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IBComputerScience
ContentdevelopedbyDartfordGrammarSchool
ComputerScienceDepartment
Resource Management
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
1:Systemdesign 2:ComputerOrganisation
3:Networks 4:Computationalthinking
5:Abstractdatastructures
6:Resourcemanagement
7:Control D:OOP
HL Topics 1-7, D1-4
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
1:Systemdesign
2:ComputerOrganisation
3:Networks
4:Computationalthinking
5:Abstractdatastructures
6:Resourcemanagement
7:Control
D:OOP
HL only 6 OverviewSystemresources6.1.1Identifytheresourcesthatneedtobemanagedwithinacomputersystem
6.1.2Evaluatetheresourcesavailableinavarietyofcomputersystems
6.1.3Identifythelimitationsofarangeofresourcesinaspecifiedcomputersystem
6.1.4Describethepossibleproblemsresultingfromthelimitationsintheresourcesinacomputersystem
Roleoftheoperatingsystem
6.1.5Explaintheroleoftheoperatingsystemintermsofmanagingmemory,peripheralsandhardwareinterfaces
6.1.7OutlineOSresourcemanagementtechniques:scheduling,policies,multitasking,virtualmemory,paging,interrupt,polling
6.1.8Discusstheadvantagesofproducingadedicatedoperatingsystemforadevice
6.1.9Outlinehowanoperatingsystemhidesthecomplexityofthehardwarefromusersandapplications
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Topic 6.1.1Identifytheresources thatneedtobemanaged withinacomputersystem
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Important resources to manage• Primarymemory(RAM)• Secondarystorage(HDD/SSD/opticaldrives)• Processorspeed• Bandwidth• Screenresolution• Soundprocessor• Graphicsprocessor• Cache• Networkconnectivity
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
It’s all about the moneyUltimately,mostcomputersarecommodities – itemstobesold.Ifprofit isafactor,sowillbereducingthecostsofmanufacturing.Togiveusersthebestpossibleexperience,itisessentialtotailoreachsystem’sconfigurationtoitsintendedpurpose.Eachcomponentinacomputeraffectsitsfunctioninaparticularway.
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Primary Memory (RAM)Whatitdoes:• Placewherealldata/programscurrentlybeing
processedarekeptCommoncapacities:• Gigabytes(GB):1/2/4/8/16Effectonsystemiftoolimited:• Iftoolittlephysicalmemoryexists,thesystemwill
needtousesecondarystorage,whichismuchslower,bymeansofvirtualmemory.
• Ifvirtualmemorycannotbecreatedorisinsufficient,theprogram/datasimplycannotbeloaded.
• Itinfluenceshowmanyprocessescanbedonesilmulataneously.
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Secondary Storage (HDD/SSD/Optical)
Whatitdoes:• Placeweredata/programcanbestoredif
poweredislost(RAMisvolatile).Commoncapacities:• Gigabytes(GB)/Terabyte(TB):
– HDD:500GB/1TB/2TB– SDD:256GB/512GB– Optical:CD650MB/DVD4.7GB
Effectonsystemiftoolimited:• Noplaceto‘save’work– sodatamightbelost• CanalsopreventtheOSfromusingstorageas
virtualmemoryifRAMfillsup• Limitshowmuchdatacanbekept
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Processor: SpeedWhatitdoes:• Processordoesallcalculationsina
computersystem.• Speedismeasurementofhowmany
calculationscanbedonepersecond(1Ghz=1billioncalculationspersecond)
Commonspeeds:• Gigahertz(GHz):1/1.2/2/2.4/3.2Effectonsystemiftoolimited:• Processorwilltakelongertoperform
tasks
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Processor: CoresWhatitdoes:• Eachprocessorhasatleast1ALUorcore.If
youhave2ALUsyoucandotwooperationsatonce,etc.
Commoncapacities:• 2core=dualcore,4=quad,8=octa,etc.Effectonsystemiftoolimited:• Ifyouhaveonlyonecore,youcanonly
performonesetofoperations/calculationsatatime.Ifyouhavetwoormoreyoucandomorecalculationinthesametimeframe.
• Itaffectshowmanytasksasystemcancopewithsimulataneously.
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Bandwidth (network transmissions)Whatitdoes:• Measurementofhowmuchdatacanbesent
atsametimeinacertaintimeframe(alsocalledbitrate)
Commoncapacities:• Measuredinbitspersecond(bps):
Broadband=16-100Mbps;LAN=upto1Gbps(note:1Gbps =1/8GBps)
Effectonsystemiftoolimited:• Limitingthebandwidthmeansdatawilltake
longertomovebetweentwopoints.• Itaffectshowlongittakesbeforedatacan
beprocessedinitsentirety.
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Low vs High bandwidth
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Screen resolutionWhatitis:• Measurementofnumberofpixelsinheightxwidthof
displayCommoncapacities:• 1024×768(XGA)• 1366×768(HD720p)• 1920x1080 (HD1080p)• 4096x2304(4K)Effectonsystemiftoolimited:• Ifresolutionistoolimited,thenumberofpixles thatcan
bedisplayedisless– displaymightbepixelated(blocky)• Lowerresolutions=smallerfilesizebutpoorerquality
imageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_resolutions
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Sound processorWhatitdoes:• Soundreproductionisdonebyaseparateprocessor,
freeinguptheCPUtodoothercalculations.• Canalsocontainabankof‘sampled’soundsto
reproducebetterqualitymusic/audioCommonlyseenin:• Hometheatresystems• CinemasEffectonsystemiftoolimited:• CPUistaxedwithhavingtoprocessessounds,slows
downsystemoverall.• Overallqualityisnotashighasinasystemwitha
dedicatedsoundprocessor.
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Graphics processor (GPU)Whatitdoes:• Doescomplexgraphic
processing(like3Drendering)Commonlyseenas:• Nvidia graphicscard• ATIgraphicscardEffectonsystemiftoolimited:• IfCPUhastodographics
processing,itwilltakelongerorbelimited.
Note:SoC vs ‘onboard’vs GPUvs Graphicscard
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Cache (physical cache)Whatitdoes:• Containstheinstruction/datatheCPUis
likelytorequestnextfromRAM– itmassivelyspeedsupprocessingastheCPUdoesnothaveto‘wait’forinstructionstoarrivefromRAM.
Commoncapacities:• Megabytes(MB):1to128Effectonsystemiftoolimited:• CPUwillhaveto‘wait’for
instructions/datatobefetchedfromRAM– slowingdownsystem.Userexperiences‘sluggish’system.
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Network connectivity (NIC/WNIC/Bluetooth)
Whatitis:• Eachnetworkcardconnectstoa
particulartypeofnetworkmedia(cable/wirelesssignal)
Commonlyfoundas:• NIC=LAN/ethernet cables• WNIC=WiFi signals• Bluetooth=Bluetoothsignals• 3Gradio=cellularsignalsEffectonsystemiflimited:• Limitedconnectiontypeslimitstheway
datacanbesentorreceivedinasystem.• Speedcanalsobeafactor.
Content developed by Dartford Grammar School Computer Science Department
Connectivity (in general)
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