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Hunger Games: Enemies, Arenas and Fighting to the Death!!
Whitney Yeary, Amy Fulcher and Bill Klingeman University of Tennessee
Winning the Hunger Games
Arena!
Image credit: http://www.landscape-design-advisor.com/design-styles/english-country/cottage-garden
Introduction
• Insect pests cause economically significant damage to nursery crops
• In NC, the green industry reported annual losses of $91,000,000 due to insects and diseases
NCDA. 2005. North Carolina green industry economic impact survey. Photo credit Bambara and Baker - via Bugwood
Introduction
• Insecticides can be useful in managing pest problems.
• Insecticides can: – Harm natural enemies– Exacerbate secondary
pest populations
Cloyd, R. 2009. Pesticide use in ornamental plants: what are the benefits? Pest Management Science. 65:345-350
x
Data & Image Credit: Frank, S. and C. Sadof. J. Econ. Entomol. 104(6): 1960‹1968 (2011); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC11124
• 50% more natural enemies and 50% fewer spider mites with spray wand than airblast sprayer
Introduction
• Imidacloprid caused outbreaks of an obscure spider mite on elm trees in NYC
Szczepaniec, A., S. F. Creary, K. L. Laskowski, J. P. Nyrop, and M. J. Raupp. 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid causes outbreaks of spider mites on elm trees in urban landscapes. PLoS ONE 6(5): e20018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020018.
Introduction
• Lab expts, predators of T. schoenei were poisoned through ingestion of prey exposed to imidacloprid
Szczepaniec, A., S. F. Creary, K. L. Laskowski, J. P. Nyrop, and M. J. Raupp. 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid causes outbreaks of spider mites on elm trees in urban landscapes. PLoS ONE 6(5): e20018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020018.
Introduction
• Imidacloprid’s tendency to elevate reproduction of T. schoenei also contributed to their elevated densities on treated elms
Szczepaniec, A., S. F. Creary, K. L. Laskowski, J. P. Nyrop, and M. J. Raupp. 2011. Neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid causes outbreaks of spider mites on elm trees in urban landscapes. PLoS ONE 6(5): e20018. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020018.
Introduction
• 3 cover sprays/year for 4+ years had greater scale species diversity and more likely to be scale infested than shorter treatment
Raupp et al.: Effects of Cover Sprays and Residual Pesticides. Journal of Arboriculture 27(4): July 2001
Introduction
Introduction
• Insecticides can negatively affect natural enemies
• Growers tell us scale pests are a relevant problem in the nursery trade– More than previously??
Adkins, C., G. Armel, M. Chappell, J.C. Chong, S. Frank, A. Fulcher, F. Hale, K. Ivors, W. Klingeman III, A. LeBude, J. Neal, A. Senesac, S. White, A. Windham. 2010. Pest Management Strategic Plan for Container and Field-Produced Nursery Crops in GA, KY, NC, SC, TN. A. Fulcher, ed. Southern Region IPM Center.
Objectives
• Investigate the effects of systemic & contact insecticides on natural enemies to direct contact with insecticide residue – a worst-case exposure scenario
• Determine if systemic insecticides offer a more sustainable insecticide choice
Materials and Methods
• Marathon II, Safari, Sevin, Talstar, water• Sprayed on tuliptree• Conducted two experiments:– Lab– Field
Lab Materials and Methods• 3 leaves from each tree• 10 insects /arena, CHO supply– Minute Pirate Bug, Lady beetle, and Lacewing
• 8 replicate arena/trt• Assessed survival
every 24 h for 4 d• Removed dead daily
Lab Materials and Methods
Field Materials and Methods
• Attached three arenas to each tree (one species per arena) – Lady beetle, Minute
Pirate Bug, Aphidius
Field Materials and Methods
• Installed pitfall trap at base of each tree
• Every 48 h– Assessed survival– Replaced 10 new
insects
Lacewing, Minute Pirate Bug, Lady Beetle
Lady beetle
Minute Pirate Bug
Lacewing
Experiment ScheduleSunday Monday Tuesday Wednesd
ayThursday Friday Saturday
28Spray, cages
29 30
1 2 3 4 5 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Survival %
29
Survival %
1 2
Survival %
Survival %
6
Results Lab
Lacewing Survival 48 h after Applications
Insecticide 2011 2012 Marathon II 45 b 64 a Safari 48 b 74 a Talstar 88 a 54 a Sevin 25 b 15 b Control 100 a 83 a p-value <0.0001
Lady Beetle Survival 48 h after Applications
Minute Pirate Bug Survival 48 h after Applications
Insecticide 2011 2012 Marathon II 9 c 26 b Safari 3 c 25 b Talstar 0 c 0 c Sevin 38 b 20 bc Control 71 a 71 a p-value <0.0001
Lacewing Survival 96 h after Applications
Insecticide 2011 2012 Marathon II 25 bc 43 ab Safari 35 bc 61 a Talstar 64 ab 24 bc Sevin 21 c 6 c Control 83 a 59 a p-value <0.0001
Lady Beetle Survival 96 h after Applications
Insecticide 2011 2012 Marathon II 21 b 44 abc Safari 62 a 65 a Talstar 26 b 40 bc Sevin 1 b 31 c Control 80 a 61 ab p-value <0.0001
Minute Pirate Bug Survival 96 h after Applications
Conclusions
• Limited study• Worst case scenario• Insecticide effect on beneficial insect varies with
insect species, pesticide, and times after application
• Sevin and Talstar appear to be most toxic• Minute Pirate Bug most affected• Safari appears to have the least negative effect
Implications on Pest Mgt
• Augmentative Biological Control• Where to release• Plant density influence natural enemy survival
19 1135
75
Implications on Pest Mgt
Hydrangea Spray Penetration
• Dense canopy– Droplet density was reduced from 56 deposits/cm2
on the exterior position to 2 deposits/cm2 on the middle and interior positions• 96% loss
Hydrangea Spray Penetration
• Sparse canopy– Received 463% more coverage in the middle of
the canopy than the dense plants • Regardless of density, the interior received
less than 1% coverage!
Beneficial Insect Survival
• Only the interior and middle positions of dense plants protected greater than 50% of the lady beetles
• Only the interior position of dense plants protected greater than 50% of lacewings over the course of the experiment
• If not lethal to natural enemies perhaps not lethal to pest insects!
Intelligent Spray Systems
• Automatic controllers– Computer program– Signal generation and
amplification unit– Pulse width modulated
solenoid valves– AlgorithmUltrasonic sensor
Laser sensor
Hydraulic Boom Sprayer
Test Drive
• Compared to the constant application rate of 50 gpa– the intelligent sprayer reduced the application rate
by • 70% in April• 66% in May • 52% in June
Powdery Mildew Control
• Powdery mildew rating– Not different conventional versus intelligent
sprayers.– Not different based on interior or outer row
Thank you!
• Funded by • Center for Applied Nursery Research• Tennessee Institute of Agriculture• Phil Flanagan, S. Evan Wilson, Casey Sullivan,
Ann Reed, Xiaocun Sun
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