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UN Special Rapporteur on Torture. HIV and Incarceration: Prisons and Detention. Vienna, 23 July 2010 Manfred Nowak Professor for International Human Rights Protection, University of Vienna Director, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, Vienna UN Special Rapporteur on Torture. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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HIV and Incarceration: Prisons and Detention
Vienna, 23 July 2010
Manfred NowakProfessor for International Human Rights Protection, University of Vienna
Director, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, ViennaUN Special Rapporteur on Torture
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
OVERVIEW
1. Fact-finding Missions of current UN Special Rapporteur on Torture2. World Prison Population - Relative per 100,0003. World Prison Population - Overcrowding4. World Prison Population - Pretrial Detention5. Conditions of detention amount to inhuman or degrading treatment6. HIV Prevalence in Prisons7. HIV Transmission Resulting from Risk Behaviour in Prisons8. How to effectively prevent HIV Transmission in prisons?9. Example of Best Practice - Spain10. Care, Treatment, and Support for Prisoners Living with HIV/AIDS11. Conclusions
AcknowledgmentsRalf Jürgens (co-author, Global Fund), Marcus Day (co-author, Caribbean Drug & Alcohol Research Institute), Andrew Ball (WHO), Fabienne Hariga (UNODC), Annette Verster (WHO), Terry White (East Europe & Central Asia Union of PLWH), and colleagues of the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights.
1. FACT-FINDING MISSIONS OF CURRENT UN SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR ON TORTURE
TogoApril 07
China Nov. 05
MongoliaJune 05
Georgia Feb. 05
NepalSept. 05
IndonesiaNov. 07
Sri LankaOct. 07
Equatorial GuineaNov. 08
Denmark & Greenland
May 08JordanJune 06
NigeriaMarch 07
ParaguayOct. 06
UruguayMarch 09
GuantanamoFeb. 06
KazakhstanMay 09
MoldovaJuly 08
(Cuba)2009/10
JamaicaFeb. 10
(Zimbabwe)Oct. 09
(Russia)Oct. 06
SudanOct. 06
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
Papua New GuineaMay 10
GreeceOct. 10
World Average: approx 145
In total ~ 10 million
Every year 30 million persons enter or leave prison.
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
2. WORLD PRISON POPULATION - RELATIVE PER 100,000
United States 756
St. Kitts and Nevis 588
Russia 629
India 33
Nepal 24
Liechtenstein 20
Burkina Faso 23 Rwanda 604
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
3. WORLD PRISON POPULATION - OVERCROWDING
Indonesia 164,7 %Uruguay 136,3 %
Benin 307,1 %
Bangladesh 302,4 %
Brazil 160 %
Iran 170 %About 60 % of all countries have more prisoners than their prisons provide capacity for.
In 41 countries the occupancy rate exceeds 150 %.
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
4. WORLD PRISON POPULATION - PRETRIAL DETENTION
Liberia 97 %
Mali 88,7 %
USA 20,8 %
Sri Lanka 48,7 %
Nepal 51 %
Nigeria 65,2 %
Jamaica 15 %
Papua New Guinea 49,9 %
5.1. CONDITIONS OF DETENTION AMOUNT TO INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT - LACK OF BEDDING
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
Lack of space, Prison in Malawi Source: UNODC
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
5.2. CONDITIONS OF DETENTION AMOUNT TO INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT - OVERCROWDING
Colombo Remand Prison, Sri Lanka Kathmandu Police Station, NepalSource: UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
5.3. CONDITIONS OF DETENTION AMOUNT TO INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT - OVERCROWDING
Libertad Prison (Las Latas), UruguaySource: UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
5.4. CONDITIONS OF DETENTION AMOUNT TO INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT - OVERCROWDING
Panti Police Station, Lagos, Nigeria Source: UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
5.5. CONDITIONS OF DETENTION AMOUNT TO INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT - LACK OF SANITARY FACILITIES
Lack of sanitary facilities, Papua New Guinea Source: UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
6. HIV PREVALENCE IN PRISONS
Country Country wide prevalence 1 Prevalence in prisons (est.)
Ukraine 1,2 - 2,0 % 15 - 30 %2)
Russia 1,1 % up to 4,2 %5)6)
South Africa 18,1 % up to 41,4 %3)
Brazil 0,6 % 3 - 20 %3)
Argentina 0,5 % 4 - 10 %3)
India 0,3 % up to 9,5 % (female)4)
Indonesia 0,2 % up to 21,3 % 6)
1) 2008 Report on the Global Epidemic, Adult (15–49) prevalence percent 20072) Zhivago, 2005 as cited in WHTO/UNODC/UNAIDS, Effectiveness of Interventions to address HIV in Prisons, Evidence for Action Technical Papers, Geneva 2007.3) Dolan J, Kite B, Aceijas C, Stimson GV. HIV in prison in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2007; 7 : 32-43.4) SG Nagaraj, M Sarvade, L Muthanna, R Raju, S Aju, and NM Sarvade. HIV seroprevalence and prevalent attitudes amongst the prisoners: A case study in Mysore, Karnataka state, India. Paper presented at XIII International AIDS Conference, Durban, July 2000.5) A. Bobrik et al., “Prison health in Russia: the larger picture,” Journal of Public Health Policy 26 (2005): 30-59.6) WHO/UNODC/UNAIDS, Effectiveness of Interventions to address HIV in Prisons, Evidence for Action Technical Papers, Geneva 2007.
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
7. HIV TRANSMISSION RESULTING FROM RISK BEHAVIOUR IN PRISONS
Using non-steril drug injecting equipment Sexual contacts (consensual and non-consensual) Additional factors: e.g. tattooing, sharing of razors,
piercing, improper sterilisation of medical and dental instruments
8. HOW TO EFFECTIVELY PREVENT HIV TRANSMISSION IN PRISONS?
Deprivation of liberty, not liberties Information and education HIV testing and counselling Provision of condoms and prevention of rape, sexual
violence and coercion Needle and syringe programmes (NSPs):
11 countries, e.g. Switzerland, Moldova Bleach programmes: only if NSPs are not available Opioid substitution therapy (OST) and other drug
dependence treatments: 40 countries Reduction of Overcrowding
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
9.1. EXAMPLE OF BEST PRACTICES - SPAIN
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Needles Prisons (NSPs)
Nee
dles
Pris
ons
Needles and Syringes Programme
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820090
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
1572
3192
5162
6589
7866
8816 8729877885858080
756773447431
7108
Num
ber o
f pris
oner
s in
MM
Ps
9.2. EXAMPLES OF BEST PRACTICES - SPAINMethadone Maintenance Programme
19891990
19911992
19931994
19951996
19971998
19992000
20012002
20032004
20052006
20072008
20090
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
32
28
2423 22
1816
13 119 8 7
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
9.3. EXAMPLES OF BEST PRACTICES - SPAINHIV prevalence in Spanish Prisons
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
10. CARE, TREATMENT AND SUPPORT FOR PRISONERS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS
Provision of antiretroviral therapy (ART) Prison health system under authority of ministry of health Special attention to female prisoners and children
11. CONCLUSIONS
Evidence-based intervention vs moralism Prison health is public health Prevention is better than cure Prisoners with HIV or AIDS have a human right to
medical care, treatment and support Urgent need for comprehensive criminal justice and prison
reforms
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture
Thank you for your attention.
UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, OHCHR/Genevahttp://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/torture/rapporteur
Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Human Rights, Viennahttp://bim.lbg.ac.at
Atlas of Torturehttp://www.atlas-of-torture.org
Presentation & Speech Download:http://bim.lbg.ac.at
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