How Did Photography Go Digital? - Gail...

COMP 1001: Introduction to Computers for Arts and Social Sciences

How Did Photography Go Digital?

Binary Numbers and Data Representation

Admin Stuff

Assignment 1 Posted (how to submit, etc…)

Learning Objectives

• Learn how information is stored on a computer.

Part 1

How photography

Pixels

Black and white images

Colour images

Part 2

Binary numbers

Converting binary and

decimal

Using Python to convert numbers

Part 3

Bits and bytes

Numbers and text in

memory

Images in memory

Vector versus raster images

http://www.flickr.com/photos/grange85/12501119/

Part 1

How photography

Pixels

Colour images

Part 2

Binary numbers

decimal

Part 3

Bits and bytes

Numbers and text in

memory

Images in memory

Part 1

How photography

Pixels

Colour images

Part 2

Binary numbers

decimal

Part 3

Bits and bytes

Numbers and text in

memory

Images in memory

Which of the following is not an accurate fact about one-number-per-

pixel encoding?

It is always less efficient than run-length encoding. Losing a number from a row could greatly affect the picture. Getting one number wrong will not greatly affect the picture.

Which type of image would be most suitable to send over a slow,

unreliable cell network?

One-number-per-pixel Simple run-length encoding

Both are equally fine Neither are appropriate

Part 1

How photography

Pixels

Colour images

Part 2

Binary numbers

decimal

Part 3

Bits and bytes

Numbers and text in

memory

Images in memory

Part 1

How photography

Pixels

Colour images

Part 2

Binary numbers

decimal

Part 3

Bits and bytes

Numbers and text in

memory

Images in memory

Find the bags we need to break for the following numbers of stones:

29 15 8

Is it always possible to get the exact number of stones we want from the

Yes No

It depends

Is there more than one way to choose the bags to break in order to get the

exact number of stones we want?

Yes No

It depends

Part 1

How photography

Pixels

Colour images

Part 2

Binary numbers

decimal

Part 3

Bits and bytes

Numbers and text in

memory

Images in memory

Number of stones Binary

19 10011

29 11101

8 1000

20 10100

Number of stones Binary

19 10011

3 00011

29 11101

8 01000

20 10100

Binary

Decimal

Binary

Decimal

Digits 0-1. Each column is double its neighbour.

Digits 0-9. Each column is ten times its neighbour.

What is 01011011 in decimal?

What is 10101010 in decimal?

Figure out this joke:

There are 10 types of people in this world: those who know binary, and those who

don’t.

How can you count to 31 on one hand?

Part 1

How photography

Pixels

Colour images

Part 2

Binary numbers

decimal

Part 3

Bits and bytes

Numbers and text in

memory

Images in memory

Type the following into the shell, pressing enter after each one:

0b10000

0b11111

0bhello

bin(1234)

bin(0b111)

Part 1

How photography

Pixels

Colour images

Part 2

Binary numbers

decimal

Part 3

Bits and bytes

Numbers and text in

memory

Images in memory

Binary digit

Bit (A single 1 or 0)

What is the largest number (in decimal) that you can store in a single

127 128 255 256

11111111 99999999

What about larger numbers?

0b1011011101101101 = 46,957

Data Types

Name Type

int plain integer – no decimal point

float floating point number – has a decimal point

complex real + imaginary parts

Storing Text in Memory

0b01000001 (65) A 0b01100001 (97) a

0b01000010 (66) B 0b01100010 (98) b

0b01000011 (67) C 0b01100011 (99) c

Like a code: binary to character

Storing Grayscale Images in Bytes

0b00000000

0b00110010

0b01100100

0b00000000

0b00110010

0b01100100

We can store a bigger number than 100 in 8 bits! We are wasting space.

0% = 0

50% = 127

100% = 255

0b00000000

0b01111111

0b11111111

8-bit Color

R R R G G G B B

one byte

8-bit Color

R R R G G G B B

one byte

Although this byte could be interpreted as a single number, we can also set up a standard that says the first three bits will be one number

(for red), the second three bits will be another number (for green), and finally the last two bits will be a third number (for blue).

8-bit Color

R R R G G G B B

8 * 8 * 4 = 256 colors

Red can be between 0 and 7 (8 choices), green is the same, and blue can be between 0 and 3 (4 choices). To get all the combinations of

these colors we multiply 8*8*4 and get 256. Thus, 8-bit color allows for 256 colors.

8-bit Color

http://www.deviantart.com/morelikethis/211513504

24-bit Color

R R R R R R R R

G G G G G G G G

B B B B B B B B

256*256*256 = 16,777,216 colors

Pixel/Raster/Bitmap Graphics

Vector Graphics

The Difference

Two versions of the same image. One is a raster image, the other vector.

Intro to 3D Graphics

What type of graphics do 3D games and animations use?

Vector Raster Both

Neither

Mathematical 3D Objects

Translation

Rotation

Scaling

Issues Encountered in 3D

How much can the camera see?

http://www.chadvernon.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/07/frustum.jpg

Should objects further away look smaller?

http://o.aolcdn.com/gd-media/games/super-mario-galaxy/wii/93.jpg

http://www.codeguru.com/dbfiles/get_image.php?id=10123&lbl=3DPROJ04_GIF&ds=20061023

A Cool, Fairly Recent Example

3-Sweep: Extracting Editable Objects from a Single Photo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oie1ZXWceqM

Part 1

How photography

Pixels

Colour images

Part 2

Binary numbers

decimal

Part 3

Bits and bytes

Numbers and text in

memory

Images in memory

How Did Photography Go Digital? - Gail...

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