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Human-Computer Interaction- how to acquire design knowledge -
Prof. dr. Matthias RauterbergFaculty of Technology Management
Technical University EindhovenThe Netherlands
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 2
What is Human-Computer Interaction about?
systemuser
Working domain
Working system
Goal:Actual Performance=> Desired Performance
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 3
Interface Design or Interaction Design?
user interaction system
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HCI Research Line: basic cycle
Design relevantknowledge
[empirical]validation
Interactive systems
synthesisanalysis
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 5
NUI: The First Round
Tangible interaction
Expert Interview
Digital Desk
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 6
The Digital Desk from Pierre Wellner in 1991
Pierre Wellner
The DigitalDesk is built around an ordinary physical desk and can be used as such, but it has extra capabilities. A video camera is mounted above the desk, pointing down at the work surface. This camera's output is fed through a system that can detect where the user is pointing (using an LED-tipped pen) and it can recognise the documents that are placed on it. The more advanced version also has a computer-driven projector mounted above the desk enabling electronic objects to be projected onto real paper documents -- removing the burden of having to switch attention between screen and paper and allowing additional user-interaction techniques. [invented and built by Pierre Wellner, Xerox EuroPARC]
Video clip
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• Perception Space– The physical space where
the user’s attention is.
• Action Space– The physical space where
the user acts in.
• Design Principle:– perception space and action
space must coincide!– “Interlacing the display and
manipulation space”(Djajadiningrat, 1998)
What is a design principle?
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Natural User Interfaces (NUI):design constrains
No technical equipment inside the body space of the user!
2. design requirement
Perception space and action space must coincide!
1. design requirement
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NUI: The Second Round
Design principle
Fieldexperiment
Digital Playing Desk
virtual player
real chipvirtual chips
overhead projector
video camera
NEW button
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Tic-Tac-Toe with four interaction styles
Video clip Video clip Video clip
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Digital Playing Desk (DPD)
Video clip
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User Studies with the DPD
Video clip
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Cel
l Mea
n fo
r tim
e of
use
r (s)
Cell Line Chart for "playing time"
Grouping Variable(s): Interface type
Error Bars: ± 1 Standard Deviation(s)
CI MI TI DPDP<.001P<.01P<.001
P<.001P<.001
P<.001
Empirical Results: Playing time per game
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 14
computer win
remis
user win Cell Line Chart for "winning chance"
Grouping Variable(s): Interface type
Error Bars: ± 1 Standard Deviation(s)
CI MI TI DPDP<.001P<.080P<.020
P<.802P<.001
P<.007
Empirical Results : winning chance per dialog technique
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NUI: The Third Round
User study
Build-It systems
Prop Design
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The Build-It SystemBichsel, Fjeld & Rauterberg 1997
Video clip
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18th Century: tool productionThe Build-It tangible props
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NUI interaction props: user study
Props design factors:form, size, material and metaphor:
•An experiment was carried out to explore different design strategies.
•Tasks were based on initial planning of an interior architecture.
•Focus of the experiment was subjective opinion (n=12) about the bricks.
•The bricks were ranked by user performance before (first number) and after(second number) task solving activity.
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NUI: The Fourth Round
Experiment
Build-It systems
Navigation Design
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 20
The Build-It SystemFjeld, Bichsel & Rauterberg 2001
Video clip
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Navigation Design: experimental results
Dependent variable: Trial completion time (tct) Plan view method: No significant effect.
Side view method: Scene Handling (SH: tct=150 s) gave better performance than View Handling (VH: tct=183 s).
Other effects: Trial (learning effect) and task had a significant effect.
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NUI: The Fifth Round
Experiment
VIP system
3D interaction
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VIP: tangible interaction propsAliakseyeu, Martens, Subramaniam & Rauterberg 2002
Video clip
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Further Developments• Empirical validation
• Additional interaction techniques, e.g. speech input
• full 3D interaction possibilities
• video conferencing functionality for distributed cooperation
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 25
GUI versus NUI interaction modelsUllmer & Ishii, 2000
model
control view
INPUT OUTPUT
physical
digitalmodel
control Non graspablerepresentation
graspablerepresentation
INPUT / OUTPUT
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Design Metaphors
Channel
Tool
Substitute
long time ago 2000 history
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Trend in Interface Design
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1970-1990 1990-2010 2010-
SW controlsHW controls
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time1900 2000
mechanical style
electronic style
mechatronic style
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 29
time1900 2000
mechanical style
electronic style
mechatronic styleactive forms(smart memory alloys)
given forms(ubiquituous computing)
channel forms(e.g. PC, TV, Radio, etc)
connected forms(ambient intelligence)
dedicated form(e.g. typewriter, etc))
Design trends
© M. Rauterberg, TU/e 30
Thank you for your attention
More athttp://www.ipo.tue.nl/homepages/mrauterb/
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