View
235
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
1/22
SUMMER TRAINING
PROJECT REPORT
A PROJECT REPORT ON : TYPES OF
ENGINES AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Submitted by:Khushwant Choudhary
Submission date: 11/06/2012
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
2/22
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my profound gratitude to the company, Hindustan
Zinc Limited for giving me the opportunity to conduct my project
work.
I would also like to give sincere thank to my project advisor Mr.
R.P.Vagela whose interest and inspire action and expert guidance
help in the completion of the project.
I wish to give special thank to all other for their unconditional
support and co-operation, who have made this project possible.
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
3/22
INDEX
S.No Title Page
1. Engine 1
2. External combustion engines
i) Applications of EC engines
2
3
3. Internal combustion engines 5
4. Classification of IC engines
i. Cycle of operation
ii. Method of charging
iii. Type of ignition
iv. Type of cooling
v. Cylinder arrangement
6
6
13
13
13
5.
Applications of IC engines
16
6.
Bibliography
19
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
4/22
TYPES OF ENGINES
AND ITS APPLICATION
ENGINE
An engine is a device which transforms one form of energy into another form.
Normally most of the engines convert thermal energy into mechanical work
and therefore they are called heat engines.
Heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of the fuel into
mechanical energy and utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work.
Thus, thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy in a heat engine.
Heat engines can be broadly classified into two categories:
1. Internal Combustion Engines(IC Engines)
2. External Combustion Engines(EC Engines)
External combustion engines are engines in which combustion takes place
outside the engine and the products of combustion are used as the working
fluid. For example, in a steam engine or steam turbine, the heat generated due
to combustion of the fuel is employed to generate high pressure steam whichis used as working fluid in a reciprocating engine or a turbine.
Internal combustion engines are engines in which combustion takes place
inside the engine. Internal combustion engines are further classified into 2-
stroke and 4-stroke engines & SI and CI engines.
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
5/22
EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
(EC Engines)
An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a heat engine where an
(internal) working fluid is heated by combustion in an external source, through
the engine wall or a heat exchanger. The fluid then, by expanding and acting
on the mechanism of the engine, produces motion and usable work. The fluid
is then cooled, compressed and reused (closed cycle), or (less commonly)
dumped, and cool fluid pulled in (open cycle air engine).
Powered by the same technology as their more popular internal counterparts,
External Combustion Engines use a comparable amount of energy and are
similar in nearly all characteristics. Their efficiency comes from what they do
with energy, namely igniting a spark in a vehicle's fuel tank, thereby resulting
in a larger and far superior combustion. Because a greater amount of potential
energy is converted to kinetic energy with the same energy input, the External
Combustion Engine is theoretically more efficient.
Steam Engine is an example of external combustion engine. A steam engine is
a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.
Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is
separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such
as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. Water turns
to steam in a boiler and reaches a high pressure. When expanded through
pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is
then released into the atmosphere or condensed and pumped back into theboiler. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called
the Rankine cycle. Most mobile steam engines and some smaller stationary
engines discard the low-pressure steam instead of condensing it for reuse. In
general usage, the term 'steam engine' can refer to integrated steam plants
such as railway steam locomotives and portable engines.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_engine7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
6/22
Advantages of External Combustion Engines over Internal Combustion
Engines are:
The strength of the steam engine for modern purposes is in its ability to
convert heat from almost any source into mechanical work, unlike theinternal combustion engine.
Steam locomotives are especially advantageous at high elevations as
they are not adversely affected by the lower atmospheric pressure.
APPLICATIONS OF EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Steam engines have been applied to a variety of practical uses. At first it was
applied to reciprocating pumps, but from the 1780s rotative engines (i.e. those
converting reciprocating motion into rotary motion) began to appear, driving
factory machinery such as spinning mules and power looms. Now a days,
steam-powered transport on both sea and land began to make its appearance
becoming ever more dominant as the century progressed.
Steam engines can be classified by their application:
Stationary applicationsStationary steam engines can be classified into two main types:
1. Winding engines, rolling mill engines, steam donkeys, marine engines,
and similar applications which need to frequently stop and reverse.
2. Engines providing power, which rarely stop and do not need to reverse.
These include engines used in thermal power stations and those that
were used in pumping stations, mills, factories and to power cable
railways and cable tramways before the widespread use ofelectric
power.
