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• 1. Slaves could not sue in federal courts because they were considered property and not citizens. Congress could not force new states to be slave or free states it was a reserved power.
• Constitutional Issue: Reserved powers
• 2. Freedom of Speech could be limited during times of war if it presented a “clear and present danger” to the country.
• Constitutional Issue: 1st amendment; freedom of speech
• 3. Outlawed prayer in public schools because they violated the establishment clause.
• Constitutional Issue: 1st amendment; freedom of religion
• 4. School attendance laws violated freedom of religion by forcing Amish citizens to learn against their wills.
• Constitutional Issue: 1st amendment; freedom of religion
• 5. The death penalty is constitutional if it is used for a crime that fits the penalty and factors other than race should be used.
• Constitutional Issue: 8th amendment; cruel and unusual punishment.
• 6. The death penalty is unconstitutional if it can not be proven that factors other than race were used.
• Constitutional Issue: 8th amendment; cruel and unusual punishment
• 7. This case ruled that the judicial branch had the power to review a law to see if it was constitutional (judicial review)
• The constitutional issue: Judicial Review
• 8. Affirmative Action is constitutional for college admissions as long as race is not the only factor used for admission
• Constitutional Issue: 14th amendment; equal protection of the law
• 9. Law officials must notify accused persons of their rights when they are taken into custody.
• Constitutional Issue: 5th amendment; self-incrimination.
• 10. Declared that state laws requiring the separation of races was constitutional as long as the states provided “separate but equal” facilities.
• Constitutional Issue: Reserved Powers
• 11. Evidence obtained by law officials in “good faith” is still admissible (usable) in court even if a search warrant shouldn’t have been issued.
• Constitutional Issue: 4th amendment – searches and seizures
• 12. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and therefore outlawed segregation in public schools.
• Constitutional Issue: 14th amendment; equal protection of the laws.
• 13. State governments can not tax an agency of the federal government and the national bank is constitutional.
• Constitutional Issue: Supremacy Clause
• 14. School officials only have to have “reasonable cause” to search students suspected of crimes on school grounds and do not need a search warrant to do so.
• Constitutional Issue: 4th amendment; searches and seizures
• 15. Student’s rights to freedom of speech can not be limited when they do not disrupt the learning process in schools.
• Constitutional Issue: 1st amendment; freedom of expression
• 16. States can not regulate interstate trade because it is a power given to the federal government by the Constitution.
• Constitutional Issue: Expressed powers, Supremacy Clause
• 17. Flag burning was constitutionally protected as a means of free expression.
• Constitutional Issue: 1st amendment; freedom of expression.
• 18. Freedom of assembly could not be dismissed as disturbing the peace in order to break-up a protest.
• 1st amendment; freedom of assembly.
• 19.States did not have to provide an attorney in criminal cases unless the accused person was on trial for a capital crime or there were special circumstances, such as illiteracy.
• Constitutional Issue: 6th amendment, right to an attorney
• 20. Freedom of religion was constitutionally protected, but religious practices could not break the law.
• Constitutional Issue: 1st amendment; freedom of religion.
• 21. The government can not limit freedom of the press for information that was given to newspapers voluntarily, if it does not violate national security.
• Constitutional Issue: 1st amendment; freedom of press
• 22. The government could limit the freedom of citizens during times of war. Therefore the prison camps for Japanese Americans did not violate the Constitution.
• Constitutional Issue: 5th and 6th amendments; Expressed powers
• 23. State laws barring abortion are unconstitutional that ban abortions prior to the time that the baby can live without the mother.
• Constitutional Issue: 9th amendment; right to privacy.
• 24. States must follow the fourth amendment when gathering evidence and upheld the “exclusionary rule”, that evidence obtained illegally is not admissible in court.
• Constitutional Issue: 4th amendment; searches and seizures
• 25. The president can not use “executive privilege” to protect himself, but only for matters that affect national security.
• Constitutional Issue: Checks and Balances
• 26. Law officials not only had to have a search warrant to enter a home, but evidence obtained without a warrant was inadmissible in court, the “exclusionary rule”
• Constitutional Issue: 4th amendment; exclusionary rule.
• 27. States must provide an attorney in all criminal cases even if the accused can not afford one.
• Constitutional Issue: 6th amendment; right to an attorney.
• 28. Schools do not violate the first amendment by controlling the content of school newspapers.
• 1st amendment; freedom of the press
• 29. Students freedom of speech can be limited at school if it causes a disruption and when needed.
• Constitutional Issue: 1st amendment; freedom of speech
1. Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857)
upload.wikimedia.org www.phschool.com
3. Engel v. Vitale (1962)
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4. Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
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5. Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
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8. Univ. of California v. Bakke (1978)
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9. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
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10. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
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11. U.S. v. Leon (1984)
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12. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
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14. New Jersey v. TLO (1985)
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15. Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
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16. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
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17. Texas v. Johnson (1989)
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18. Gregory v. Chicago (1969)
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19. Betts v. Brady (1942)
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20. Reynolds v. U.S. (1879)
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22. Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)
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23. Roe v. Wade (1973)
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24. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
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25. U.S. v. Nixon (1974)
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26. Weeks v. United States (1914)
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27. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
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28. Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
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