003: 266-268).A 2003, 2004 H C M A (GMG) q , .33
The ‘Grand Coalition’ o CDU/CSU and SPD (2005 – 2009):
Standstill or Giant Steps Forward?
D C Sö’ k , R-G -. I S 2005, SPD CDU/CSU
. A ‘G C’ CDU/CSU SPD, x . x ’ j P- k - ( q k ).H, ( 2009), C- Mk (M L S A Mü [ N
2007], O S [N 2007 – ] M HC U S) x.
I k , H - j . I , , H IV, . I ’ ,
, 6.5 4.2 2007 3.3 2008. A k : SPD , jj CDU/CSU . W SPD k 2007, q q
. N , x (P Wk A) . 34 I
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
O 2008, P .35
W - , ‘G C’ - 67
. k , Mk G k – , j – , . A , x , , , , .
I , Mk G j - , ‘’ - . A - , 2007 A 2007. , k , x 2009. - . H,
k : O 2008, x 15.5 ( 14.9 2008). - -, , k ’ .36 I , - -
– – . . I M 2008, Bundestag k- - 0.25 (1.95 ) .37 C, , j k k .38
I , x - CDU/CSU SPD, Mk G’ x -
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GENERAL PATTERNS OF CHANGE IN MAJOR PROGRAMMES
. D q , , , . I , ‘G C’
, ( C 7).
. General Patterns o Change in Major Programmes
W - 1970. L k , -
1970, 1980, x . 1990 k , - . A 1998, ,, , k - j-k. W H C-’ k, k q-
j k j k. A , , x , ( -) .
- . A x 1970, x -
j 1990. I , x-, . A 1998, x - , 2001 -
. S , - k, .
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
F, . C 1970 -k, - 1990.
S 1990 (k ,-) , . I , , , x, k. k .
. Conclusion
x G - -. F, - , , , ,
. A k G - - k - - ’ . Nx, (-, --, ), ( -) k ,
( - ). A k Bk k, j - k . H, G - k .
F, x.
- x G -, , , j, -
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CONCLUSION
k -k xk .A . ‘k’
, , , (-) -’ . U , - . I , , ( ) k q. H
: , , ’ - k -, , (-) .
F , - G j -, - .A - ,
( j) 2000. W , - : -k - . W , H IV , .
I , , ( k , - -) 1990. , --k k ’ , - .
G . G
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A BIRD’S-EY E VIEW OF THE GERMAN WELFARE STATE
. H, G . O , j - . O
, , x , , . q k - . A , G -k k ( ) - . H,
, . I , , C 2, .
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Transormation o Health Care Policy?The Legacy o Minister Seehoer
‘I , I x-
. A -
, ,
. B -. W -
.’
(M Seehofer
DER SPIEGEL, 3 A 1992)
O 1990x : . W
j , M HH S, , . S, CD CSU, M C K 1992 1998. H k B CSU SS M L S A Bü. Wk
Bü - 1989 H R A, qk ’ . B M H, S, C K. D x , q - k .1
O k G -
, 1990. W k k S’j j: 1992 S H C A (Gesund-
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
heitsstrukturgesetz, GSG) 1997 S R A(1./2.GKV-Neuordnungsgesetz, GKV-NOG). F , - x, . B
. S’ , q - .2
. A Sketch o Statutory Health Insurance in the Early s
4.1 (SHI).
Table 4.1 Organization Structural Health Insurance (SHI)
Structure Actors
Financing Employers and employees
– fnance payroll contributions %/%, including coverage o
children; solidarity principle: contribution as percentage o gross
wage up to statutory wage ceiling
Sickness unds
– organized on the lines o occupational groups; primary and
substitute unds, administration o unds; redistribution o insured
risks via risk compensation scheme across unds
Care provision
(ambulant and
stationary)
Physicians represented by:
– Associations o Sickness Fund Physicians (KassenärztlicheVereinigungen, KVs) and its peak organization (Kassenärztliche
Bundesvereinigung, KBV)
– Federal Chamber o Physicians (Bundesärztekammer): obligatory
membership, representation vis-à-vis the state
– Hartmannbund/Marburger Bund: associations with voluntary
membership; visible in protests and during negotiations o
collective agreements, no ormalized inuence on state policy-
making
Hospitals (administered by religious organizations, municipalities,
regional bodies, private investors)– German Association o Hospitals (Deutsche Krankenhaus-
gesellschat, DKG) and its regional branches in the Länder
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A SKETCH OF STATUTORY HEALTH INSURANCE IN THE EARLY S
Problems o the Sector in the Early 1990s
G . S -1970, -k - SHI ,
(G 2003: 6). Ex- k- ’ , , - - . (1992-1998), 1988 HC R A (GRG) M N Bü, k ( Beitragssatz- stabilität ). I
, x (S 1991 G 2002: 107). H, , - (W 1989), . A 1990, 1992, 13 ( 12.2 1991), x . Sk j
. x x- 1990. k
Pharmacists
– pharmacists’ chambers (Apothekerkammern), Federal Association
o German Pharmacists (Bundesvereinigung Deutscher
Apothekerverbände): little ormal involvement in health politics
and institutionalized arenas o consultation and negotiation
Regulation State
– regulation o sickness unds; providers and SHI (contributions,
income ceiling, beneft package, terms o cooperation between
physicians and sickness unds; implements rame legislation by
means o
Institutions o sel-governance
– KVs and sickness unds implement state measures through
agreements or collective bargaining; state reserves right to suspend
this mechanism in case o no compliance
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
x , , , , (G2003). I , -: ,
x; , x .3 , x - , k . W x- k , -
- K G. I k , x x (Solidaritätszuschlag ) ; , - . E, CDU , - . Eq, , CDU, , .
k -k, - 1994, . F , , Länder E , , - , x, k -, , (G 2002: 112). I , , , k
.
. The Structural Health Care Reorm Act
Reorm Goals and Measures
S’ j j k
SHI. k x :
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TH E STRUCTURAL HEALTH CARE REFORM AC T
T -
- ,
ff . T S H C
A L A 5 S L C -
- , , . A , fi -
2000. B .4
- k-. ,
k, k .H 1993-1995 ; k - j ; ’ 20 .M, x SHI j - . P , -
, 1988 GRG, k .
M k, k x 1996 , k- . A , k-j , k - q k (A-
k B 2005; G 2002: 114-117). F - , ‘ x ,k , -’, -; ; x j k ; ; -k ; ’ - (G 2002: 114-117).
GSG , , -
x q ( BMG , 27 J 2006). I ,
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
k - ( ), - k k
( x, 9F 2006).
The Reorm Process
H S 6 M 1992, k G H-, A. S k k. M S
k j, k M CDU (Pk-H 1994: 258). I -M, - ’ x M , x k. F , qk M ( Referentenentwurf ) C A (: 259). A , Sx SPD ‘G C-’ . A
SPD , (K W CDU/CSU, Kk FDP). , k - Länder SPD B L. I x , 1 O 4 O-,
( SPD MP, 24 J 2006). D L k, S’ , k k ( Risikostrukturausgleich). SPD’ - , R D. W S , SPD k . A q, S -
k k (Pk-H 1994: 260). A L k, ,
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TH E STRUCTURAL HEALTH CARE REFORM AC T
, M. I , Bundestag N, .5 W
x , - x M . H , x, , , , - , q ( VA, 15 N 2005). I, Bundestag x (R 1993: 27 ). A , GSG ,
4.2 :
The Politics o the GSG
T GSG ‘x’ (H 1994; G- M 1999; B 2003). T GSG ‘ k ’, - x k - (G 2002: 111 ff.). F, ff - (Weichenstellung), (R 1993: 43). I
GSG k , . T GSG, , .
Table 4.2 Chronology o the GSG (BT= Bundestag, BR= Bundesrat)
Date Event
2 June 1992
14 July
12 August
1 – 4 October 5 November
9 December
18 December
1 January 1993
Announcement results rom Ministry talks
Ministry drat bill
Cabinet decision on bill
Lahnstein talks with SPDNew drat bill in BT
nd reading bill in BT and adoption
BR approves bill
GSG comes into eect
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
F , x- SPD GSG - . A ffi j-fi Länder j Bundesrat ,
, Pk-H (1994) . T - ff q -: k – k SPD k – . A SPD L k fi, S k - SPD- Länder Bundesrat, CDU/CSU FDP ( SPD MP, 24 J 2006). A
, S k - j k , :
L G, ,
x , I k
SPD Länder – . I k
ff. N -fi
. I k , k k
, . S ( , x
Länder ) -
, ffi
. I -
.6
C- M
, . S , , SPD - (Pk-H 1994). F M’ , , - , ( BMG , 27 J 2006). I , q S’
- : j S’ . W
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TH E STRUCTURAL HEALTH CARE REFORM AC T
x M’ .
T GSG M’ - k ( ff
- j ), . I , k k C K A ( , 10 N 2005). F S’ , k - , x , M- Bü, k 1988 GRG (W 1989). T , M
fl . I - GSG, , S , ’ ’ -, . W - , , FDP, , fl ff k . - , FDP ‘46 ’ -
( DKG , 22 N 2005). I 1992, - , KBV : ‘R , FDP. W -; ’ ( KBV , 16 N- 2005). T . M fi, ‘’, fl ( VA, 15 N 2005). F,
S G H A (DKG) . A Konzertierte Aktion für das Gesundheitswe- sen, k DKG xx ( DKG , 22 N- 2005). F, , -fi ,
(Pk-H 1994: 263).B , S
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
k: , x- SPD, . AJ 1992,
k , . P, k k (R 1993:26). W , -k x- GRG.W , , , GSG.
F, . , , , , , - . S, , x S Mk EU, x . F, - : -
x ( k), (G 2002: 111). W -k, , - , ’ - k (Pk-H 1994: 261-262). I ,
k GSG, S k . A , 1200 ( 10 ) ( SPD MP, 24 J 2006). - q .
T ff -fi (
, 10 N 2005 11 N 2005). I , M’ , M H k
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SEEHOFER’S ROLE: A MINISTER ‘ TAKI NG ON THE SHARKS’
( BMG ffi , 27 J 2006). T S , ff , k fi ffi k :
T . I :
. W k fi 5.5 k 1991
x fi 10 k. T x
10 1991 -
, fi q 1992 (…)
L , . N
.7
R-k Länder , -k-
fi
fi Länder – :
. I
, . W -
. T . 8
S’ ,
q , IL, x . A , M SHI, , - x- ( SHI x ). F, M, ,
GSG.
. Seehoer’s Role: A Minister ‘Taking on the Sharks’
F S - . I ,
: - - . T M
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
q, x P SS M Bü ( , 11 N2005). Bü fl -
, ‘ ’, 1988 GRG. S k ’ , . A fi GSG , S k , ‘ NBü k’. B , M - ( j GSG), Bü, ,
.10
S . A x :
I, I S -
. H k,
k
k .(...)
F CSU k – x
- – k ( x, 9 F 2006).
S’ , , , x . A, M - KBV
( KBV , 16 N 2005). A - , DKG, S’ ‘ k’ : , , -q ( DKG , 22 N 2005).
O S’
-, , . H ‘k ,
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SEEHOFER’S ROLE: A MINISTER ‘ TAKI NG ON THE SHARKS’
’ ( , 11 N2005). F , ’ k R , M . R-,
: ‘I k .’ Ex M J 1992, .11 I , ’ k . I , k , S ( CDU/CSU , 23 J- 2006). F ’ , ‘
j-’ , , ‘ : -’ ( SPD MP, 23 J 2006). N , ‘ k j , , ’ ( , 23 N 2005). q k ‘- ’ k . F-
, ‘ ’: x GSG’ , k k -. H :
N , , k
, I :
! (…) I .
Tk
[
], k
(S, 9 D 1992, 10947).12
F S k,
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
q, , .