Transport applications
Steam engines have been used to power a wide array of transport
appliances:
Marine: Steamboat, steamship, steam yacht
Rail: Steam locomotive, fireless locomotive
Agriculture: Traction engine, steam tractor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_mulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_loomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winding_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_donkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_yachthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireless_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireless_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_yachthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_donkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winding_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_loomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_mulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_motion7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
7/22
Road: Steam wagon, steam bus, steam tricycle, steam car
Construction: Steam roller, steam shovel
Military: steam tank (tracked), steam tank (wheeled), steam catapult
Space: Steam rocket
A steam engine locomotive
Steam powered vehicle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_wagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tricyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_shovelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tank_(vehicle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Wheel_Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_catapulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_catapulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Wheel_Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tank_(vehicle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_shovelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tricyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_wagon7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
8/22
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
9/22
CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES
Internal combustion engines are usually classified on the basis of
thermodynamic cycle of operation, number of strokes, type of fuel used,method of charging the cylinder, type of cooling, and cylinder arrangement
etc.
1. CYCLE OF OPERATION:According to cycle of operation, IC engines are classified into two
categories:
1. Constant volume heat addition cycle or Otto cycle engine. It is alsocalled a spark ignition engine (SI engine) or Gasoline engine.
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
10/22
An Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle which describes the
functioning of a typical spark ignition reciprocating piston engine, the
thermodynamic cycle most commonly found in automobile engines.
The Otto cycle consists ofadiabatic compression, heat addition at constant
volume, adiabatic expansion, and rejection of heat at constant volume. In the
case of a four-stroke Otto cycle, technically there are two additional processes:
one for the exhaust of waste heat and combustion products (by
isobaric compression), and one for the intake of cool oxygen-rich air (by
isobaric expansion); however, these are often omitted in a simplified analysis.
Even though these two processes are critical to the functioning of a real
engine, wherein the details of heat transfer and combustion chemistry are
relevant, for the simplified analysis of the thermodynamic cycle, it is simpler
and more convenient to assume that all of the waste-heat is removed during a
single volume change.
The term spark-ignition engine refers to internal combustion engines,
usually petrol engines, where the combustion process of the air-fuel mixture is
ignited by a spark from a spark plug. Spark-ignition engines are commonly
referred to as "gasoline engines" in America, and "petrol engines" in Britain
and the rest of the world. However, these terms are not preferred, since spark-
ignition engines can (and increasingly are) run on fuels other
than petrol/gasoline,suchas autogas (LPG), methanol, ethanol, bioethanol, com
pressed natural gas (CNG), hydrogen, and (in drag racing) nitro methane.
The working cycle of both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines may
be either two-stroke or four-stroke.
A four-stroke spark-ignition engine is an Otto cycle engine. It consists of
following four strokes: suction or intake stroke, compression stroke, expansion
or power stroke, exhaust stroke. Each stroke consists of 180 degree rotation ofcrankshaft rotation and hence a four-stroke cycle is completed through 720
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark-ignition_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobaric_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobaric_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark-ignition_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_cycle7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
11/22
degree of crank rotation. Thus for one complete cycle there is only one power
stroke while the crankshaft turns by two revolutions.
4 stroke SI engine:
The four cycles refer to intake, compression, combustion (power), and
exhaust cycles that occur during two crankshaft rotations per power cycle
of the four-cycle engines. The cycle begins at Top Dead Centre (TDC), when
the piston is farthest away from the axis of the crankshaft. A cycle refers tothe full travel of the piston from Top Dead Centre (TDC) to Bottom Dead
Centre (BDC).
1.INTAKE stroke: on the intake or induction stroke of the piston, the
piston descends from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the
cylinder, reducing the pressure inside the cylinder. A mixture of fuel
and air, or just air in a diesel engine, is forced by atmospheric (or
greater) pressure into the cylinder through the intake port. The
intake valve(s) then close. The volume of air/fuel mixture that isdrawn into the cylinder, relative to the volume of the cylinder is
called, the volumetric efficiency of the engine.
2.COMPRESSION stroke: with both intake and exhaust valves closed,
the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the air, or
fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber of the cylinder head.
3.POWER stroke: this is the start of the second revolution of the
engine. While the piston is close to Top Dead Center, the
compressed airfuel mixture in a gasoline engine is ignited, usually
by a spark plug, or fuel is injected into the diesel engine, which
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
12/22
ignites due to the heat generated in the air during the compression
stroke. The resulting massive pressure from the combustion of the
compressed fuel-air mixture forces the piston back down toward
bottom dead centre.
4.EXHAUST stroke: during the exhauststroke, the piston once againreturns to top dead center while the exhaust valve is open. This
action evacuates the burnt products of combustion from the
cylinder by expelling the spent fuel-air mixture out through the
exhaust valve(s).
