Ideal Gas Law. Describing a sample of a gas 4 variables are needed to completely describe a sample...

Ideal Gas Law

Describing a sample of a gas

• 4 variables are needed to completely describe a sample of a gas:

• Temperature• Pressure• Volume• Amount (number of moles) of gas

Equation of State

• An equation relating the macroscopic variables that describe some type of matter.

• The ideal gas law is an equation of state for gases.

Boyle’s Law GraphsPressure vs. Volume Volume vs. 1/Pressure

Charles’ Law Graph

Gay-Lussac’s Law Graph

Avogadro’s Law

Recall

Boyle’s Law Charles’ Law Avogadro’s Law

V 1/P V T (Kelvin) V n

Constant T, n Constant P, n Constant T, P

So V 1/P X n X T

Ideal Gas Law

• To turn a proportionality into an equation, insert a constant: V = RnT/P

• Or multiply both sides by P:• PV = nRT where R is the ideal gas law

constant. If three of the variables are known, the 4th can be determined.

• The units of R depend on the units used for P, T, and V.

Units of R

• Two common values of R:

• 0.08206 LiterAtm

• 8.314 Joules or 8.314 LiterKPa

MoleK

MoleK MoleK

Problem-Solving

• Most commonly used value of R: • 0.08206 LiterAtm

• Note: • Pressure must be in atm• Volume must be in liters• Temperature must be in Kelvins

MoleK

Ideal Gas Law Problems

• What pressure is exerted by 0.75 moles of a gas at 25C in a container with a volume of 1.5 L?

• Find the volume of 0.85 moles of gas at a pressure of 520 torr and a temperature of 15C.

• How many moles of gas are present in a sample at 700 torr, 333C, and occupying a volume of 452 mL?

Extensions of Ideal Gas Law Problems

• PV = nRT

• n = mass

• Density = mass

formula mass

volume

Memorize the three fundamental equations.

• Substitute and rearrange as problem demands.

• PV = nRT or PV = massRT

• Rearrange to solve for mass or density

• (Pformula mass) = mass/volume = density

formula mass

volume

RT

Formula mass (Identity) of gas

• Formula mass = massRT

• Or formula mass = densityRT

PV

P

Density of a gas

• At STP, density of a gas = molar mass/22.4 L

• This is an easy relationship but it is only true at STP!!!

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

• For a mixture of gases:

• Ptot = P1 + P2 + P3 + …

• The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases. The pressure exerted by each gas in an unreactive mixture is independent of the other gases in the mixture.

Addition or Subtraction Problems

• Three gases, He, N2, and Ar are present in a gas mixture. The partial pressure of He is 360 torr, of N2 is 400 torr, and of Ar is 250 torr. Find the total pressure.

• Ar is added to the above mixture until the total pressure is 1200 torr. Find the new pressure of the Argon.

Collecting Gas by Water DisplacementWhen the water levels inside and outside the inverted container are the same, the total pressure inside the container above the water is equal to the atomspheric pressure.

Sometimes gases are collected by water displacement C2H2(g) + H2O(g)

Line up the water levels!

Ptot = Pgas + Pwater

• The volume of gas collects above the water, but some of the water molecules evaporate and go into the gas phase as well.

• The vapor pressure of water depends only on the temperature. Look it up in a reference table and then subtract it from the total pressure.

Extension of Dalton’s Law

• Since PV = nRT then • Ptot = ntotRT & for each component, Pi = niRT

Pi = niRT/V

Which reduces to Pi / Ptot = ni / ntot

Ptot ntotRT/V

V V

Mole Fraction

• ni / ntot is called the mole fraction = I

• Pi = (ni / ntot)Ptot

Effusion

vacuumgas

Effusion

• Process where molecules of a gas confined in a container randomly pass through a tiny opening in the container.

• Rates of effusion can be used to determine the molar mass of a gas.

• Kinetic energy of molecules in a gas depends only on temperature and equals ½ mv2.

EffusionTwo gases at the same T have the same average KE:

½ M1V12 = ½ M2V2

2

V12 = M2

V22 M1

Note: This V is the velocity of the molecules, NOT the volume of the container.

EffusionTwo gases at the same T have the same average KE:

½ M1V12 = ½ M2V2

2

Graham’s Law of Effusion

• The rates of effusion of gases at the same pressure and temperature are inversely proportional to the square roots of their molar masses.

• The heavier gases move more slowly.

Effusion

• Recall: the faster you are going, the less time it takes you to get somewhere.

Diffusion

• Gradual mixing of two or more molecules due to their spontaneous, random motion.

Gases are in constant, random motion and tend to move from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.

Diffusion

Molecular speed and Temperature

Molecular speed and mass