M k q k-
, - . H - x k - . x , - , k CDU/CSU 1998 (
CDU/CSU , 23 J 2006). H - M, , - ( x, 9 F 2006). M’ k GSG, x x IL. S , (x ), x
:
I k : G q -
; I k (…)
L , I q
. T
, , q,
fi SHI.13
M ‘ q x , , , q G ’. I - -q , , k ‘ SHI .
k , . ’.14 I , k :
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SEEHOFER’S ROLE: A MINISTER ‘ TAKI NG ON THE SHARKS’
S
q , I
(…). L
, fi
x -. P .15
A GSG, x , S , ‘ ’ ( ),‘ ’ ( -
j) ‘ j’ ( ).16
B , S k , x :
I j , ,
ffi x
, k
. I k -
k,
, .. - .17
A j :
I k -
(x SHI),
. I k , -q
q .18
S’ GSG k x- , x - .
W -, q : S x
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
. A , k - , , k . O - :
H SHI k
k , -
. T,
SHI ( x, 9 F
2006).
M , - SPD, SPD - x R D k- : ‘S- k k - – k -, k ’ (Pk-H 1994: 264). P L, S D - , k ( ), -
. M , M - , - M ’ -, S ( BMG , 27 J- 2006). ‘ k ’ ’ ( CDU/CSU , 23 J 2006). R
, - , S :
W -k , , k q
k (…). A -
, ,
, (…). T -
k (…). I
x k k , , k
.19
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SEEHOFER’S ROLE: A MINISTER ‘ TAKI NG ON THE SHARKS’
A , , ‘- , , , ’.20 S’
, k IL, k .
, x S’ - x GSG.S, , - ; q,
- , - ; k . E - IL. W x - , , IL ( q, , , -) S’ .
Was the GSG a Structural Reorm?
I j GSG , - q ( : , ). A , GSG x - , ; k (
); - k-j . x ?
, x . B (2003: 212), , ‘ ’ - , , , x
q .
21
Lk, k - -, Rk G (2004: 249) GSG ‘k , -
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
‘ ’ 2000 SHI , 21 ’.22 I , GSG j x :
‘ GSG , x […] I , GSG , ffi ’ (B 2006: 5). O k , GSG‘ x’, ‘ ’ (G M 1999: 977).23 F, GSG ‘ k k
x’ ‘ , ’’ - ’(H 1994: 132-133).24 T j fi GSG x 1990, .. , ff x - .25 W ?
B fi , GSG ff, . T ’ - fi-
fi , , -: , fi- . W , : x - , x k ff () .
B ,
k . Sk : , , . k k , k-j .
- k-k -.26 I , , , - . S--
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TH E 7 HEALTH CARE REORGANIZATION ACTS
M’ , , . , - , - ( VA
, 15 N 2005). M , , - k, k GRG (G 2002: 114).
, GSG ’ -, ’ . B - k ,
: GSG, , , , , , ; , k- , .. ’ k , .W , k, . , -
S’ .
. The Health Care Reorganization Acts
Reorm Goals and Measures
I 1995, S M k ‘ ’ -
‘ q- fi ’. W , CDU/CSU M 1995 ‘k , - fi SHI ’, ‘ - flx ’.28 H, - -
, 1996, ’ q - .I CDU/CSU FDP ,
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
T (SPD B90/G) -
: fi
SHI; [ ] -
, - -
fi .29
B 1996, M H , C R A.30 I - : ; - - ; - ; k
; k 10 k . k 1996 0.4 J 1997, - 13.4 13.0 . 31
A C R A , ‘’ , GKV-WEG (GKV -Weiterentwicklungsge- setz ) ( Krankenhausfinanzierungsre-
form ). B Bundesrat , j 12 S 1996. A , S SPD G SPD- Länder ( - k L 1992) x - . H, q. SPD’ R D – – ’ :
T ff - - -
. T . B […]
q ff .32
S , k GKV-WEG , ( ) SHI R-
A NOG ( BMG ffi , 27 J 2006). IO 1996, fi NOG -
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TH E 7 HEALTH CARE REORGANIZATION ACTS
G’ : k - G. Rk, C R A P, NOG
A 0.4 J 1997. A fi k k - k ffi . A , fi NOG - k ffi k ’ -, k , . M,
‘ - , - , fi - k ’. T , ‘ - , k ff 1997’.33
I , NOG N 1996, - k ‘- k , -, ’.34 : -
; - ; ; -’ -; - , x .35
B . I ,
. F, k (k - ) q q q . S, k - x , x k. I , H M
, j .36
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
The Reorm Process
I qk , - k k 4.3 4.4.
Table 4.3 Summary o the legislative process o the Contribution Relief Act o 1996
(BT = Bundestag; BR = Bundesrat)
Date Event
24 May 1996
28 June
19 July
26 August
29 August
12 September
13 September
1 January 1997
st reading in BT
nd /rd reading in BT, adoption with amendments
Rejection by BR
Compromise decision Mediation Committee
BT rejects compromise decision
BR vetoes rejection
BT overrules veto by absolute majority vote
Contribution Relie Act comes into eect
Table 4.4 Summary o events in the legislative process o the GKV-NOGs
(BT = Bundestag; BR =Bundesrat)
1 GKV-NOG 2 GKV-NOG
Date Event Date Event
10 October 1996
15 November
19 December
12 March 1997
20 March
25 April
12 June
1 July
reading BT
/ reading and
adoption by BT
BR rejects bill
Compromise
decision Mediation
Committee
BT rejects
committee decision
BR vetoes rejection
BT overrules veto
(absolute majority)
.GKV-NOG comes
into eect
15 November 1996
19 November
20 March 1997
25 April
14 May
15 May
12 June
1 July/1 January
1998
reading BT
BR rejects bill
/ reading BT
and adoption
BR rejects bill or
the time
Recommendation
by Mediation
Committee
BT rejects
committee
decision + rea rms
adoption o the bill;
BR restates veto
BT rejects veto
. GKV-NOG comes
(phased) into eect
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TH E 7 HEALTH CARE REORGANIZATION ACTS
A - , - ( Bundestag ) k ( Bundesrat ) . P
CDU/CSU-FDP j Bundestag , Bundesrat SPD- Länder . W .
The Politics o the GKV-NOG Laws
I , NOG ‘ k’ ‘ ’ ( SPD MP,
23 J 2006). M , k L .37 NOG k , ’ ; - -, x -; k - x k x (G 2002: 124-126).A , S M -k 1996. W
NOG -, x GSG . M S x -.
, - SPD 1996/97 k. F - , - . F , 1994
CDU/CSU-FDP . FDP -à- . I - , SPD (G 2002: 129). A-, ’ L . A , ‘F FDP, L W, . k FDP MP
: “ ’ L ”’ ( SPD MP, 23 J 2006). , G
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
‘ ’, k - . Eq, NOG, - -
CDU’ . A q, (G 2002: 128).
I , SPD Ok L , R S, - , - (- , 10 N 2005). M, CDU SPD , 1995,
(B 2003: 213). ( ), ’ , k . I, , (‘- ’). SPD, , -.
x (‘- ’)(: 212-214). M, 1996/1997 1998 . k NOG - qk .38
M,
-- .A , 1996 k -1997 . O Bundesrat NOG, k . - ( , 10 N 2005 23 N- 2005). O
, ’ k .39 O ,
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TH E 7 HEALTH CARE REORGANIZATION ACTS
( k , 22 N 2005). E, NOG k , CDU/CSU- Länder : k
k , - - k.
A -k . W M GSG, -1992 . ,
1988 GRG, --k - , ( , 23N 2005). F , , KBV DKG , . S DKG, ( DKG, 22N 2005). Eq, KBV M
k ‘’ , , L, ‘’ ( KBV , 16 N 2005). - , KBV, ’ . S 1995, ‘ -’ (Vorfahrt für die Selb- stverwaltung ), . A , x , ’ . O
x , - , . k , k SPD, , M .40 I M :
T x fi ,
x P
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
. H, ,
x (-
BMG ffi , 27 J 2006).
N 1996/1997, - ff, . I 1992, -k, -1990, : - fi , G fi, . F M W - , E
: M fi k ff, . I -, EU q k- , ’ ( , 11 N- 2005). I , ‘P G S’, - ff ; x. T k
, . A q, M S fi , GSG x x kk .
. The Role o Minister Seehoer: Fighting Against the Tide
T , :
k (...). M
1995-1997, k -k-
(...). , S
ffi (
x, 9 F 2006).
G- S’ . M
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TH E ROLE OF MINISTER SEEHOFER: FIGHTING AGAINST TH E TI DE
1996/97. A j , , - k ( , ), -k ( )
. W S , , M’ - .
, k , . S- , k 1992, , : -
. M j SHI , x, - , x ’ . , ( ), ( - ).41 M k
k , x . x (Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der Entwicklung im Gesundheitswesen) 1997.42 A -q, -k ( CDU/CSU -
, 12 J 2006). I, - .43 FDP- - , SHI k ( NOG) q .44
F, - x ( ), 18 .
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
A S NOG , - 1992. NOG ,
k . U, M- x j NOG, , ( ), k GSG, q - .S - ‘ ’:
R ffi q k SHI
x -
, I
-. T x k x-
,
- .45
S - NOG
- SHI. I q , x - : -- x -- ( Härtefallregelung ). W ,
M , , , x SHI. 46 A S x, , k , - , , - . A , S ,
.
47
U , , - SHI:
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TH E ROLE OF MINISTER SEEHOFER: FIGHTING AGAINST TH E TI DE
W SHI’ x ,
, -q -
, (…) B SHI
(…)
, : . S
.48
D NOG x , ,
S
(....) H
, . I fi -
,
fi ( x, 9
F 2006).
A, M
. T , fi, ff k , ’ -, , x . T x fi , j GSG . I, k k ’ , k ffi ( CDU/CSU
, 12 J 2006; SPD MP,24 J 2006). S - NOG, , CDU/CSU , , (CDU/CSU , 12 J 2006).
, M ’ - j , -, 1996/1997. M-
, SPD’ NOG . A q ( )
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
M - , q Bundesrat , G.49
T M C K
(, , fi -). C, - q S . T , , x. K’q S - ( , 11 N 2005), - x - , GSG fi (
, 10 N 2005). T C fl - 1998 ; , S k SHI , k k ( x, 9 F 2006). A , ffi k ‘M- A’ ( , 11 N 2005), , G , M F.50
F, M’ .
S’ - GSG ; x . A q, - q , ( , 10 N 11 N 2005).A x S’ :
H k , ‘ ’: (...). T
fl , -
, k. H
ffi ,
( x, 9 F 2006).
A 1997, DER SPIEGEL
S ‘ ’ ‘k’ . W k , :
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TH E ROLE OF MINISTER SEEHOFER: FIGHTING AGAINST TH E TI DE
F, G I
. S,
fi , k
. F,
, .51
, S’ NOG , - . N S’ k, k (-, ),
. O, , k k, , . B S , - NOG K G ( CDU/CSU , 12 J 2006).
Were the NOG Laws a Structural Reorm?
A , C- R A NOG -, , -, , -1992 . H, , x ?
A j- ,52 , 1996/1997 GSG. D
? F , ’ , GSG j - , NOG. M j -, x - C- R A. H, , k . - ( x k ), -
, x . ‘’ SHI , . H,
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
( ), k, ( x, 9 F 2006).
S, ( ), x (Rk G 2004: 228). H, - , . E, .
F, ’ , -
, k - , .. -. T q x F C P- Sk F . F, x - (G 2002: 133-135). S, x k--
- : - x ( k k KV), - ( q k (B 2003: 214).
I , NOG - . k
-, - , . I, NOG - k - , R-G 1998.53 , - -’ k, : k ‘’ .
I 1996/1997 x , j ,
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CONCLUSION
. B , C R A NOG - , GSG, .. k- . I -
. I , - , . W SHI, , SHI. F, - - : GSG. 1996/97
, k- SHI - . , , , , (G 2003: 127).54 W GSG k- SHI, 1996, - -, .. k , , .. (B 2003: 214). I
, GSG ( k ), - -, , NOG ( -). : , ‘’ -- - , , -1992 (
KV k ).
. Conclusion
O k j- M H H S. B 1992S H R A (GSG), 1997 H C R-
A (1. 2.GKV-NOG), k , , , k, M.
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
GSG : ( ); - k (
), - ( k-j . W GSG : -à- - ; k k - . , 1992, k -
q M H , k ( C 7 ).