2 stoke SI engine:
A two-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine that completes
the process cycle in one revolution of the crankshaft (an up stroke
and a down stroke of the piston, compared to twice that number for
a four-stroke engine). This is accomplished by using the end of the
combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke to
perform simultaneously the intake and exhaust (or scavenging)
functions. In this way, two-stroke engines often provide high specific
power, at least in a narrow range of rotational speeds. The functions
of some or all of the valves required by a four-stroke engine are
usually served in a two-stroke engine by ports that are opened and
closed by the motion of the piston(s), greatly reducing the number of
moving parts. Gasoline (spark ignition) versions are particularly usefulin lightweight (portable) applications, such as chainsaws.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenging_(automotive)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_ignitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_ignitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenging_(automotive)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
13/22
2. Constant pressure heat addition cycle or Diesel cycle engine. It is also
called a Compression Ignition engine (CI engine).
P-V Diagram
The Diesel cycle is the thermodynamic cycle which approximates
the pressure and volume of the combustion chamber of the Diesel
engine, invented by Rudolph Diesel in 1897. It is assumed to have
constant pressure during the first part of the "combustion" phase (
to in the diagram, below). This is an idealized mathematical
model: real physical Diesels do have an increase in pressure during
this period, but it is less pronounced than in the Otto cycle. The
idealized Otto cycle of a gasoline engine approximates constant
volume during that phase, generating more of a spike in a p-Vdiagram.
The image on the left shows a p-V diagram for the ideal Diesel cycle; where
is pressure and is specific volume. The ideal Diesel cycle follows the
following four distinct processes:
Process 1 to 2 is isentropic compression of the fluid
Process 2 to 3 is reversible constant pressure heating
Process 3 to 4 is isentropic expansion Process 4 to 1 is reversible constant volume cooling
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
14/22
The Diesel is a heat engine: it converts heat into work. The isentropic processes
are impermeable to heat: heat flows into the loop through the left expanding
isobaric process and some of it flows back out through the right depressurizing
process, and the heat that remains does the work.
Work in ( ) is done by the piston compressing the working fluid
Heat in ( ) is done by the combustion of the fuel
Work out ( ) is done by the working fluid expanding on to the piston
(this produces usable torque)
Heat out ( ) is done by venting the air
4 stroke CI Engine
oINTAKE stroke: on the intake or induction stroke of the
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
15/22
piston, the piston descends from the top of the cylinder to
the bottom of the cylinder, reducing the pressure inside the
cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air, or just air in a diesel
engine, is forced by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into
the cylinder through the intake port. The intake valve(s)then close..
o COMPRESSION stroke: with both intake and exhaust valves
closed, the piston returns to the top of the cylinder
compressing the air, or fuel-air mixture into the combustion
chamber of the cylinder head.
o POWER stroke: this is the start of the second revolution of
the engine. While the piston is close to Top Dead Center,
the compressed airfuel mixture in a gasoline engine is
ignited, usually by a spark plug, which ignites due to the
heat generated in the air during the compression stroke.
EXHAUST stroke: during the exhauststroke, the piston once
again returns to top dead center while the exhaust valve is
open. This action evacuates the burnt products of
combustion from the cylinder by expelling the spent fuel-air
mixture out through the exhaust valve(s).
2 stroke CI Engine
Two-stroke internal combustion engines are more simple mechanically than
four-stroke engines, but more complex in thermodynamic and aerodynamic
processes.
Intake begins when the piston is near the bottom dead center. Air is
admitted to In the early phase of intake, the air charge is also used to force
out any remaining combustion gases from the preceding power stroke, a
process referred to as scavenging.
As the piston rises, the intake charge of air is compressed. Near top dead
center, fuel is injected, resulting in combustion due to the extremely high
pressure and heat created by compression, which drives the piston
downward. As the piston moves downward in the cylinder it will reach a
point where the exhaust port is opened to expel the high-pressure
combustion gasses.
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
16/22
2. METHOD OF CHARGING:
According to the method of supercharging, the engines are classified as
i. Naturally aspirated engines: admission of air or fuel-air mixture at nearatmospheric pressure.
ii. Supercharged engines: admission of air or fuel-air mixture at a pressure
above atmospheric pressure.
3. TYPE OF IGNITION:
Spark ignition engines requires an external source of energy for the initiationof spark and thereby the combustion process. A high voltage spark is made to
jump through the combustion process. In order to produce the required high
voltage there are two types of ignition systems which are normally used. They
are:
i. Battery ignition system
ii. Magneto ignition system
4. TYPE OF COOLING:
Cooling is very essential for satisfactory running of an engine. There are two
types of cooling in use and according to them, engine are classified as:
i. Air cooled engine
ii. Water cooled engine
5. CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT:
Another common method of classifying reciprocating engines is by the cylinder
arrangement. The cylinder arrangement is only applicable to multi cylinder
engines. Two terms used in connection with cylinder arrangements must be
defined first
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
17/22
Inline engines:
Theinline engine is an engine with one cylinder bank, i.e. all cylinders are
arranged linearly, and transmit power to a single crankshaft. This type is quite
common with automobile engines.
