Honors Biology II EOC Review:

HONORS BIOLOGY II EOC REVIEW:

Biology Review: Q:What is

endocytosis? A: the cell takes in

macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane.

Biology Review: Q: What is

Exocytosis? A: cell secretes

macromolecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane

Biology Review: Q: What is

phagocytosis? A: a cell engulfs a

particle by wrapping it and packaging it within a sac

Biology Review: Q: What is

pinocytosis? A: the cell gulps

droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles.

Biology Review: Q: Identify a

nephron A:

Biology Review: Q: Describe urine

formation A: Urine is expelled

through the urethra. Both ureters drain into the urinary bladder. During urination, urine is expelled through the urinary bladder through a tube called the urethra.

Biology Review: Q: Describe the

differences between osmoregualtion in marine and freshwater fish

A: In freshwater fish, they constantly gain water and lose salt because it is hyperosmotic to its surroundings. It balances the water gain by excreting large amounts of diluted urine. In saltwater fish, they constantly lose water by osmosis and gain salt by diffusion. The fish balance water loss by secreting extremely concentrated urine.

Biology Review: Q: Describe the

excretion of terrestrial insects, birds, and reptiles

A: Ammonia is very soluble and can be tolerated at low concentrations. These animals have access to lots of water. Ammonia is common in aquatic species. Urea, however, is used by turtles and adult amphibians. It has a low toxicity and can be easily transported. Urea is energy expensive. Also, uric acid is used by land snails, insects, birds, and many reptiles. It is largely insoluble in water as a semisolid paste. Uric acid is extremely energetically expensive. Uric acid is important in reproduction. Soluble wastes can diffuse out of a shell-less amphibian egg. The shelled eggs produced by reptiles and birds are permeable to gases but not to liquids. Therefore, soluble nitrogenous wastes are released and a harmless solid is left behind.

Biology Review: Q: What is the

number of protons and number that is unique to each element?

A: Atomic Number

Biology Review: Q: What phrase

refers to the total mass of one atom of a specific element?

A: Atomic Mass

Biology Review: Q:What brings

chemical groups of active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction?

A: Induced Fit

Biology Review: Q:What part of the

brain is responsible for speech and has motor cortex?

A: Frontal Lobe

Biology Review: Q: What part of the

brain is responsible for smell?

A: Temporal Lobe

Biology Review: Q: What part of the

brain is responsible for speech and somatosensory cortex?

A: Parietal Lobe

Biology Review: Q: What part of the

brain is responsible for vision?

A: Occipital Lobe

Biology Review: Q: In muscle

contractions what binding site is covered by Tropomyosin preventing muscle contractions?

A: Myosin binding site

Biology Review: Q: What is the

smallest sub-section of the muscle?

A: Sarcomere

Biology Review: Q: The following

terms occur in this order: blastula, cleavage, zygote, gastrula, morula.

A: What is zygote, cleavage, morula, blastula, gastrula?

Biology Review: Q: These are the

three germ layers during gastrulation.

A: What is the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm?

Biology Review: Q: This germ layer

gives rise to the epidermis.

A: What is the ectoderm?

Biology Review: Q: This germ layer

gives rise to muscle and vertebrae.

A: What is the mesoderm?

Biology Review: Q: This germ layer

gives rise to the respiratory system, digestive system, and epithelium.

A:  What is the endoderm?

Biology Review: Q: These are the

three stages of cell communication.

A: What is reception, transduction, and response?

Biology Review: Q: This stage of cell

signaling occurs with a signal molecule and a receptor protein at the plasma membrane

A: What is reception?

Biology Review: Q: This stage of cell

signaling makes a "pathway"

A: What is transduction?

Biology Review: Q: This stage of cell

signaling usually ends in activation and cellular responses

A: What is response?

Biology Review: Q: This is the first

stage of synaptic transmission.

A: What is synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters?

Biology Review: Q: This is the

second stage of synaptic transmission.

A: What is neurotransmitter release?

Biology Review: Q: This is the third

stage of synaptic transmission.

A: What is neurotransmitter postsynaptic receptors?