S GSG. M’ SPD .H k, , j . M, ,
GSG’ , , . S’ SHI , q k, , , . -, , -
. I , GSG M’ x , , k . GSG IL : S’ .
F , NOG
k ’ -,k . I - -, k
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CONCLUSION
x - . ’ -à- k ; - ; -
( - ’ -), - . NOG - GSG , - -, . B , k , , -
( C 7). O, SHI, k , - . -, . - k ( ) . I k ( NOG), ‘’?
x -k GSG, M’ .S , - . A- , , M , SPD Länder. D
C K , , . I , S - - . A S IL, . - - -.
M, NOG - : , - IL. S, M
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TRANSFOR MATI ON OF HEALTH CARE POLICY? TH E LEGACY OF MINISTER SEEHOFER
q, . H, - M NOG - . S’
.M, - - k k C.
, S’ x. H - . A NOG -
, . W IL? M , -k IL . , IL , , .
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Transorming Public Pensions:the Riester Pension Reorm
‘M : .
F , -k
. T -
.’
(Riester 2004: 135)
F , . U, k G 2001. A W R, M L
C Sö’ R-G , - . , R’ Sö G-. A , , G ‘-k’ (H 2003; H K 2003; L Rü 2004). S, G- ,
. D - , G : , .
I , - . , , : , -
x , x - ( q ). A , -
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
-. . I , - - . F
, , , . F, R’ -, j . P k - , j . I , -
, - , - .
A, (IL), x- k k. W : , k x q, ., x IL x
M R, , , IL - . N q IL .
Main Reorm Provisions
R
, q . I x G- , - ( ) . k - q Bundesrat . , O-A P A ( Altersvermögens-
gesetz , AVG), O-A P Ex A ( Altersvermö- gensergänzungsgesetz , AVEG).1 , x ,
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TH E REFORM PROCESS: CHRONOLOGY, ACTORS AN D POLICY POSITIONS
M 2001 M C Bundesrat . , k - , J 2001
Bundestag ; q Bundesrat . -
, x- . I -, , - . ( Entgeltumwandlung ). -
k , -, . I , ‘x ’ - . 70 2001 67 2020 64 2030.
, j , G, .
W M , .I , j , ; - , , x , .
. The Reorm Process: Chronology, Actors and Policy Positions
B k , 5.1 .2 N, k - : R’
1999, M 2001.
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
R’ . - - -k. , - . 5.2 .
Steps towards a Reorm Proposal
B 1998 , CDU/CSU-FDP G 1999 P R A, - ( 70 64 ), ‘ ’. H, - , Sö G qk -
. T, k k fi- , M S , ‘
Table 5.1 Important events in the reorm process 1999-2001
Date Event
17 June 1999 Presentation o cabinet decision on reorm concept by Ministry
o Labour and Social Aairs
21 June 1999 Obligatory character o private pensions is withdrawn
30 May 2000 Presentation o drat (Eckpunktepapier ) by coalitional working
group
June 2000 Government announces return to net wage indexation or
and presents pension reorm plans
October 2000 Break-down o extra-parliamentary compromise talks SPD-CDU,
FDP continues to work with the coalition
14 November 2000 reading o legislative drats
11-13 December 2000 Changes to drats ater parliamentary hearings, concession on
occupational pensions
26 January 2001 reading o legislative drats and approval o changes,
Bundestag adopts bill
February 2001 Bundesrat invokes Mediation Committee
May 2001 Further changes to the bill, Bundesrat approves bill on May
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TH E REFORM PROCESS: CHRONOLOGY, ACTORS AN D POLICY POSITIONS
x SPD ’ (2005: 146). A , - 1999 G -
, x- . A , M R j fi . A , fi k 2.5 ; x-fi - x ; ; . T -
M 2000 - x . T x ,
Table 5.2 Main actors and policy positions
Actors Position on pension reorm
Minister Riester,
Ministry o Labour
Advocated major changes in pension arrangements: lowering
pension levels, introducing an obligatory second private tier
Governing coalition:
SPD and Green
parliamentary groups
SPD-let wing opposed privately fnanced pensions, SPD
‘modernizers’ backed Riester; Green party backed the plans on
most eatures
CDU/CSU
parliamentary group
Favoured a comprehensive reorm including cuts in statutory
pensions; critical o size o the private pension tier and regulations
concerning investments within the scheme, substantive interests
tied up with tactical (electoral) motives
FDP parliamentary
group
Favoured privatization o pensions; supported cuts in pension
levels i that would lead to lower contribution levels/taxation;
resisted basic pensions
Trade unions: peak
organization DGB and
constituent members
Favoured preservation o the statutory scheme and guarantee
o minimum pension levels; very critical o private schemes,
avoured greater role or occupational pensions in overall
pension provision and regulation through collective agreements;
individual unions split on approach: rom more conservative (e.g.
IG Metall ) to more reorm-minded (e.g. IG BCE )
VDR (German
Association o Public
Pension Insurers)
Supported preservation o existing pension scheme; rejected
compensation actor to lower pension levels
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
‘j ’ ( Ausgleichsfaktor ). T - 50 , 54 2050 70 .
Early Objections
M k , j . , - . M R ,
: G k k . F - ( ) - k - -1970, , q x . , K G
, E Län-der . F, j , x . x (S 2002:10-11). A , x - k . F ,
, , j EU 24 49 2045 (: 11), , - , k . N , M R , C D, , SPD’ j - , G. I , k
, J 1999, . S G, BILD, ‘ B’,
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TH E REFORM PROCESS: CHRONOLOGY, ACTORS AN D POLICY POSITIONS
M , (R 2004).
Y, , M’ , S D,
, - . O , k , - - . O , , , .
A -
‘j ’ . A R’ , 2011 x 6 2030. 64 k 22 2030. 3 P - SPD, , VDR, CDU. , , -- .
F, - , , , CDU FDP, VDR ’ . , , - - ( - ) - . A , x
- . I , k -, . M R .
Ministerial Concessions
R’ SPD, G , CDU, .4 CDU, - Bundesrat ,
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
, . A , - , . I , G x -
( ) ’ . I CDU x : j .D x- k - , ‘’, x x. W R -
, x k 10 , x 20 2008.
F, CDU/CSU, FDP G (S J2007). W 2.5 2007, 4 2008.
-k , CDU. A , R-G , CDU/CSU -, R ‘j ’. M, , , , -
S D k ( ) 70 . E, ‘j ’ VDR- ‘x ’, - .5 64 2030.
I CDU, k
, , FDP, - ( CDU O 2000)
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TH E REFORM PROCESS: CHRONOLOGY, ACTORS AN D POLICY POSITIONS
k. H, - - FDP’ x ( ),
’ . M , ..
SPD , SPD . M R k Bundestag ( k CDU ).C
‘j ’, ‘x -’, . : , j - , (S 2005:149). F, - -à- . -
. A ’ , , k . I 2000/2001 , - - .
, - k (S 2002: 170-171). , R, , , k’ ( IG Metall ) . I 1997, R - DGB ( Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund) S
DGB - E-K q ( 2005:19). F, k DGB
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
, 67 ( Niveausicherungsklausel ).6 E, DGB , , -
, ’ .7
Securing Final Approval
D , CDU, M R, - . ,
- Bundestag , , Bundesrat, O-A P Ex A, . G A - CDU , k R-G j Bundesrat , k Länder , SPD. I J 2001, ,
k -, Bundesrat , .. O-AP Ex A, Länder, , Bundesrat , .. O-A P A (Dü F 2001: 271).
P, M Bundesrat . H, CDU Länder - SPD,
M C k Bundesrat M 2001 ( j ). A, G -, - - . O Länder x - ( ) ,
. E O-A P A ( J 2001) k ’ q
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
CDU (S J 2007). Sö R Länder B B- : ,
.
. Tracing Ideational Leadership
W IL : q; - ;
; .8
A M R k , . S IL , x G: IL x - , k - , . I IL ,
.
Turning Away rom Single-Pillar Pension Provision
C Sö’ W R M L . F, R Sö k- : - .
S, R. A M, ‘ , - “ ”; , k ’ (R 2004:70). k k- R’ k k , , , - ,
j q .F, :
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
L ’ , -
k q
(…). fi q,
,
M ffi ff (: 126).
I, R k - M, K G.H ‘ ’ (Tar-
iffonds) . D -, ( ,
, Die Zeit Süddeutsche Zeitung ), - , k - k. I , ‘’ -k :
G x x, fi, -
, , I -
. T K G k
,
k - (: 133).
R, - , q G . H, k q ?
T q, , k R k fi . R q . O M, ‘ k’ CDU FDP ( k 2000), .9 T, R x -
, , - . H ‘
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
x-fi ’. I , ‘ k fi ’
’. F , G’ , x-fi PAYGO , ‘ - ’. I M’ , - :
T -
k - . M ff- -
. B
x .
, R, k : ,
k . - q ’ , R x . I , M’ q , x , , .
D ,
, R k -. W , . N , M x , . H k - : ,
- ’ .10
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
I x ,11 M - . R ‘ ’ - - ‘ ’ ’ -
q , , ‘ ’, . N - , , :
W fi j,
x .
W k - -
.
A , , j- q.12 R - , M k ‘ - ’. H, R CDU , N
Bü, , 1990, ‘ ’ (‘ Die Renten sind sicher ’). R’ k ( -) k q, , -k .
D , 13 R k -
( k ). A , , - , - . N, j:
N , , -
x,
. W ,
fi .
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
x R’ q – – k - .
, , R IL j q.
Legitimizing the Reorm: Modernizing and Stabilizing Pension Provision
S, M R k x -
. A x SPD - N 1999.14 I , k k Sö G, M’ . A j, ‘ j x ’. H x j - ,
‘ ’, ‘ ’, ‘ ’, ‘ ’ ‘ ’. I , j SPD, . ‘ - ’ -
R’ x .
I 2000, M , x k . O , , x ,15 . A ‘ ’ G ,
, .I (
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
)R k . H . W
, x x . x, j, :
I
,
k x -. I fi. T
j . I
( 0.3
2011 6 2030). W ,
.16
A , R -
’ , (-) ( ’ ) . F , ‘ j - ’, ‘- - - ’, ‘ - ’, ‘ - ’, - ’ -
.17 O , M ’ ’ ‘ k - ’. 18 I, : k ( ) .
A q , R x : ,
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
, .19 F , , , ‘ j q -
’.20 ,
, M - x , . D ? O , R x k P -
. A - , , , . M k x . A , ’ j.
C , fi fi
ff . W - . I ,
. W j;
, ff. 21
, x , , - -
. O ( ) j, - . W k, M k ‘ ’ , . R , ‘ -k ,
’.A J 2001,22 M - (
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
, , q - , - ), . A j-,
Sö G, -, , ‘ , k -WWII ’. k R’ -. I 2001, x , :
T k -
, . W
, k
fi .23
W , x- ‘
- ’. W , R ‘ k k- x-’. A , k ( Reformstau) k .
M’ O-A Ex A M 2001 -
. R ( , ), :
W k q - ,
- -
. T ! 24
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
U , -, R P :
T k ;
k ff
; ,
k j
.
I , k, ,
‘ k “” ff - ’.25
, M’ -k x x / 2001 -. H k , k , . R
x - . A , M IL - .
Appeals against Reorm Resistance
W R, IG M , -
, - x-. E , k SPD . A , M ‘ k -k ’. F , - x,
k k M L (R 2004: 85).
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
L , M k . I 1999, ,26 k CDU/FDP ‘, k
’. A, x , R’ .
Lk x, M’ k x, -, q . k , , -
CDU- Bundesrat M - . W k , ( ) CDU x .27 k ’ - x CDU q, -q .
k x k .
F, O-A PA J 2001,28 M CDU - . I -, CDU . O j M-’ k C D
k k q k . A k CDU G’ , R k : - , , k - G, . M k , Bun-
desrat , ’ -:
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
A , . L G
, . , x-
. I I
.29
A , ’ k ‘ ’ FDP ‘k, - ’ C D. I , x . A k
, -k - , G -k (S 2002).
I , x M R . H IL . N , x , : ,
G-, .