V engines:
In this engine there are two banks of cylinders inclines to each other to the
crankshaft. Most of the high powered vehicles use 8 cylinder v engine, four in
line on each side of the v.
Opposed cylinder engine:
This engine has two cylinder banks located on the same plane on opposite
sides of the crankshaft. It can be visualised as two inline arrangement 180
degrees apart. It is inherently a well balanced engine and has advantage of a
single cylinder.
Opposed piston engine:
When a single cylinder houses two pistons, each of which driving a separate
crankshaft, it is called an opposed piston engine. The movement of the pistonsis synchronised by coupling the two crankshafts. It is also well balanced engine.
It has an advantage of having no cylinder head. The engine usually functions on
principle of two stroke engine.
Radial engine:
Radial engine is one in which there is more than two cylinders in each row are
equally spaced around the crankshaft. The radial arrangement of cylinder is
most commonly used in conventional air cooled aircraft engines. Pistons of all
the cylinders are coupled to same crankshaft.
X type engine:
This design is a variation of v type. It has four banks of cylinder attached to a
single crankshaft.
H type engine:
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
18/22
The h type is essentially two opposed cylinder type utilizing two separate but
interconnected crankshafts.
U type engine:
The u type engine is a variation of opposed piston arrangement.
Delta type engine:
The delta type is essentially a combination of three opposed piston engine with
three crankshafts interlinked to one another.
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
19/22
APPLICATIONS OF IC ENGINES
The most important application of IC engines is in transport on land, sea, and
air. Other applications include industrial power plants and as prime movers for
electrical generators.
IC engines EC engines
Type Applications Type Applications
Gasoline
engines
Gas
engines
Diesel
engines
Gas
turbines
Automotive, marine,
aircrafts
Industrial power
generation
Automotive, railway,
power
Power, aircraft,
industrial, marine
Steam
engine
Stirling
engine
Steam
turbines
Close cycle
gas
turbine
Locomotive , marine
applications
Experimental space
vehicles
Power, large marine
applications
Power, marine
Some other applications of IC engines are:
Two stroke gasoline engines
Small two stroke gasoline engines are used where simplicity and low
cost are of prime importance. In such applications lesser fuel
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
20/22
consumption is the main consideration. The smallest engines are used in
mopeds and lawn movers.
Scooters and motorcycles are generally having 100-150 cc gasoline
engines having a maximum brake power of 5kw at 5500rpm. High
powered motorcycles have 250 cc engines , developing a max brake
power of 10kw.
Two stroke gasoline engines may also be used in very small electric
generators, pumping sets, and outboard motorboats.
Two stroke diesel engineVery high power diesel engines are used for ship propulsion are
commonly two stroke diesel engines.
Four stroke gasoline engine
The most common use of small four stroke gasoline engine is in
automobiles. A typical automobile powered by four stroke gasoline
engine develops about 30-60kw at 4500 rpm.
Four stroke gasoline engines were also used in buses and trucks. They
were generally 4000cc with maximum rake power of 90kw.
Another application of small four stroke gasoline engine is in small and
mobile electric generator sets.
Small aircrafts uses radial four stroke gasoline engines.
Four stroke diesel engine
Four stroke diesel engine is one of the most efficient and versatile prime
movers. It is manufactured in sizes from 50 mm to 1000 mm of cylinder
diameter.
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
21/22
Small engines are used as pump sets, construction machinery air
compressors, drilling rigs and many other miscellaneous applications.
Tractors for agriculture application use 30kw diesel engines whereas
jeep, buses, trucks uses 40 to 100kw engines. Generally they give high
power outputs when supercharged.
Earthmoving machines uses supercharged four stroke diesel engines in
output ranging 200 400kw.
Marine applications, from fishing vessels to ocean going ships use diesel
engines from 100- 3500kw.
Diesel engines are used both for mobile and stationary electric
generating plants of varying capacities.
Compared to gasoline engines, these engines are more efficient.
However, the vibrations from the engine and the unpleasant odour from
the exhaust are the main drawbacks as compared to gasoline engines.
7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report
22/22
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS:
Internal Combustion Engines by V GANESAN
Internal Combustion Engines by MATHUR & SHARMA
WEBSITES:
http://www.wikipedia.org/
http://images.google.com/
http://www.wikipedia.org/http://images.google.com/http://images.google.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/Recommended