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Human Aggression and ViolenceHuman Aggression and Violence
CHAPTER 5CHAPTER 5
AggressionAggression
The basic ingredient in violent crimeIs human aggression instinctive, biological,
learned, or some combination of these characteristics? The methods designed to control, reduce, or
eliminate aggressive behavior will differ depending on perspective
How is Aggression Defined?How is Aggression Defined? Difficult to define
Which concepts and behaviors to include and exclude
Passive-aggressive behaviorIntention is aggressive, behavior is passive and
indirectIrrelevant to study of crime, since doesn’t often
manifest directly in violent or antisocial behavior
Buss’s Varieties of AggressionBuss’s Varieties of Aggression
Active PassiveDirect Indire
ctDirect Indirec
t
Physical
Punching/
Hitting
Practical joke, booby trap
Obstructingpassa
ge
Refusing to
perform necessary task
VerbalInsulting
victim
Malicious
gossip
Refusing to speak
Refusing
consent
Two Types of AggressionTwo Types of AggressionHostile Aggression
ExpressiveInstrumental Aggression
Two Types of Aggression Hostile AggressionHostile Aggression
Intense and disorganizing emotion of anger in response to anger-inducing conditions
The aggressor’s goal is to make a victim sufferMost criminal homicides, rapes, and other violent
crimes directed at harming the victim
Two Types of Aggression Instrumental AggressionInstrumental Aggression
The desire for some object or status possessed by another person
Robbery, burglary, larceny, and various white-collar crimes
No intent to harm unless one interferes with objective
Definition of AggressionDefinition of AggressionBehavior perpetrated or attempted with the
intention of harming another individual physically or psychologically, or to destroy an object
Behavior may not necessarily qualify as criminal
Definition of ViolenceDefinition of ViolenceDestructive physical aggression intentionally
directed at harming other persons or objects May be methodical or random, sustained or
fleeting, intensive or uncontrolled
Theoretical Perspectives of Theoretical Perspectives of AggressionAggression
PsychodynamicEthologicalEvolutionary
psychologyFrustration-
aggression hypothesis
Social LearningExcitation theoryDisplaced aggression
theoryCognitive models
Theoretical Perspectives of Aggression
PsychodynamicPsychodynamicHumans susceptible to aggressive energy from
birthHydraulic model » Aggressive energy must be
drained off or will build up to dangerous levels In order to control violence, individuals must
be provided with multiple but appropriate channels for catharsis
Theoretical Perspectives of Aggression
EthologicalEthologicalInherited instinct of both humans and animals
to defend territory that ensures sufficient food, water, space and reproductionTerritorialityRitualized Aggression
Evolved into evolutionary psychology
Theoretical Perspectives of Aggression
Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary PsychologyThe evolution of behavior using the principles
of natural selectionAggression normal, not pathologicalResearchers have found little evidence to
support perspective
Theoretical Perspectives of Aggression
Frustration-Aggression Frustration-Aggression HypothesisHypothesis
Individuals who are frustrated, thwarted, annoyed, or threatened will behave aggressively
Berkowitz » Frustration increases probability of aggressionWeapons effect
Frustration-Aggression HypothesisFrustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Goal
Aggression
No aggression
•Interpretation•Learning history•Aggression-eliciting stimuli
Frustration Anger
Other Theoretical Perspectives of Other Theoretical Perspectives of AggressionAggressionCognitive-neoassociation model
Berkowitz emphasis on cognitive factorsExcitation transfer theory
Physiological arousal dissipates over timeDisplaced aggression theory
The individual can not aggress against source of provocation but able to be aggressive toward innocent target
Road RageRoad RageAn incident in which an angry, impatient, or
aroused motorist intentionally injures or kills, or tries to injure or kill, another motorist, passenger, or pedestrian, in response to a traffic dispute, altercation, or grievance
Provocation may be real or imagined
Aggressive DrivingAggressive DrivingThe result of a motorist becoming impatient or
frustratedOften not the direct result of the behavior of
another motoristUsually considered less serious than road rage
Who are the Road Ragers?Who are the Road Ragers?Young males, ages 18–35 Criminal and violent historiesPsychiatric problems Drug or alcohol problems
Social Learning TheorySocial Learning TheoryA child has many opportunities to observe
aggression, is reinforced for his or her own aggression, or is the object of aggression
Biological structures can set limits on the types of aggressive responses that can be learned, this influences the rate at which learning progresses
Social Learning Factors
ModelingModelingBobo doll experimentThree major types of models (Bandura):
Family membersMembers of one’s subcultureSymbolic models provided by the mass media
Observation modeling
Cognitive Models of Aggression
Cognitive ScriptsCognitive ScriptsLearned and memorized through daily
experiences, direct or observedUnique to each person, but once established it
becomes resistant to change and may persist into adulthood
Must be rehearsedEasily retrieved and utilized when the individual
faces a problem
Cognitive Models of Aggression Hostile Attribution BiasHostile Attribution Bias
The tendency to interpret ambiguous actions as hostile and threateningDevelops in pre-school and remains stable
throughout adulthoodChildhood exposure to abuse and maltreatmentAn attempt to control and dominate environmentExists along a continuum
Two Types of AggressionTwo Types of Aggression
Overt AggressionDirect confrontationDecreases with ageAnger, high arousalLack of social
cognitions Begins early
Covert AggressionSly, underhandedIncreases with ageLess emotionReliance on
cognitive capabilitiesMay evolves as well-
learned strategy to escape punishment
Two Forms of AggressionTwo Forms of Aggression
Reactive AggressionA hostile act
displayed in response to a perceived threat or provocation
Lack of control Anger expressions,
temper tantrums, and vengeful hostility
Proactive AggressionLess emotionalDriven by
expectations of rewards
Bullying, domination, teasing, name-calling
Gender Differences in AggressionGender Differences in AggressionMales and females equally physically
aggressive as toddlersBoys more overtly aggressive in elementary
schoolGirls more covert
Relational aggressionCultural and socialization processes promote
different kinds of aggression
Media and ViolenceMedia and ViolenceThe research community is sharply divided on
the long-term effects of violent media on aggressive behavior
Media and Violence
Television and MoviesTelevision and MoviesResearch suggests that portrayals of violence
on television and movies may have a significant effect on the frequency and type of aggressive and violent behavior expressed by America’s youth
Media and Violence Contagion EffectContagion EffectCopycat effectTendency in some people to model or copy an
activity portrayed in the entertainment or news media Teen suicideSchool shootings
Media and Violence
Video GamesVideo GamesViolent video games may be one risk factor,
and when coupled with other risk factors, may contribute to antisocial or even violent behavior
It is unlikely that video games directly contribute to adulthood homicide and excessive aggression
Chapter 5
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Aggressive drivingCognitive-
neoassociation model
Cognitive scripts model
Contagion effect (copycat effect)
Cybercrime Difference-in-
degree
Displaced aggression theory
Evolutionary psychology
Excitation transfer theory
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
Hostile aggressionHostile attribution
bias
Chapter 5
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Hostile attribution model
Instrumental aggression
Passive-aggressive behaviors
Proactive aggression
Psychodynamic model (hydraulic model)
Reactive aggressionRitualized
aggressionRoad rageRuminationTerritorialityTheoryWeapons effect
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