The Importance o Political Consensus Building
- , R k. W ?A, M k ‘ ’
- (R 2004: 94-95). H, : , j . D 2000, R --
( ) k CDU ,
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
T . O
k U’ (.. C D) ‘
’
. T, , qk
- (: 154).
A , R ’ -. H k SPD , U S, . H,
VDR ‘j ’ R’ . k , SPD .
-k , k .I R’ , . W R
( ), R-G -, k . , -k .
A Policy-Seeking Politician
j R’ , M’ . W R - , - . A , k
k x k. H - ‘k’ k
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
SPD : M x P . R k -
- . H , ‘ - “ k” ’ (R 2004: 95). , , - k .
R R’ ‘ ’
, , , ‘ (…) […]. I , -’ (R 2004:96). A -k, :
I k -
. I – q –
. O
, I j x ff ff ,
(: 96-97).
A , ‘’ :
O q I
I , I , I . A
, (: 98).
R’ - , -, -k . H
‘ k’ , . H
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
? D R-’ ?
T k M R . O fi
k x x , , , x ff. T ‘’ R x- j , j. H ’ fi . T -
. R’ P k C D, IL. T IL, k .I , , R’ k . F, M-
’ - fi . I , fi M R 2001 . H, - ff . I , q - – IL – fl x .
. Assessing the Role o Ideational Leadership
A , q why - x R, , . F , -
R’ . A, G , R’ .
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ASSESSING THE ROLE OF IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
The Government’s Strategies to Adopt the Reorm
I , G : ; k-
, . I , , x R.
, , - , G, x M R’ . H,
, SPD’ ( x, 22 A 2004, G , 16 J 2004, SPDMP, 15 J 2004), - k . M , M- SPD , ‘ ’ ( SPD , 28 J 2004), ( BMGS ,
16 J 2004), k ( G , 29 J 2004). O , ( -), G’ q ‘ ’ ‘’ .C , - j . H, -
- ( DGB , 14 J 2004 DGB , 28 J2004).
F , , k - , k. I , G, (
), SPD . A ,
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ASSESSING THE ROLE OF IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
, M k , .. ( SPD , 18 J 2004). C, - , q
, M - ( DGB , 28 J 2004). F, k , q Bundesrat - - j Bundestag - x .
O j , k
, , - , , M .30 H, -à- ( ) -à- SPD , - - . , k- , q .
I, , , Länder M C. I , - . N M’ ‘’ , k CDU,
SPD. D G’ -, - . B , - . , , . x ;R’ CDU -
-à- j ; Bun-desrat .
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
W k , - k, -k , k k M R-’ q.
Riester’s Role in the Reorm Process
W M R ? G IL, ? M . O M L M ‘
’ ( BMGS , 16 J 2004). H k - . H k, - , :
R , k . H
[…] P-
fl q
M (…). Y I k M
x […]. I , k
C ,
’
’ ( BMSG ffi , 16 J 2004).
R’ :
. , D 2000. W - x , B .I , ‘j -’ , SPD - M’ k. D
R’ , M, k CSö SPD ,
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
, R, k C Sö, M 2001.I , , , -
: CDU (R 2004: 170) -, k k , (: 144).
Decisive Factors in Getting the Reorm Accepted
A G
M’ , , - . D k - .
F, - . Sk x ( ‘N E ’), -
( x, 22 A 2004, G , 29 J2004, SPD , 15 J 2004, DGB , 28 J2004). I , , , k , , ( x, 22 A 2004, BMGS , 16 J 2004). A
x ‘ ’, -- ( SPD, 28 J 2004). S k ‘ ’ , ’ , - ( DGB , 28 J 2004).
, , ‘ , - ’ ( DGB , 14J 2004).
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ASSESSING THE ROLE OF IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
F, - G ( SPD MP, 15 J 2004, SPD , 28J 2004, x, 22 A 2004). I ,
x , CSö , ( x, 22A 2004). - -k .
Sq, k - x ( , .. OECD) G’
- ( BMGS ffi , 26 J 2004). I , --k’ – – E U’ ( - DGB ffi , 28 J 2004). A , - . T x k -
, k ( G ffi , 29 J 2004,CDU MP, 17 J 2004, SPD ffi , 15 J 2004). T ff , , ( CDU MP, 17 J 2004). T , k , M R’ -
j . N fi- ’ , , ‘ ’ .
F, - , , , M :
I k
k (
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
) - -
k fi ,
. A
k
( BMGS ffi , 16 J 2004).
R’ , - x- , k, . I , -
R’ .
Combining the Findings: the Impact o IL
H IL M R ? W IL -k . R , G, , M , . H, k-
SPD , - . k R IL .
M’ - , k , x,
. A , C’k, , j , . - , , , , , ’ .
A R’ , -k - M
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CONCLUSION
C M 2001. . A , k- G ,
k , R x. P , IL -k . M -k . I , C . N, R’ -
, k ; , k . x k , k , . - M , -
.C k, R k .
. Conclusion
x 2001 , k M L WR. k - G , , - , , - . A , : , , .O -
– P – M R’ , M . D
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TRANSFOR MI NG PUBLIC PENSIONS: TH E RIESTER PENSION REFORM
, M ( SPD, CDU ),R 2001.
’ . A, k -k - , x . R k - G . A , , -
, k , Bk . W C7. I , x M R q , -: - SPD. , , , , , . A ,
R , k : - . IL . W IL, , -, R’ . H, - - , M – k C Sö – k
k.
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Transorming Unemployment Policy:The Hartz IV Reorm
‘T , ,
G . T
fi fl;
k .’
(I SPD MP, 25 J 2005)
q G : k . Nx , G . I , x 4th
Law on Modern Services on the Labour Market, k ‘HIV ’.1 - SöG (2002-2005), W C-
, M E L. C, M-P N-R-W k SPD, Sö’ B ‘ ’. C k : C-’ G k - x 4 ., C’ k -
H C.W H IV k ? I - G ,
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
- ( Arbe-itslosengeld) ( Arbeitslosenhilfe). F 1960 , (Sozialhilfe),
, ( ) k, . - , , - k (R 1998;Gk 2003).2
Table 6.1 Comparison o the three benefts beore the Hartz IV reorm (source:Reissert 2005)
Benet Unemployment
Insurance
Unemployment
assistance
Social assistance
Entitlement Ater months o
insured employment
during previous
years
Ater exhausting
entitlement to
unemployment
insurance when still
unemployed
All persons in need
irrespective o status
on labour market (i
household income
including benefts is
below minimum level,
gap is paid by social
assistance)
Financing Insurance
contributions
Taxes (ederal
government budget)
Taxes (local
government budgets,
but regulated by
ederal law)
Level Percentage o previous net earnings,
not taxed
Related to previousnet earnings + means
tested
Flat-rate amountor each member in
household + cost o
housing
Character Earnings related Earnings related +
means tested
Flat rate
Maximum
duration
Dependent on
length o previous
employment and age
Initially granted or
one year; in principle
indefnitely as long as
qualiying conditions
persist
Indefnitely as long
as individual need
persists
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MAIN REFORM PROVISIONS
Main reorm provisions
H IV - ( Arbeitslosen-
geld II, ALG II), q . q - .3 , q . H IV q- - j . -
j ( x): j , .4 I , H I j , 5 H IV j , .6 ALG II j FEA’ ’
FEA’ (rägerschaft ). H IV k x
.7 F , j . I - - ( ALG II ), -. H IV : , ,
- . S, , : ALG II x- ( ), .H, - .8 I , - G . F, .
x FEA ( Arbeitsagenturen) ( Arbeitsgemeinschaften). A x x-
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
(Optionskommunen), FEA .
W , - ’ . Sq,
k k , W C, IL - . I , x xIL H IV - .9 W IL q .
. The Reorm Process: Chronology, Actors and Policy Positions
The Chronology o a Merger Project
I H IV - Sö G . R-G 1998 FEA - .
x j ‘M’, .10 I 2002, FEA’ j - Sö G k ’ . , P H, k FEA, k .
(x ) - (J 2004: 39). -’ A 2002, j - S, . C Sö , -, H ‘ -- ’ ( Eins-zu-Eins Umsetzung ). I ,
G’ , , 6.2 -, k ( A 2003) C .
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TH E REFORM PROCESS: CHRONOLOGY, ACTORS AN D POLICY POSITIONS
B 2002 2003, x – – . A k C R C F(Gemeindefinanzreformkommission) k - , Länder -
H IV. B 2003, SPD , - . B , -
Table 6.2 Important events in the Hartz IV reorm process
Date Event
October 1998 Red-Green coalition agreement envisages ‘cooperation
between employment agencies and social assistant o ces’
February 2002 Scandal surrounding statistical reporting o Federal
Employment Agency (FEA)
March 2002 Hartz Commission takes up work
August 2002 Hartz Commission publishes fnal report; Chancellor Schröder
pledges to implement report ully in case o re-election in
September
September 2003 Red-Green coalition re-elected, Wolgang Clement becomes
head o newly created Ministry o Economics and Labour
March 2003 Schröder announces government programme Agenda 2010,
including the merger o unemployment assistance and social
assistance
April 2003 Commission on reorm o communal fnances presents fnal
report proposing a sub-group on fnancial implications o
merger project)
June 2003 Red-Green coalition working groups presents cornerstones or
concept bill
August 2003 Cabinet decides on concept bill
September - October 2003 Readings o the bill, bill agreed upon by the BundestagNovember 2003 Bundesrat adopts rival bill backed by CDU-Länder, Mediation
Committee begins work
December 2003 Compromise reached in the Meditation Committee, bill fnally
adopted by the Bundestag
January - June 2004 parliamentary process (Kommunales Optionsgesetz ),
culminating in another conciliatory process
August 2004 Popular protests (mostly in East Germany) against eects o
Hartz IV; some minor changes to the law
January 2005 Hartz IV becomes eective
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
‘ ’, C Sö - Agenda 2010 M 2003.
, k - k . M C’ Agenda 2010. Sq, k k M E LA (BMWA). D H C k
C R C F , P .
G’ -: ALG II ; j , FEA , , . C , j .
-k H IV , j :
T j 4 L M S L Mk
, - fi
k. I , -
k k fi . k
. T k
k -
k.11
I S 2003, , 80 90 x
k ( BMWA , 28 J 2005), . I N- 2003, Bundesrat ,
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TH E REFORM PROCESS: CHRONOLOGY, ACTORS AN D POLICY POSITIONS
CDU- Länder , j G’ , - M C. A , j C-, , -
q H IV . , . I , , - .12 I ALG II FEA ( ). , ( Arbeitsgemeinschaften)
k . FEA ( ), k - ALG II. j ,13 G ; , x k j q .14
H, .O , q FEA . W , ‘-’ .G - , k x Bundestag - H IV, Kommunales Op-
tionsgesetz (KOG) 2 J 2004.15 , H IV , x , G - . C , x- ( x ) - - .I , G -
ALG II , .16
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
Further Reactions to Hartz IV
O , M - q 1 J-
2005. F ALG II, C ( Montagsdemonstrationen - E G- 1989), E G.A , A 2004, - k, . F, M C
P , ALG II ( ), . S, , M - , q . Cq, . A k:
T fi : M x k -
q . T,
jfi.
(I DGB ffi , 3 F 2005)
A SPD ‘ - H IV’,
J 2004, j . H ‘ F P Offi ’ H IV’ (, 25 J- 2005). I, M C , , fi H IV k ‘ , k’. O , C Sö
C - k , H IV.17 S qk C
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TH E REFORM PROCESS: CHRONOLOGY, ACTORS AN D POLICY POSITIONS
M. D - - D 2003 J 2004 ( x ),
ALG II fi fi J 2005.
Principal Actors and Policy Positions
x , M, , . A - , H -
, . I q , - x k, j - x - (Bäk 2002):
• x : FEA , , , ;
• k ( - FEA );
• - k;
•
, ‘-’ (Verschiebebahnhöfe), , j - .
N, - . I , H IV
j .M C, k C Sö, - . j
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
Sö’ Agenda 2010. W Sö - H C - , C k, -
q k O 2002.
R-G k . S, k k (- ), FEA k , j .
W G , S D k. , - C Sö’ Agenda 2010 2003.