Biology Review: Q: This is the fourth

and final stage of synaptic transmission.

A: What is Inactivation of neurotransmitters?

Biology Review: Q: This cation flows

into the flows into the cell during nerve transmission.

A: What is Ca2+?

Biology Review: Q: This occurs

when Na+ channels open up.

A: What is depolarization?

Biology Review: Q: List the

characteristics and examples of the following animal phyla:Porifera, Cnidaria, and Playhelmentius.

A: Porifera- Sponges, they are sessile with porous bodies and choanocytes (collar cells for the membranous collar around the base of the flagellum)

Cnidaria- Sea anemone, they have radial symmetry, a gastrovascular cavity, and cnidocytes (unique cells that function in defense and capture of prey)

Playhelmenthus- Flatworms, they are acoelomates with gastrovascular cavities.

Biology Review: Q: List the

characteristics and examples of the following animal phyla:Nematoda, Annelidia, Mollusca, Arthropoda, and Echinodermata

A: Nematoda- Roundworms, are nonsegmented pseudocoelomates covered by tough cuticles.

Annelidia- Earthworms, segmented

Mollusca- Snails, muscular foor, visceral mass and a mantle

Arthropoda- Spiders, segmented coelomates with exoskeletons and jointed appendages.

Echinodermata- Sea Star, water vascular system and secondary radial anatomy

Biology Review: Q: Describe the

parts of the blood:

A: -Cells suspended in plasma.

-Plasma is 90% water. It is important in maintaining osmotic balance. Nerves and muscles depend on the concentration of key ions in the interstitial fluid.

-Red blood cells transport oxygen.

-White blood cells function in defense.

-Platelets are fragments of cells that are important for blood clotting.

Biology Review: Q: Distinguish

between open and closed circulatory systems:

A: -In an open circulatory system blood and interstitial fluid are the same, and this fluid is called hemolymph. The heart pumps hemolymph through vessels into sinuses, where materials are exchanged between the hemolymph and cells. Hemolymph returns to the heart through ostia, which are equipped with valves that close when the heart contracts.

-Closed systems circulate blood entirely within vessels. Blood and interstitial fluid is separate and chemicals are exchanged between them.

Biology Review: Q: Discuss the

endosymbiotic theory and how it relates to the origin of eukaryotes:

A: -Proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes living within larger cells.

Biology Review: Q: How do you

measure heart rate and blood pressure?

A: -Heart beats per minute can be found by counting your pulse for 60 seconds.

-Blood pressure is taken using a stethoscope and a sphygmomanometer

Biology Review: Q:Compare

Prokaryote and Eukaryote traits concerning the nucleus

A: Prokaryote has no nuclei, eukaryote has nucelei

Biology Review: Q:Compare

Prokaryote and Eukaryote traits concerning the location of DNA

A: Prokaryotic DNA is in the cytoplasm, eukaryotic in the nucleus

Biology Review: Q: Compare

Prokaryote and Eukaryote traits concerning the membrane composition

A: Prakaryotic composed of peptidoglycans, eukaryotic composed of phospholipids

Biology Review: Q: What is the

function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

A: directs cell function through contained genetic material

Biology Review: Q: What is the

function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

A: convert food sources to energy

Biology Review: Q: What is the

function of the ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

A: produce proteins

Biology Review: Q: What is the

function of the golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

A: package and ship proteins

Biology Review: Q: What is the

function of the lysosome in eukaryotic cells?

A: break down food and dead cell parts

Biology Review: Q: What is the

function of the ER in eukaryotic cells?

A: (rough) synthesize proteins, (smooth) synthesize lipids etc.

Biology Review: Q: What is the

function of the vacuoles in eukaryotic cells?

A: Storage

Biology Review: Q: What is the

status of the nucleus in animal versus plant cells?

A: present, present

Biology Review: Q:What is the

status of the chloroplast in animal versus plant cells?

A: absent, present

Biology Review: Q: What is the

status of the ER in animal versus plant cells?

A: present, present

Biology Review: Q: What is the

status of the ribosome and mitochondria in animal versus plant cells?

