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How Multimedia Design Impacts the Learning Experience
Mark Fazioli, PhDCT Distance Learning Consortium
www.ctdlc.org
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Agenda
• Outline basic theory and principles of using multimedia in learning
• Address some elements of multimedia design:– Graphics
– Text
• Maximize potential for student learning through good practices.
Multimedia Learning
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What is instructional multimedia?
The combination of audio, graphics, video, and
text delivered via electronic means to foster
learning.
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Cognitive Model of Multimedia Learning
Online Multimedia Instruction
SensoryMemory Working Memory
Long-TermMemory
Words
Pictures
Ears
Eyes
Sounds
Images
VerbalModel
PictorialModel
PriorKnowledge
SelectingWords
SelectingImages
Organizing Words
Organizing Images
Integrating
(Mayer, 2001)
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Multimedia Principle
Students learn better from words and pictures than
from words alone.
(Mayer, 2001)
Graphics and Images for Learning
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Five taxonomies of instructional graphics
1. Decorative
2. Representational
3. Organizational
4. Interpretive
5. Relational
6. Transformational
(Clark & Chopeta, 2004)
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• Decorative
Five taxonomies of instructional graphics
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• Representational
Five taxonomies of instructional graphics
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• Organizational
Five taxonomies of instructional graphics
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• Interpretive
Five taxonomies of instructional graphics
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• Relational
Five taxonomies of instructional graphics
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• Transformational
Five taxonomies of instructional graphics
Typography for Learning
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Common styles of type
• Sans Serif
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Common styles of type
• Sans Serif
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Contiguity Principle
Students learn better when corresponding words and pictures
are presented near rather than far from each other on the page
or screen.
(Mayer, 2001
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Cognitive Model of Multimedia Learning
Online Multimedia Instruction
SensoryMemory Working Memory
Long-TermMemory
Words
Pictures
Ears
Eyes
Sounds
Images
VerbalModel
PictorialModel
PriorKnowledge
SelectingWords
SelectingImages
Organizing Words
Organizing Images
Integrating
(Mayer, 2001
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Modality Principle
Students learn better from animation and narration than from
animation and on-screen text.
(Mayer, 2001
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Cognitive Model of Multimedia Learning
Online Multimedia Instruction
SensoryMemory Working Memory
Long-TermMemory
Words
Pictures
Ears
Eyes
Sounds
Images
VerbalModel
PictorialModel
PriorKnowledge
SelectingWords
SelectingImages
Organizing Words
Organizing Images
Integrating
(Mayer, 2001
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Cognitive Model of Multimedia Learning
Online Multimedia Instruction
SensoryMemory Working Memory
Long-TermMemory
Words
Pictures
Ears
Eyes
Sounds
Images
VerbalModel
PictorialModel
PriorKnowledge
SelectingWords
SelectingImages
Organizing Words
Organizing Images
Integrating
(Mayer, 2001
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Summary
• Mayer: words + graphics = • Select carefully with audience in mind:
– Graphics
– Text
• Design for maximum potential for student learning.
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Resources on multimedia and instructional design
Clark, R. C. & Mayer, R. E. (2008). eLearning and the science of instruction (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.
Clark, R. C., & Chopeta, L. (2004). Graphics for learning: Proven guidelines for planning, designing and evaluating visuals in training materials. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
Lohr, L. (2006). Creating visuals for learning and performance: Lessons in visual literacy (2nd ed.). Cleveland, OH: Prentice-Hall.
Mayer, R. E. (2001). Multimedia learning. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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