T ,
A 2010 , SPD, . W
- k
. (I SPD MP, 25J 2005)
A k, - S D .
C D (CDU/CSU) L (FDP) - G’ . I ,
k k ( ), x . A, ALG II , ’ - , k k. B - –
- k – x - (J 2004:42-43). F , C D- L .
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TH E REFORM PROCESS: CHRONOLOGY, ACTORS AN D POLICY POSITIONS
CDU ( CDU P M H, R- K) Existenzgrundlagengesetz M’ . -
q: q M - . I , k j ALG II . x x .I , k DL ( Deutscher Land-kreistag ), ( )
G C E A (Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung ) (R 2003).A , k -
, Deutscher Städtetag (DS), Deutscher Landkreistag (DL), Deutscher Städte- und Gemeindebund (DSGB) - . q : - FEA, ( Land-
kreise) H IV k FEA , ( x, FHW B, 21 M 2005). A, k , DS DSGB, - G- Länder :
L k - -
fi
- .18
O , DL ( Landkreise ‘kreisfreie Städte’ ) - - - . I
, DL k .19 G -
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
- ( DER SPIEGEL j, 3 F 2005).
F, , k DGB,
k G H IV. - - - . I , j - -, . I , ( - 2003, -
) q, k -. W , DGB k - , j. , - , . A C ( DGB ), - -
, -. I , DGB’ , - - x.20 A- Agenda 2010 M 2003, DGB , H IV . A j k . I DGB,
: M k, , k ( DGB, 2 F 2005).
H IV , ( ) x ( Agenda 2010, ) -
, G . I, - : k
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
, G k . R k M’ - j - - k,
q H IV - .
. Tracing Ideational Leadership
I x , x IL : q;
; - ; j , . C M C H IV, . IL -, G (- ; k - - ; )
k M C .
Conronting Ine cient Structures and Bottlenecks
A 2002, q G k - ( M NRW,21 J 2005; SPD , 31 J 2005; x IAB, 8 M2005) k
. A k, , --k x k: -x . A :
J k ,
. T fi
fi , fi
( ). S
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
. T
x k. (I CDU/CSU ,
1 F 2005)
I , k j - , , , k. H C x k :
T x fi -
ff k fi ff. […] A
k ff -
j. I , - ff -
fi . (H C 2002: 125-127)
W - S 2002, C
q q . WM C M E L, H . Hqk , j k H IV. R - k , H k k
(I DER SPIEGEL j, 3 F 2005). D M, , q q k ?
C , x q Agenda 2010 CSö. I Bundestag H , j,
k H -:
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
T : J 2004
x
-
fi, H C.21
Ak x 2003, - , C , ‘ ’. S , -, , k 800,000 k -
.22
O , k Die Zeit F 2003, C ‘ : j’. k k: - x , .23 W k -, q:
I k :
k x q-
,
.
F Agenda 2010 M 2003, M-’ k
q , -x - - .24 O C’ , j G , C k - k :
I k
k . W k . W , , j,
k k. I,
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
, .25
L 2003, k k , C
, Zeit : ‘I j , 30 , k, . k ’.26 Eq, M’ Bundestag S 2003 , ‘ H C x - –
k – , k -’.27
I M’ , C j q:
T P –
H – Bundesa-
gentur für Arbeit ff -
k. T –
H IV – ffi x . W
fi , . W
x .28
A ’ , ,
k, ‘ , G, x x : , , - ’. S , k . , C, k j k.29 E -
, - Kommunales Optionsgesetz , C :
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
O
- k
ff
G, q . I -
, .30
C’ P H IV - k , ‘ – Optionsgesetz – ’. A, k ( -
) .31
x M’ j q x . A , M, H IV , C IL, ‘j q’. A M x ,32
q, .O R-G , : k .33 H-, C’ q - M’ ,
, H IV k.
Propagating ‘Fördern und Fordern’: Redefning Social Justice
D M C, - q, HIV ? H IV x ‘ Fördern und Fordern’ (
E x ‘ k’). A, k M’ ( BMWA , 28 J 2005). I -
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
- (‘Fördern’ ). A , x x , j , q
, j (‘Fordern’ ). I k - ( x IAB, 8 M 2005),34 C Sö Agenda 2010:
T - fi .
I ,
k […]. A , […] N
k . W
k – j –
.35
I x, q (-) , -k :
T H IV
q fi -
[…] T fi
k ’ k k […] B
I j ( )
j
k G. (I x IAB, 8 M 2005)
W
fi
k: fi
. (I SPD ,
31 J 2005)
I ‘ Fördern und Fordern’ x, H IV
j, k-k - x-.
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
S j - - SPD, k SPD , j . M -, R-G ’ k
.W M C ‘ Fördern und Fordern’
j? H - k j. I , q G’- k k, j ffi ‘ ’.
C x . A M 2003 Agenda 2010, x , , SPD . H j j :
T fi
k -
j . A, ,
. W - -x ffi
[…]. T –
– -
fi k.36
k k , ‘ k’ -
, , x . O , C - SPD Agenda 2010 , - ‘ j ’.37 A j, q ‘’ H IV:
W q fi -
qfi ‘’. M
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
q k
, , -
-. T
j ff .38
F SPD J 2003( C Sö G -), C - ‘ ’, , k , ‘, k ’.39 Ak - j k
x, M - :
W k k k -
. T
G. T C I
:
k , .. , ..
j. B k ,
. […] W - fi .40
D , C - k k ‘ k’ . H jk k k. F , -
q q ‘ Fördern und Fordern’ . F, j k , k ‘ G’, M. A , x : - k.41 Ak –
SPD- – M :
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
I , I
. W
k k
. T -, - , -
, j , j. T
.42
E D 2003, Optionsgesetz , ‘ k’ , ‘ x Fördern und Fordern ’ ‘ -
x, ’. H k ALG II q , q .43 I , :
P fi k k
k. W fi . T
, , ,
fi . W ‘ Fördern und Fordern’. A
.44
x ‘ k’ , j J 2004. I , C ‘ Fördern’ ( , , -
k k .) ‘ Fordern’ (- k, j k). H x j:
T ‘ Fördern und Fordern’ -
ffi q
k […]. A
k ff,
. S j - . q H IV fi j, I fi -
.45
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
H H IV , - ‘ - Arbeitsgemeinschaften ’.48 B
fi fi , - Optionsgesetz fi. T, M k G’ ff H IV :
I k
G: , ,
, -
. T .T . 49
R H IV, - Optionsgesetz , M’ :
I I
k . S,,
1 J 2005.
T q -
FEA
M C. 50
B M C ,
Bundesrat x , - , j P-. , C x , ‘k’, ‘ ’. H Bundesrat k ’
.
51
W Optionsgesetz - , M C- - H IV -
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
2004. A q , , :
T not H IV, - -
. I
. I -
j,
G, -
.52
M - k . (…) I
. T
fi j-k, -
.53
I , M- C . H -
, ’ k - . D , -’ , M’ .H :
.
Searching or Political Support While Saeguarding a Final Compromise
j M’ , k j. D k ?
C . – – k
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
‘ ’.54 B -, q -k x j . I , -- Hamburger Morgenpost , M k
. A ‘-’ , E L A, , k . - H IV .55 F SPD , , ‘ ’, k .56
M-P N-R-W, , j. I, M E A Jü - , – C’ – C Sö.57 Eq, j x – SPD F
Mü – , , - .58 I , C k Sö G , ( M C J 2004), ‘ -q’ H IV .59
S , , , ‘, -
, ’ ( B90/G, 3 F 2005), ‘, - , ’ (- CDU/CSU , 1 F 2005), ‘ , ’ ( DER SPIEGEL j ,3 F 2005). W , -, j , .60 T q - -- , H
IV, . A ,, , :
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
H – –
,
(…) A ’ ff
. (I SPD MP, 25 J 2005)
I M j- M . C :
C H
IV,
(…) B k M C ,
.’ (I DER SPIEGEL j,
3 F 2005)
M k ( ,SS), - k x S D . F ’ ( -
H C , 8 F 2005). I , M x : M’ -. I , C - - - .
W M’ , , - x -
? A , . O , C k k -, - . O , - j Bundesrat - . H IV k - . ,
, M x k .
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TR ACIN G IDEATIONAL LEADERSHIP
, M C IL j q, , . C , . W C
G -à- ( ), - ’ : M k - - . O , - k , . I ,
C ( -) - . I , C IL. Cq, IL .
F, IL -. O k M k , M H IV. I x, C Sö H C
. C q, H C. H , q .Sx , Agenda 2010 , C k j - , H IV:
W k k - fi fi
. I k
ffi ,
k, . N I
, k,
ff fi . I k
k .61
I , C x C’ . W H C,
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
- -. B , - - k . S
, H C C’ q , k .
. Assessing the Role o IL
N q -
, x C .I q, - , G , C’ .
The Government’s Strategies to Adopt the Reorm
I -
, , . - ; - k ( NRW M , 21J 2005 B90/G , 3 F 2005). A ( FEA’ ),
– – M C ( SPD , 31 J 2005). E - k , , ( DGB , 2 F 2005). I , k ( CDU/CDU , 1 F 2005).
, k , . M - , j , , ,
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
, , Gemeindefinanzreformkommission , . G
- , G’ ( - ) - .
P , . A - , M , . O ,
, - , , Bundesrat k .N H IV , - Bundesrat . Cq, , . A , x (-)
, .
Clement’s Role in the Reorm Process
P , , -, M C j .
Option- sgesetz . A -k BMWA ‘ k ’ ‘ k ’ ( BMWA , 23J 2006). M, C ‘ – – H IV’ ( SPD MP, 25 J 2005),‘k ’ ( NRW M , 21 J 2005) ‘
j’ ( SPD , 31 J 2005). W , k ‘ ’ ( B90/G, 3 F 2005)
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ASSESSING THE ROLE OF IL
‘ ’ k MC. M,
C’ , k
M , (.. D2003), Bundesrat
. (I BMWA ffi , 28 J 2005)
W q C’ , , , . M, S S, ‘-
’, ‘ SPD ’ ( BA , 4 O 2005). F-, M ‘ -’ ( FDP MP, 31 J 2005). S, j ‘ G’ ’ ( SPD MP, 25 J 2005). O C Sö M C - -à- ,
( IAB x, 5 M2005). A C’ - 2004:
H -
. T (…) ,
Deutscher Städtetag , fi. H -
, I q G - .
(I SPD , 31 J 2005)
Decisive Factors in Getting the Reorm Accepted
A M’ , , , - , ,
x . O k k -
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
k ( SPD MP, 25 J 2005). A, x . F , x ,
, j ( SPD -, 31 J 2005). C’ . O - , -k x. - k k -x
( FDP MP, 31 J 2005), H C, k - ( VD , 8 F 2005). F, , - k j , k ( DERSPIEGEL j, 3 F 2005).
N, M C
q H IV. I - j - k. q k Länder , ( DGB ,2 F 2005, B90/G , 3 F 2005). H, ‘--
’, , q ( BMWA , 19 A 2005, -k - x, 21 M 2005). I , q k ‘x ’ ( BA , 4 O 2005).F, ,
, H IV - , ( CDU/CSU , 1 F 2005, DER SPIEGEL j , 3 F-
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CONCLUSION
2005). W M’ , G’ ( BMWA , 19 A 2005), ’ (.. k
) CDU ( BMWA , 28 J 2005).
Combining the Findings: The Impact o IL
, IL M C -k H IV . A ,
- - , - , : IL. I , M’ , . C , , k , D 2003. k ,
IL . A , , -k -k M C. k , - . H, q M C-
– --k – .Cq, IL -k - .
. Conclusion
W H IV , k q G - . I
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TRANSFOR MI NG UNEMPLOYMENT POLICY : THE HARTZ IV REFORM
- x G, .H IV -
. I ; -; q j; jk, , - F E A -. H IV, ‘ Fördern und Fordern’, , jk
. I - q . I , k j, M C - jk k -. k , Bk , C 7.
R , M C IL. W C’ - , k . IL k k k , . R, IL M-
’ . , . I k , M C C’ - k HC. Y, C (
x Sö) q k - ,
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CONCLUSION
, Länder Bundesrat. M’ - -
.