A: present, present

Biology Review: Q: What is the

status of the vacuole in animal versus plant cells?

A: small vacuoles, large vacuoles

Biology Review: Q: What is the

status of the plastids in animal versus plant cells?

A: absent, present

Biology Review: Q: What is the

status of the cell wall in animal versus plant cells?

A: absent, present

Biology Review: Q: What is the

status of the golgi in animal versus plant cells?

A: present, present

Biology Review: Q: Define

hypotonic A: having

comparatively lower solute concentration

Biology Review: Q: Define

hypertonic A: having

comparatively higher solute concentration

Biology Review: Q: Define isotonic A: having

comparatively equal solute concentration

Biology Review: Q: Define

plasmolysis A: shriveling of

cytoplasm resulting in it pulling away from the cell wall

Biology Review: Q: Define turgid A: firm

Biology Review: Q: Define flaccid A: limp

Biology Review: Q: Define water

potential A: physical

property predicting the direction in which water will flow

Biology Review: Q: Define and give

an example of an isotope

A: All atoms of given element have the same number of protons, but some atoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and therefore weigh more. For example Carbon 12 accounts for the majority of Carbon atoms present on earth; Carbon 14 would be an isotope of Carbon 12.

Biology Review: Q: Explain the

organization of the pH scale. Discuss how pH level in the human body relates to homeostasis.

A: Acids consist of anything with a pH <7 while bases have a pH >7. Pure water is neutral and therefore has a pH of 7. The regulation of carbonic acid is determined by pH. This is due to the nature of a buffer. The chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate acts as pH regulator in the blood.

Biology Review: Q: Identify the

major functional groups:

A:Hydroxyl- consists of a hydroxide ion

Carbonyl- consists of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and a single bond to a hydrogen.

Carboxyl- consists of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and a single bond to a hydroxide ion when

non-ionized, and a double bond to an oxygen and a single bond to an oxygen when ionized.

Amino- consists of a nitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogens when non-ionized and 3 hydrogens when ionized

Sulfhydryl- consists of a carbon chain bonded to a –SH

Phosphate- contains a phosphate ion attached to the carbon chain

Biology Review: Q: Explain the

action of buffers A: Buffers are

substances that minimize changes in the concentration of hydronium and hydroxide

ions in a solution. Typically consist of acid-base pairs and counteract changes in pH.

Biology Review: Q: Compare and

contrast mitosis and cytokinesis for plants and animals.

A: There is a distinction between cell division in plants and animals during cytoplasmic division. Cells plates are not present in animal cells, while the cleavage furrow is present in animals.

Biology Review: Q: Discuss the

regulation of the cell cycle and how errors in the cell cycle can lead to abnormalities.

A: The cell cycle is regulated by anchorage-dependence (need for cell to be attached to a substrate) and density-dependent inhibition (when cells stop dividing once the layer has been replaced). When cells escape the regulations, then abnormalities such as cancer can result. Furthermore, they can divide indefinitely and they do not require check points.

Biology Review: Q: Discuss how

crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization are mechanisms of increasing genetic variability.

A: crossing over- produces recombinant chromosomes which combine genes inherited from two parents

Independent assortment- because each homologous pair of chromosomes is positioned independently of the other pairs at metaphase I – its orientation is as random as flip of a coin.

Random fertilization- a human ovum represents one in 8 million chromosome combinations, while sperm also represents one in 8 million different possiblities.

Biology Review: Q: Difference

between haploid and diploid:

A: haploid cells result with a single chromosome set, while diploid cells result with two sets of chromosomes.

Biology Review: Q: Compare and

contrast mitosis and meiosis.

A: mitosis results with identical cells that are diploid, while meiosis results with non-identical daughter cells that are haploid from the parent cell.

Biology Review: Q: Compare and

contrast asexual and sexual reproduction.

A: Asexual reproduction results in identical offspring from the parent cell and is more beneficial to organisms that are in stable, isolated environments. Sexual reproduction results in non-identical offspring which is more beneficial for organisms that live in changing, unstable environments– requires mitosis and meiosis unlike asexual which only requires mitosis.

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