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Chapter 5. History and Structure. Policing:. English Policing. American policing is based on English roots. English law enforcement began with “hue and cry.”. England. Alfred the Great’s system 9th-10th Century mutual pledge. England. mutual pledge system - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
History and Structure
Chapter 5
Policing:
2 © 2003 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
English Policing• American policing is
based on English roots.• English law enforcement
began with “hue and cry.”
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• Alfred the Great’s system
• 9th-10th Century• mutual pledge
England
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• mutual pledge system • tithing - group of ten (10)
families• tithing man - leader or
chief of tithing
England
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Hundred = ten tithings = one hundred families
England
chief constable - head of the hundred
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Constable:• considered the
first real police officer
• appointed by local nobleman• in charge of weapons for
the hundred
England
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Shire• A geographic area equivalent to our
county.
• Hundreds were grouped into Shires.
• England was divided into 52 Shires.
• Shire-Reeve was the antecedent of modern day sheriff.
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England1272-1307• set up curfew and
night watch program• bailiffs - night watchmen
to enforce curfew• watch and ward
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Watch and Ward• The name given to first
night watch in cities and towns.
• They operated from sundown tosunrise.
• They protected property against fire.• They guarded the gates of city.• They arrested those who committed
offenses.
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Statute of Winchester-1285• It created the watch and ward in
cities and towns.• It drafted eligible males to
serve. • It institutionalized the
“hue and cry.” • Citizens had to maintain weapons
in order to answer the call to arms.
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England - 1750• The Industrial Revolution
brought many new people to the big cities.
• Crime increased in cities and highways leading to cities.
• Civilian associations cropped up and began creating their own private police forces.
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Bow Street Runners• established 1750• patrolled streets and highways
leading to London• Sir Henry Fielding - one of
the founders• first real detective unit
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London Metropolitan Police• 1829 - Parliament passed bill
- creates London police• Sir Robert Peel - Home
Secretary• 1,000 officers called bobbies• uniformed• structured along military
lines
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American Law Enforcement• Colonists brought systems from
Europe when they emigrated to colonies.
• The shire-reeve was responsible for law enforcement in the
counties.• The constable was responsible for
law enforcement in towns.• Before the Revolution, both were
appointed by Crown.
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American Frontier•vast and wild until
late 19th century•natural haven for outlaws and bandits
•citizen posses and vigilantes - the law
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Policing America’s Cities
• 1636 - Boston• New York - known
as Rattle Watch because of rattles they carried and shook while they patrolled
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• 1658 - paid watchmen in New York
• 1693 - first uniformed police officer
• 1731 - first precinct station in New
York
Policing America’s Cities
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Policing America’s Cities• 1833 - Philadelphia is the first to
initiate a police force.• 1844 - New York is the first to
establish a unified day/night police force.
• 1865 - Massachusetts creates the first state police force.
• 1866 - Detroit creates first detective unit.
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American Policing1920-1933
This was the Era of Prohibition and
widespread corruption of police.
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1960’s-1970’s Civil rights movementand anti-Vietnam war demonstrations impacted on police operations and enforcement.
American Policing
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1967 - LEAA was formed to assist police departments in acquiring the latest in technology and adopt new enforcement methods.
American Policing
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• LEAA - funded many police research projects• Kansas City Preventive
Patrol Experiment
American Policing
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Three Levels ( jurisdictions)• federal• state• local
American Policing
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Federal Law Enforcement
1789
• first federal law enforcement agency - Revenue Cutter Service
• patrolled shores of U.S. to prevent smuggling and to ensure collection of revenue
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21 separate federal law enforcement agencies in eight government agencies
Federal Law Enforcement
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Other Federal Agencies• 1789 - U.S. Marshals• 1862 - Internal Revenue Service• 1865 - Secret Service• 1891 - Immigration and Naturalization• 1908 - Bureau of Investigation - later
to be renamed F.B.I. in 1930
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Other Federal Agencies
1914
The Bureau of Narcotics & Dangerous Drugs combined with other agencies and was renamed Drug Enforcement Administration in 1973.
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Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
Department of the Treasury1. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and
Firearms2. Internal Revenue Service3. U.S. Custom Service4. U.S. Secret Service5. Federal Law Enforcement Training
Center
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Department of Justice1. Bureau of Prisons2. Drug Enforcement Administration3. Federal Bureau of Investigation4. U.S. Marshals Service5. Immigration and Naturalization
Service
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
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Department of Interior1.Fish and Wildlife Service2.National Park Service3.U.S. Park Police
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
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Department of Defense• Criminal Investigation Division• Office of Special
Investigations• Naval Investigative
Service• Defense Criminal Investigator
Service
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
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Department of Transportation U.S. Coast Guard
General Services Administration Federal Protective Services
U.S. Postal Service Postal Inspections Service
Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Police Department
Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
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Federal Bureau of Investigation
• 1924 - J. Edgar Hoover isappointed Director.
• 1924 - Identification Division iscreated to collect fingerprint
files.• 1930 - F.B.I. begins collecting
data for Uniformed Crime Report publication.
• 1932 - Crime laboratory is established.
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State Law Enforcement1835 Texas Rangers:• They are believed to be the first
state police force.• Military unit is responsible for
border patrol.• They apprehend Mexican cattle
rustlers.
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State Law Enforcement
Two Models: • centralized model• decentralized model
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Local Agencies-Municipal
• approx. 13,580 different departments• approx. 420,000 sworn police officers• approx. 100,000 civilian employees• largest - New York - approx. 36,813
police officers• smallest – 3,409 departments with 1
sworn police officer or only part-time officers
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Local Agencies-County• approx. 3,100 sheriff departments• approx. 155,000 full-time officers• approx. 89,000 civilian employees• largest - Los Angeles Sheriff’s
Dept. with approx. 2,110 sworn officers and 4,880 civilian employees
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• 49 state police departments• approx. 52,000 full-time state
police officers• approx. 26,000 civilian
employees• major role - control traffic on
highway system
State Law Enforcement
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Private Protective Services• Nearly 2,000,000 people are
estimated to be working in private security today.
• Types of private security services:• company guards• airport security• bank guards• executive protection
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Those self-employed individuals and privately funded business entities and organizations providing security- related services to specific clientele for a fee…
Private Protective Services
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… for the individual or entity that retains or employs them, or for themselves, in order to protect their persons, private property, or interests from various hazards.
Private Protective Services
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Types of Private Security Services: • store/mall security• school security• nuclear facility security• hospital security• automated teller machine services• railroad detectives• loss prevention specialists• computer/information security
Private Protective Services
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• Security Bureau, Inc. • Wackenhut Corp.• Guardsmark, Inc.• American Protective Services• Globe Security
Private Protective Services
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• Wells Fargo Guard Services• Advance Security, Inc.• Pinkerton’s, Inc.• Allied Security, Inc.• Burns International Security
Services
Private Protective Services
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