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Conclusion
O G .T x G . W
, - ff S-, R C. A , -k . S k S-D- k 1992 GSG . A ,R - . F, C ’ fi H IV j,
. T k C 2. T G -- : .
IL - k - . A ( ) , ‘’
k x . IL- ., , - (S 1997) - , -
x.F x - x, ,
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CONCLUSION
. I k fi IL - F, I A, - Bk . S ( x- Rff Sk F, D P I,
Sü A) , , -, IL- - k G x. B , x IL - . W - -
, q IL- j . M, , . IL fi - ff k, , - , , q . I k - - k
. Eq, -’ k k - .
k k , (E-A . 2002), G . J
G - , - q . W , k Mk G. , - , , G . W
Bk ? H ?
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FROM FAMILIALISM TO WARD S RECONCILIATING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE
. Family Policy: From Familialism Towards Reconciliating Work and
Family Lie
C -
-k . W k Bk - ? q, k - x . G , : - .1 W
G .
Entrenching the Male Breadwinner Model
D x , fi G . T-WWII x ,x -k , fi,
C D . E, - k. D - 1950 1960, () , k fi , ’ (S-K 2002). T - 1960, - -
. H, k ff . T fi /-- (H 2006). T S D-L (1969-1982) fi fi: - (B 2003). I 1975, x x fi
. D 1970, x , x- - k , - fi,
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CONCLUSION
1979 (B S-K 2004: 79-80). T , - , k (K 2007:18). T, 1980,
G .
Broadening Family Policy under Centre-Right Governments (1982-1998)
C-L (1982-1998) x . A ( - ), -1980, ( x ),
SPD, , qx (C 2005: 155). 1985, , - - , k . A 1986 - . A k k
(B S-K, 2004: 83).I ,
x : E W. F , E Länder, , k , (-) . k x . U
1993, x 36 24 (C 2005: 159-160). EG M F A A Mk. I 1992, x , - x, 1996 ( - Länder 1999).
W – – - (: 160-161).
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FROM FAMILIALISM TO WARD S RECONCILIATING WORK AND FAMILY LIFE
Expansion and Acceleration o Family Policy under Centre-Let
Governments (1998-2005)
R-G (1998-2002) x
- , - . x : , x -; , k x ; ; k k - (B S-K2004: 84-85). O , G
x q, EU FC C. O , EU 1996 q - q (Fk 2002 K 2007: 24). k k- ( 30 k), k (B S-K: 85-86). O ,
x 1998 C CR G x x-, 2000. x ( ) - (: 85).
R-G 2002. O , , G , - Länder . 2005, k 1.5 x ( 20 ) 4 ( 2003 2007) -
- (C 2005: 164). N, R-G G q
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CONCLUSION
( SPD 1970), , k . E x – –
, (: 165).
Notable Innovations under the ‘Grand Coalition’ (2005-2009)
‘G C’ SPD CDU/CSU - . M F A- U L
j . D R-G - ( 2002) k , SPD , , - , CDU (B 2003: 205). A 2005, CDU’ SPD (K 2007:27), CDU’ , A Mk
.V L’ j, 2006, x-
x , . , k , k - ‘ ’ (K 2007: 31). S-, . I
, (Elterngeld) 67 1,800 ( x k ).2
I 2007, M , x --- 500,000 -. A , Länder, -
(x 750,000 ), 2013. F, M 2007 G , 2013 -
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CONCLUSION
() , ’ ‘ ’ k . I Bk -, ‘
’ (M 2007: 635). O , Bk , - , , - -. O G : , - , x q - , -
(Kj O 2008: 13; Mk 2007: 77).
. Transorming Bismarckian Principles
x- , k .H
G ? A , ‘G C’ ( , x ) .
O Bk , , , , . I ,
‘’ ‘’ , ‘ ’, - . C , - k (S-K 2002: 27), x (x) . D ‘G E’ , , 1950 1960, .
O 1970, , (‘-’) , x, (K 2002: 425).
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TR ANSF ORMI NG BISMARCKIAN PRINCIPLES
A , - , .
F 1980 , j , , ,
j . B j - , k . CDU/CSU ; , C D . I , SPD k- CDU’
(C 2005: 180). A , S D ‘ ’ ( 1970), - (B 2003: 201). O , - ( x - - ).
F 1990 ,
x ‘-’ : x -- , fi, -, - – k – j . S 2002, : - G - (C 2005: 179). T - ‘G C’ 2005 -
fi fi : - k .8
k , , q .S, , x - ,
- (E-A 1999). - ’ ( , ’) - . W ,
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CONCLUSION
x - - x-- (B S-K, 2004: 87), , . I , k -
, -. S , . , , (S-K 2002: 35). B (
, ), -, x ‘’ . R- q, k - -x , k, - q , k , - ( ), -q
– – k .
. Towards a New Hybrid Welare State Edice
L G . , ,
. M-, . A , q x : W G ?A, , x- Bk , x Bk ?
C 1, - fl ,
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TOWA RD S A NEW HYBRID WELFARE STATE EDIFICE
. C - q, - k x fi
. T , S’ 1990, R 2001 C’ - (H IV) 2003/2004.
Table 7.1 Summary o changes in policy principles
Health care reorms Pensions Unemployment
insurance
Policy status
quo
– ragmented and
restricted access
to sickness unds
()
– cost and
contribution
increases (,
)
– dominance o one
pillar (statutory
pension)
– de acto three-pillar
system
Cognitive
principles/
solutions
– liberalization o
access to insurers;
cost ceilings ()
– co-payments;
liberalization o
insurance contracts
and regulation
()
– private pension
pillar, occupational
pensions
– merging systems or
unemployed able
to work
– intensiying
placement activities
Normative
principles
– some competition
among insurers;
stronger state
supervision (since
)
– more sel-
responsibility (or
patients); more
competition
(among insurers);
more room or sel-
governance (since
)
– diversifcation
through statutory,
private, and
occupational pillars
– activation as
expression o social
justice (‘Fördern und
Fordern’)
– lower beneft levels
as incentive to take
up paid work
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CONCLUSION
H 1990 k , - (k- ) x -. A
q x; - ( -); - . I , 2001 - - - . -
. F, H IV - . I - - k, . U - ‘-’, k : . I ,
Bk , .
A , - fi ; , x - ; () k fi . T - ff –
– k Bk . ,
k (B S-K 2004: 146-148).I , ; - , , -. M, x-, -
- . F, k j k -
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TOWA RD S A NEW HYBRID WELFARE STATE EDIFICE
- . A , k.
I , ff . W ()
x , fi x-fi- . H, . , - - ( R , , - x - ,
). M , 67 . I , k- . A , - k, k x - (B S-K: 2004)
fl, fi ‘-’
. I , - (2004: 148-149). U G, , () . I , fi: , - , (-) q-
fi G’ .M, , -à- : .
W Bk ? - - k , .
1990 , x . A , - , -
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CONCLUSION
( , - k ) . I , - -à- , - 2006 , , -
- , k q- x-. A , k - .
k , Bk : G Bk . I q
, .I E-A ‘ ’ , q k G / - . H, I B S-K, G (2004: 152-153). F , - , k , , , – G – x
: () - - . F, , S- , - , : G x - k , k x . O , G
. H, ‘’ , Bk - .
Hybridization rather than Dualization
I , Bk
(P M 2007). I k, B P C M - Bk
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TOWA RD S A NEW HYBRID WELFARE STATE EDIFICE
1980. A , ‘ ’.I, x - Bk- ‘ -
x - j ’. R , P M ‘ - ’ (2007: 536). ‘’ Bk -, ‘ ’ ( - -, x- ) (, , , ).
, , ‘’ ‘’ . A P M, ‘Bk ’ -. A , , - (C 2007), , , / - ,
(M 2007).I , ‘’ ,
. S , G ? W k . ‘’ k all , . A (
k ), - , - . I , k k - , x - ,
- . L , ‘-’
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CONCLUSION
, G . E P M : - ‘ ( ) q
E’, ‘ ’ (2007: 551).
A j ‘’ , k . I 1970 Bk . O ‘’ ‘-’ ( 1990) k
(P M 2007: 542-544). B - , x - q x ( ). A, - , Bk . E, - -
. S Sk k - , C2. H, k, - , , - , . A IL , , k k -
. I , , x , , k . G - .
I P M ‘’, G , q
. k : ’ G - -k . I – ‘’ –
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TOWA RD S A NEW HYBRID WELFARE STATE EDIFICE
. both remnants of the Bismarckiantradition and new elements stemming from the social-democratic and lib-eral regimes.
, x - , Bk . P - - , , , . - - j
. I , : q jk - - k , k- . - – G, – ‘ k’ -
, , k . k , x, x . k -. A q, - -, ‘’ -
-, - (E, Hjk 2007).S k- k- q . W Sk (2009) G , . H ‘k ’ 19-
k x k. ISk’ , k ‘
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CONCLUSION
k - . ‘ k’ . C Mk’
‘G C’ - S 2009.14 I j k x G’ k.
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List o Abbreviations
AOK A OkkkB’90/Gü Bü 90/D Gü (B’90/G P)BA B ü A (F E A)
BA B ü A (F A E-)BMFSFJ B ü F, S, F J-
(F M F A, S C,W Y)
BMGS B ü G S(F M H S A)
BMWA B ü W A (FM E A L)
BR B (G F C)B B (G P)CDU C D U (C D
U)CSU C S U (C S U)DIE LINKE LDGB D Gk (G U F-
)
DGSB D Sä- G (G F- M)
DKG D Kk (G H A-)
DL D Lk (G C A)DS D Sä (G A C)EU E UFDP F Dk P (F D P)
GSG Gk (S H C A)IAB I ü Ak- B (I E R)
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
KBV Kä B (F A Sk F P)
KV Kä V (A Sk FP)
GKV-NOG G Kk-N(S H I R A)
KOG K O (M IA)
SPD Sk P D (G SD P)
VDR V D Rä (A- G P I)
VD V D (U SU)VA V A .V. (G
A R- P C)WIO W I AOK (AOK R I-
)
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List o Interviewees
Health Care Policy under Minister Seehoer (-)
1) A x,
B, 10 N 2005.2) A / x, H, 11 N 2005.
3) F KBV, B, 15 N 2005.4) VA , B, 15 N 2005.5) DKG Das Krankenhaus, Dü, 22
N 2005.6) D WIO, B, 22 N 2005.7) P x, Fk-
, 23 N 2005.8) F SPD M P k -
, B, 24 J 2006.9) CDU/CSU , B, 12 J 2006.10) BMG , B, 27 J 2006.11) P G
Ex A B H C P, B, 7 F 2006.
Pension Policy under Minister Riester (-)
1) IAB x, N, 22 A 2004.2) DGB , D L, S C-D
L, B, 14 J 2004.3) M SPD M P,
B, 15 J 2004.
4) BMGS , B, 16 J 2004.5) CDU M P k , B, 17 J 2004.
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LIST OF INTERVIEWEES
6) BA , DGB, B, 28 J 2004.7) SPD , B, 28 J 2004.8) B90/G , B, 29 J 2004.9) B90/G M P, , 16 J 2004.
Unemployment Insurance Policy under Minister Clement
(-)
1) M L A N-R-W ,Dü, 21 J 2005.
2) SPD M P, B, 26 J 2005.3) BMWA , B, 28 J 2005.
4) FDP M P, , 31 J 2005.5) SPD H C, L, 31 J 2005.
6) CDU/CSU , B, 1 F 2005.7) DGB , D L Mk P I
S P, B, 2 F 2005.8) J DER SPIEGEL, B, 3 F 2005.9) B90/G , B, 3 F 2005.10) VD H C, B, 8
F 2005.11) IAB k x, , 8 M 2005.12) P k x, -
, 21 M 2005.13) A BMWA P S S, B, 19 A-
2005.14) BA , N, 4 O 2005.15) F BMWA S S, B, 23 J 2006.
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Notes
Notes Chapter
I , E-A’ -
A-Sx, S C . I k (P ), P
. H, x
‘ ’, ‘ -
’ - -
.
‘E M Pä B. D Nä
G’, Handelsblatt , O , .
