I. Origins of the American Indian

I. Origins of the American Indian

B. South American cultures: Incas develop in Andes

Indian Cultures

II. Pre-Columbian Indian civilizations: Regional Cultures

Eastern woodland people burned forests to encourage the growth of berries and fruits (exhibits “harvesting”

Adena-Hopewell people of the Ohio Valley created earthworks

Mortuary cult & transition in 600AD to a Mississippian culture due to trade & aid of bow and arrow, maize, and flint tools (hoes)

Cahokia: - Farming community 30,000 people (modern day Illinois) - city's commercial and cultural impact was felt throughout the Eastern United States.

Mississippian culture: climaxed around time of European discovery & influenced many neighboring tribes

(i.e. Adena-Hopewell)

-100 feet tall and covers 14 acres. - rulers governed from a temple atop this mound. - population in 1050-1150 A.D. was likely to have been 10-20,000, much larger than Paris at the time. (It declined in 1200-1400 A.D.)

Monks Mound, Cahokia

Pueblo- Hohokam-Anasazi cultures of the Southwest

-Looser class structure compared to Mississippians -Developed irrigation to combat southwestern climate-Created pueblos, which were later abandoned due to sever drought and fierce migrants moving into territory from the north

The Anasazi: Ancient Cliff Dwellers of

the Southwest

- Nowhere in North America did Indian cultures develop a concept of the private

ownership of land.

-Politics of warfare & violence expand with bow & arrow tech. and the use of scalping

II. Voyages of Columbus

a. Oct 12th 1492 – San Salvador, Bahamas

clash

WHITE EUROPEANS • Used the land for economic needs

• Clearing the land, destroying hunting areas and fencing it off into private property

• Divided the land and selling it for monetary value.

NATIVE AMERICANS• Relationship with environment as part of their religion

• Need to hunt for survival

• Ownership meant access to the things the land produced, not ownership of the land itself.

• Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY)

• Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD)

• Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)

The 3 motives reinforce each other

Direct Causes = 3 G’s

III. Columbian Exchange

Animals:- bison, turkeys,

guinea pigs, llamas & alpacas

Plants: - maize, potatoes, beans, peanuts, tobacco, squash,

peppers, tomatoes, pumpkins, cacao

Animals: - horses, cattle, pigs,

sheep & goatsPlants:

- - rice, wheat, barley, oats, wine grapes,

melons, coffee, olives, bananas

- - diseases:- Small pox, plague, malaria, yellow fever,

cholera

Old WorldNew World

IV. Spanish conquest of the New World

a. Indian weaknesses (disease, disunity, transportation)

Explorers Sailing For France

• Cartier - France - Reached St. Lawrence River - Claimed Eastern Canada for France – 1535

• Samuel de Champlain - France - “Father of New France” - Established Quebec (the 1st permanent French colony in N. America) - Established settlements and explored Maine, Montreal & Nova Scotia - 1608

The Beaver Fur Hat

From about 1550 until 1850, felt hats were fashionable in much of Europe and the felt hat industry became the driving force behind the fur trade. By the late 1500's, the beaver was extinct in western Europe and was close to extinction in Scandinavia and Russia. The North American fur trade became a new source and kept the fashion going for another 200 years.

hatters

Royal Navy Tri-corner hat

New World Culture Zones