C E P , N B E PA (C P, CPB), : ://..///-
///_/.; V G, A.J. () L:
‘Hj kk’, : ://
.-./WG..
A , -
k - -
. R, G -
(S ; S ). G,G U K,
N Dk,
and k . O -
, I M F (IMF),
-
k (IMF ()
Bök W ).
‘ ’ -
H’ B ,
k -
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NOTES CHAPTER
‘ “” -k
’ (B :). N
;
, ‘’ ( ), ‘j’ (-
) ‘’ ( ). H, ,
j ( ) x (
)
(: ).
Lk’ k US x
-k, M’ -
x UK. F, ’ H’
A (’ H G- ).
k, ‘ -
’,
IL. F k , k
, ,
, -
, k , -
.
k, G ’ H () x .
I , ‘k
j ’ (G ’ H :
).
(
‘ ’ x):
q
x .S, x (..
) j . F,
, ,
, x. -
-
. C-
. C , ,
x ( ) ,
‘ ’ (’ H ).
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NOTES
I k, ’ H ,
-, () :
) , ) , ) (’ H
H ). W -
, . R ’ H’
k , ,
k . C-
- ,
x
. S -
; ,
- (’ H : -).
R k ,
, (E ,
J M , H Jk-S , H , S-
; B ), ( )
, ‘’, ‘’, ‘-’ ‘k’.
q-
( ) -
. N-,, -Mx x
, , . -
x (B : -)
‘ ’ k
k (H ). B k -
, ‘ ’
. H ‘k’, -
, , k
(P :
).
O ,
‘’
x . O ,
, .. -k
(S : -).
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NOTES CHAPTER
I , -
.
,
. F ‘’ ,
. I - , IL,
‘k q’ ‘
’.
N S’ ‘ ’ q
M O
k (). logic of appropriateness
,
. , , logic of consequentiality, ‘
x q’ (M
O : ). W M O
(: ), S
‘ ’.
B , ‘ ’ ( x )
S j ( -
) , -
. , ‘ ’ M O’
logic of consequentiality, -
q. Eq, S -k
- ( q) k
( ) .
A : -
k , ; (I K
: ).
B’ -
( ) .
‘C “” -
. , “ ”
“-”’ (B : ).
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NOTES
(
k) q
( )
. I , -
k
-
.
O , .. ,
k, k-
- (H, J, M ;
; C ). O , , -
, -k (A-
).
W , ,
-
k (.. ),
- k,
,
. ‘’ x
. IL
k-, -
. H, -
IL ( ), ( -
). IL , but not equated with ;
, IL - : .
H,
k -k -
IL , ,
IL- k .
H’ -
-k: ‘P -
– . F
, , -
. G “” (
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NOTES CHAPTER
); . P-k
’ ; k-
. M
x ’ (H : -).
A H’ , F G ‘’ ,
(F
G : -).
D x , H
, k -
, ‘ ’ (
), ‘P ’ ( H ). U -
q , (..
)
; , , -
: (K
k ).
S B -
k
(B ).
F -k, k Mx W
. I ‘ ’ (G M : ), -
‘ q : ,
, ’.
S k - . W-
, , - ,
- - x ‘’ - . H : ‘[ k]
k ’
(W : ).
C , x
: , -
(Mj ; L ; Sk ). I
,
(H , ; B , ),
-
(H , H , ; V Hjk ).
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NOTES
O q -
x (C ,
L , H ). I ,
, x , , ‘ ’ (H
; S ).
Notes Chapter
F- k - -
- , , - - ’ .
- ( -) -
k - - . A
q , -
j
. , -/-
(P ).
,
x
E (V K : ). F
, . C
, x -
, .. -
, (
A ; G ). S, E -
( ‘E’) ; ,
. I ,
(S ; L P ; L ; F
; S ).
D -,
, -,
- (K
. :). I ,
( )
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NOTES CHAPTER
(. ) ( .
) k k . x (-
) -k ( )
-
-. -k :
x, Agenda C
Sö -
.
C CDU/CSU-SPD N , ‘G ü
D – M Mk’, , : ://.-
./_/DE//k/M/
K,I=,=F./K- ..
W OECD
. , j
,
j ,
‘ ’ (OECD , P :
). G -
( ) .
. (S : ). G S O :
k
x ;
,
. . , G ,
, k
. A x ,
-; , k
(S B :
S : ). -
: ,
() ,
( -
);
. F
,
. GDP
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NOTES
OECD , , . , -
x .
GDP (OECD P : -). A G
, GDP
(: .; . ; : .; . ; :
.; . ). I - , -
x/GDP . .
, . . W
, .
k : k
,
. O , -- -
- x- , x
. ,
‘C
-
’ (S
: ).
, , -
, -, k.
G Bk ’ ,
x. I , -
, -
-. ‘
’
, ,
k, k - (: ).
I G
, M
x k, -
k
k (M ). F,
k q
. S, ( )
-
x - .
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NOTES CHAPTER
C x ,
k -
(C : ). F ,
, , k - , k -
(H S ). G
k (H Sk ),
, x
- -
, arifautonomie.
C G x, ‘
’ ( k k- - ), ‘, -
- “ ”, k
’. C G -
k’ k, k
G
UK (: -).
F
x , S J ().
x
(B ; I ). A
; x
, -
k .
fi ‘ ’ ‘ -
q’. H - ( ) (
). M, -
k x, ff
( ).
I j, q q--
Bundesrat k -
,
. B q ( Länder
),
, k
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NOTES
k - . A ,
Länder , (j)
.
q ,
Länder.
A M, ‘ -
-
/’. F, -
G x, C D
S D
. E x G
, ‘ k , -
’ (: -).
F , k G
. S .. C (C )
S ().
N Rü () G
-
.
N Rü - -
’ ,
(: ).
A -
.
-
. ,
k , -: k ,
. B k,
, .
A q, k , k
k- q. A Sö
F, ‘
G; ,
’ (: ).
S ,
-
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NOTES CHAPTER
PAYGO . PAYGO
(, , ) .
,
. - ,
.
Dö M - k,
x G SHI k j
q . k -
, : -
, ‘ -
, , -
(Ordnungsmodell ),
’ (: ). F k, I
‘ ’.
S
, C ..
Q :
. . ( );
x/GDP . .
. . x
, .
(S : ).
: j -
; - , -
k
;
. O ,
, . I
, SPD-FDP G
. S
, G -
.
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NOTES
x/GDP
. . P
- ’ , -
.
- , , , ( x), -
( / -
) ( ,
j ).
( . . )
-
. x/GDP . ‘K ’.
,
- , x
(: ). F -, k
G , S -
(:-):
W G Länder (
); - ; x -
;
x-
( , : , )
H I
j ,
j ‘’.
‘’ H IV (S : -).
-
- k. I ,
k
j
k.
R-G -
K ( -
) . I
- -
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NOTES CHAPTER 4
x .
I , . .
(C : -).
GMG, , , - - q - -
( Praxisgebühr )
. . O ,
, ’
j - , F C (Gemeinsamer Bun-
desausschuss), I Q E-
. D , GMG,
x SHI, : - SHI ,
. (B : -).
‘K ß M-G’, J , ., :
://..//k//, O-
.
‘D M Sö’, O , .
, : ://../k///x,
O .
Kkk , P’, O , ., : ://../fi///x,
N .
‘Pü R’, M , ., : ://
..//k//, N-
.
‘W k W ’, M , ., :
://..//k//, N-
.
Notes Chapter
A , S -k -
x CSU
. O
, , - H M A (GMG) , M H U
S (SPD). I , CDU/CSU -
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NOTES
( ),
. F -, M A C
P Mk G k
. I O , M-P B.
I ’ PD (S ), ff
x , IL. T
-
x k: .
IL- -k ( x
x fi ), :
M q / ; M ;
M ;
M ( - -). M-
, M H, H S (-), A
F (-), M U S (-)
x G . S
. O IL-
, k , x , k ( S)
- - F,
-. I
x’ () k M’ (=
), -k , -
IL- :
M x
ffi . O , S -
( ) k . I
, F S’ -
x, k k
; fi ffi
. O ,
S fi.
U , , (
),
;
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NOTES CHAPTER 4
. A
, k ,
x. A
, , q
(G : ). Bundesrat DS /, G B – E
G S Sk Kk-
(G-Sk ), A .
Bundestag H C,
L C -
’ k -
(Pk-H : ).
M S’ P GSG, Bun-destag /, S , .
M S’ , Bundestag -
/, J , .
M S’ GSG, Bundestag
/, S , .
S G ‘
k’, k
.
M S’ GSG, Bundestag /, S , .
‘W ü ä ’, SPIEGEL M H
S, A , : ://..//,,
,.
M S’ GSG, Bundestag -
/, D .
M S’ GSG, Bundestag -
/, D , . M S’ , Bundestag /, N
, -.
I., .
M S’ , Bundestag /, S-
, -.
I.
M S’ , Bundestag /, D
, .
M S’ , Bundestag /, N
, .
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NOTES
I.
F B, - k
; k-j
;
( -); k ’ x
.
F, GSG
,
’ , ,
k -
.
W , G M ; k k-j
k ; x;
.
H -
,
k q ,
q .
x
GSG, GSG () : - -
(
, N ). O ‘’ (-
, N ), ‘
x’ ( , N )
k
. H, ,
, GSG . A -
x
‘’ . I
, .. -
( DKG , N
, KBV , N )
,
.
-
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NOTES CHAPTER 4
( k , N , ,
N ).
S -
,
. N NOG , C R A,
NOG -k
.
‘L: K L’, CDU/CSU-Fk P-
, M .
‘N . S G – E Z GKV-
N’, MP W L CDU/CSU
FDP , N . C R A -
‘G E P’,
,
.
Bundestag DS /, M , G Fk CDU/
CSU FDP, E G E Bä -
Kk (B – BEG).
R D’ , Bundestag /, J ,
. Bundestag DS /, O , G Fk
CDU/CSU FDP, E E G N
S E Kk-
(.GKV-N – .NOG).
I , -
. I , x
- , x
j x F AC. , ,
.
Bundesrat DS /, N , G B-
, E Z G N S-
E Kk (.
GKV-N – . GKV-NOG).
L P S S B-P CDU/CSU
FDP , N .
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NOTES
I , k M S
‘ Positivliste ’ ( GSG
SPD -
) G
. I , - -
: , -
, ,
. SPD -
NOG, , ,
CDU/FDP ( SPD MP,
J ).
I, , ‘ S Bundesrat ,
. (...) P, I
NOG ’ ( SPD MP,
J ).
SPD’ D ,
‘
’. H
SPD k j -
, k ( R D, Bundestag /, J ,
-).
M S’ , Bundestag /, M
, -.
Sä (), G D. Zk-
k W. B II: F, Wäk,
F Vü, : ://.-./S-
/S., A . A S
k ’ (
- ) CDU/
CSU ( , N ,
CDU/CSU , J ).
Sk -
, ,
: –
– (B :
).
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NOTES CHAPTER 4
M S’ , Bundestag /,
M , .
‘Kk ü A ’, Süddeutsche Zeitung , N-
; ‘G-G ’, Frankfurter Allge-
meine Zeitung , D . S , .
S M S, Bundestag /, J
, .
O , M : ‘ q
- -
: NOG ,
Bundesrat .
Bundestag Bundesrat G C C,
q Bundesrat ’ ( BMG , J
).
A S ,
, -
j
.
‘E Dö’, Der Spiegel /, : ://../S/,,,..
C GSG,
k ‘ j’ ( , N ).
F ,
NOG, q ‘-’ (
VA N ). F ’ ,
NOG , -
k : x - k ,
SPD. , (-
GSG),
( KBV , N ).
Eq, NOG
- ,
k (
DKG, N ). W
, .
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NOTES
- C R A,
NOG.
-
. NOG ,
k -- . O ,
x
( /).
Notes Chapter
A R k, ,
D (B, D )
: fi
.
S (), -.
.
. A, .
x . S Bundestags-Drucksache
/. E G R R- Fö kk Aö-
(AVG), N .
I R CDU
. O
, ,
SPD.
Bundestag-Drucksache /. E G R -
R Fö kkAö (AVG). B B
A . A S, J .
, ,
(F J S :).
DGB-B, ISA / Reform in der Altersvorsorge, J
, .
N IL, ‘k -
’ k
.
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NOTES CHAPTER
‘K Pö Rük jü G’, Frankfurter
Rundschau, M .
‘S ü Ä, B ü Jü’,
W R, Ifo-Schnelldienst , /,, -.
I W R, Einblick , O ; : ://.k..///x.; O
‘H, R-Z: Z E’, Gewerkschaftliche Monatshefte,
/, : ://...//j//L/
_R--, O .
‘E k R’, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,
A .
W R’ SPD , ‘D Zk
S’, N , : ://...///x_., O .
‘K Pö Rük jü G’, Frankfurter
Rundschau, M .
I, .
‘S ü Ä, B ü Jü’, Ifo-Schnelldienst ,
/, , -.
I W R, Einblick , O ; : ://
.k../// x.; O .
O.., . I W R, Einblick , O ; : ://
.k../// x.; O .
W R’ P, N , Bundestag
/, .
W R’ P, J , Bundestag
/, .
‘E k R’, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,
A . W R’ P, M , Bundestag -
/, .
I, .
W R’ SPD , ‘D Zk
S’, N , : ://...///
x_., O .
I W R, Einblick , O ; : ://
.k../ //x.; O .
W R’ P, J , Bundestag
/, .
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NOTES
W R’ P, M , Bundestag -
/, .
O
( ),
x, ‘ x’ . I,
G, -
x.
Notes Chapter
P H, Vk AG, -
C M L Mk S
. H C
( H I H IV),
D D .
S -, x
, ,
x.
(R ). I , ,
(Gk ).
W Länder E Länder , -
. x -
. O x -
(
),
. x -
, x . I
.
S k, BGBI I N.
(), S., § ().
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NOTES CHAPTER
P, FEA j
. H I
: j
q
. F x, ALG II j
- ;
q ( x ).
R’
G ().
BA H (). Aktualisierte Übersicht der Neuregelun-
gen zum SGBII, J , : ://.k./
k/k/_///____..
F M W C -
. F, -
j k
H IV. F ,
H IV x ,
, D k -
( , N N ).
P ‘D G A (SGBIII)’, R IIB G SGBII, BMWA, B, J .
L BMWA G A
G , J .
H III- (
FEA),
,
, x, ..
x . B , -
k ‘ -
, k,
’.
.
B V, Bundestag-DS /,
D .
BA H. (). Kommunales Optionsgesetz - Zusammen-
fassung, J , : ://.k./-
k/k/_///____..
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NOTES
G’
. -
G: I
. , -
. . ‘Sö: C ü E H IV ’, Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung, D , .
L Deutscher Städte- und Gemeindebund Deutscher Städtetag
P. B R, FHW B, J .
Deutscher Landkreistag : A- S
L ! P, J , : ://
.k..
S – DGB-A Ak A S, Einblick /, A , : .k.
..
M C’ H I
II , N , : .k./Ak-
/N/P/, M .
I M C, Welt am Sonntag , J .
I W C, Hamburger Zeit Matinee , J
, : ://../x/k/__.
BMWA (), U A B W A: A- S ü, -, :
://.k./k/k/_/-
//___..
‘W A’, M C , Der Spiegel,
/.
‘D Z D , ,
’, M C, Die Zeit /.
Bundestag-DS /, S , . M C’ H IV , Bundestag
/, S , .
M C’ H IV
, Bundestag /, O , .
M C’ Optionsgesetz , Bun-
destag /, A , .
M C’ Optionsge-
setz , Bundestag /, A , -.
-x
SPD- G k .
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NOTES CHAPTER
Ex CDU/CSU ’ -
k k [L, K.-J. () CDU/CSU-Fk, A-
ü : W S]
Bundestag M [FDP-Fk(), Fü -
Zü A- S, Bundestag-DS /].
, , , -
.
k ,
‘ ’ ( SPD MP, J ).
R k k k
k -
. P- I O F G () Agenda
– Mut zum Frieden und Mut zur Veränderung ,
Bk G Sö, M , -.
M C’ SPD ‘A
ü W A’, A , B.
I.
‘W A’, M C, Der Spiegel /.
‘J J ’, M C, Die Zeit , :
://../x///C. ‘C: A M’, Deutschlandfunk In-
terview, A , : ://..///-
_//.
M C’ H IV
, Bundestag /, O , .
I M C, agesspiegel , N .
M C’ Kommunales Optionsge-
setz , Bundestag /, A , . M C’ Kommu-
nales Optionsgesetz , Bundestag /, A ,
.
M C’ BMWA ‘E
V H IV’ J , B.
M C’ H IV , Bundestag
/, S , .
M C’ Kommunales Optionsge-
setz , Bundestag /, A , .
I, .
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NOTES
M C’ B, Bundestag
/, A , .
I, .
M C’ Bundesrat ‘K-
O’, M , B, : ...///--, D .
I M C, Deutschlandfunk , A , :
..///_/.
‘W C: . J ü L’, Die Welt , A-
.
‘W W C?’, agesspiegel , M .
‘D ü R’, sueddeutsche.de , S , : .-
.//k/-k/. ‘S K’, Spiegel Online, M .
‘S-R ä H U’, Agence France
Presse – German, A .
‘W W C?’, agesspiegel, M .
‘C – R’, agesanzeiger , J .
‘W W C?’, agesspiegel, M .
G C G Sö , ‘ A –
M F M Vä’ M , Presse- und
Informationsamt der Bundesregierung (), -.
Notes Chapter
S , ,
B S-K : -, C , C .
I F ,
, M . R , , . . I ,
M
. ( . ). BMFSFJ, F ‘E
J: D E k’, : ://.j./j/-
/Pk/,=., : M .
Sü Z J , -.
B . F, S, F J (BMFSFJ)
P F . ‘E B-
’, : ://.jj.//K/ P/
,=., M .
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NOTES CHAPTER 7
‘E A Kk ’, Süddeutsche Zeitung
, S , : ://../-
k///x, O .
‘F G k’, Süddeutsche Zeitung J , .
B . F, S, F J (BMFSFJ)„Fö E ü F: K ß F-
’, O , : ://j./j//
Pk/,+. ; O .
. A
, SPD-CDU/CSU ’
three , , ‘
, - k , q- x- ’ ’ ( Bundestagsdruck-
sache /, S ).
R ‘G R’, F-E-S, B,
: ://..//Dk/_G__R-
_k..
‘U K’, FAZnet O , :
://..//RBADBAFEE/D~EB
FBCFDCFDDCEB~A~E~S.;
O . ‘H S ö H IV L, SZ online, A ,
: ://..//k///, -
O .
‘S K D ä’, Süddeutsche Zeitung , J , .
I ,
. -
q- DIE LINKE - ,
SPD G H. H,
N
k k.
O S , G ‘G C-
’. A j Bundestag CDU/CSU -
FDP, A Mk
.
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Index
j 116, 117, 118, 119,126, 132, 138
Agenda 2010 67, 150, 154, 156, 158,
159, 162, 163, 171, 198, 199, 213,231, 233 ALG II 147, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154,
155, 165, 229A-Sx 14 Arbeitsgemeinschaften 147 Armutsbericht 198
Beitragssatzstabilität 77
Bk 46B, J 23Bü, N 83, 86, 124B, J 23
Bk 193 193
193 G
194 192
30, 38 19 14 13
47Cx, R 22, 28
- 11- 98 114
50, 116,123 Deutscher Landkreistag 155 Deutscher Städtetag 155, 175 Deutscher Städte- und Gemeinde-
bund 155DGB 119, 156 28, 29DKG 83, 86, 99
DL 155D, R 90, 94, 225 195
’ 117E-A, Gø 10, 51
46, 188
183 CDU/CSU-FDP -
184 CDU/CSU-SPD -
186 R-G
185 S D-L
183FDP 83, 101
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INDEX
FEA 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155,166, 167, 172, 229, 230
140 50
Fördern und Fordern 161, 162, 163,164, 165, 178
28, 29
Gemeindefinanzreformkommission 149, 174
j 127, 134G C E
A 155G j 52 Bk 20 16 Bk
47CDU/CSU-FDP 62CDU-SPD 69
- 190
198 58 196- 199 54 16, 52
j51
16
15 60SPD-FDP 60SPD-G 66
190 57
52Gesundheitsstrukturgesetz , GSG
76GKV-Neuordnungsgesetz , GKV-
NOG 76GKV-NOG 94, 97, 98, 99
105 S 102, 103, 105
GRG 77GSG 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85
91 S 87, 88, 89
92GSG GKV-NOG 107
H C 15, 67, 71, 145,148, 150, 154, 158, 160, 170, 171,172, 176, 178, 204, 228
H IV 145, 147, 148, 153 Agenda 2010 154
147 177 152 198 C Sö 171 C 161, 166, 168,170, 174
172 H C171
H, P 148
CDU/CSU-SPD - 70
CSU/CSU-FDP -
65 R-G 68 SPD-FDP 62
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INDEX
72H, H 35 9
-k 27 27
32 17
k- 34 k -k 33
40
- 17 33 39 33 k
30 35, 36 33 M C 171
M R 134 M S 91
x 113, 118, 119
14, 40 31
31
Jk-S, Hk 28
K, P 9KBV 83, 86, 99K, J 28K, R 155K, H 62, 75, 104, 109
Kommunales Optionsgesetz 160,202, 230, 232. See Options- gesetz
Konzertierte Aktion für das Ge- sundheitswesen 83
Krankenhausfinanzierungsreform 94
k CDU/CSU-FDP - 64 CDU/CSU-SPD -
69 R-G 67 SPD-FDP 61
71L, Ok 98L 97L k 80, 82
25 -k 24 24 23
25
27 153,
155, 174, 176Lk, J 24
M 100
183 46M, P 52M, C 194M C 113, 120,
137, 143, 151, 167, 170, 172, 175,176, 177
Mk, A 19, 69, 200
Montagsdemonstrationen 152M, J 25Mü, F 169
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INDEX
‘N E ’ 140NOG 95 30, 38 19
OECD 141O-A Ex A 128O-A P A 112, 120,
130O-A P Ex A
112, 120 141
Optionsgesetz 161, 165, 166, 167,173, 174, 231Optionskommunen 148
P, B 194 186, 187- 11, 12
CDU/CSU-FDP -
65 CDU/CSU-SPD -
70 R-G
67 SPD-FDP 61
71
112, 113, 119, 136,
193 112, 116, 118, 125
81, 83, 93,226
79, 81, 82, 83, 86, 99P, P 11
25, 28, 30, 35-k . -k38
22 32 13
41 13
Prekariat 198
85 j 162,
178 k-
82 k- 87
k 99, 101
k 190
Reformstau 10, 16, 54, 128
k- 83
84, 100R 111, 112,
113, 115 111
142
R 125, 129, 131, 132,138
135
Risikostrukturausgleich 80R, F 22, 29
S, P 28
Sachverständigenrat zur Begut-achtung der Entwicklung imGesundheitswesen 101
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INDEX
S 14S, F 51, 53S, R 98S, M 47, 114
S, M 54S, U 69, 132, 220, 221S, V 22, 29, 32S, O 69Sö, G 69, 111, 121,
138, 140, 141, 144, 148, 150, 152,153, 154, 158, 162, 164, 169, 175,213
S, E 52k 14, 15, 58, 59, 60,65, 68, 70, 72, 73, 77, 80, 82, 84,91, 92, 93, 95, 99, 101, 102, 103,106, 107, 108, 192, 193, 195, 221,222, 223, 225, 226
S, N 57 46 135,
156, 174, 231- 49Solidaritätszuschlag 78 85Sozialstaat 9 58, 76Sk, W 40, 197
18
188
x 118, 128’ H, P 25, K 40 137 33, 46, 47, 54, 56, 58,
59, 62, 66, 99, 112, 116, 117, 119,122, 131, 132, 135, 137, 138, 140,142, 144, 153, 156, 170, 173, 174,
182, 216, 217, 227, 231, Jü 169
VDR 117, 118, 132 L, U 186
9 18
x 22- 14j 18
11 13
49
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