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EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Heavy metal pollution assessment
within EMEP
Oleg Travnikov on behalf of MSC-E and CCC
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
• Preparation of emissions data for modelling (4.3)
• Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP (1.1.1-1.1.3)
• Operational modelling of HM transboundary pollution within EMEP region (1.3.2b)
• Assessment of long-term changes of HM transboundary pollution (1990-2010) (1.1.4, 1.3.2b)
• Country-scale pollution assessment – Case studies (1.3.5)
• Assessment of Hg intercontinental transport (1.3.6, 1.3.8c)
• Research and development:
Transition of the modelling system to the new EMEP grid (1.3.4)
Pilot simulations on the new EMEP grid and evaluation against measurements (1.3.4)
Elaboration of multi-media model approach for Hg (1.3.8c)
• Co-operation with subsidiary bodies, international organizations and programmes (1.6.2, 1.6.3, 1.1.7)
EMEP activities on heavy metals in 2014
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Emissions data for modelling Item 4.3 Co-operation with TFEIP
EMEP official emissions data (Parties, CEIP):
• Time-series of national emission totals (Parties, annually)
• Gridded emissions for the latest reported year (CEIP, annually)
• Gridded sectoral emissions (Parties, once in five years)
• Emissions from Large Point Sources (Parties, once in five years)
Additional emissions data for modelling (MSC-E):
• Time-series of gridded annual emissions for 1990-2012
• Speciation of Hg emissions (Hg0, Hg(II)gas, Hg(II)part)
• Vertical distribution of anthropogenic emissions
• Emissions for the non-EMEP countries within the EMEP domain (Northern Africa and Middle East)
• Gridded emissions on a global scale (Hg)
• Natural and secondary sources (re-suspension and re-emission)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Pb in precipitation
59 sites
Pb in air
45 sites
Measurements of Pb, Cd and Hg in 2012
Monitoring of heavy metals within EMEP
Coverage of EMEP monitoring network for HMs is still limited
Cd in air
44 sites
Cd in precipitation
59 sites
Hg in air
18 sites
Hg in precipitation
27 sites
Items 1.1.1-1.1.3
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
- in air
- in precip.
- co-located
HM monitoring within EMEP
Benefits of moss data:
Wide spatial coverage
Large number of sites
Long period of measurements
(1990-2010)
Evaluation of total (wet+dry)
deposition
HM in mosses (2005)
Measurements of heavy metal concentration in mosses
Supplementary measurement data Co-operation with WGE Item 1.1.6
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
HM in mosses (2005) HM in mosses (1990-2010)
Measurements of heavy metal concentration in mosses
Supplementary measurement data Co-operation with WGE Item 1.1.6
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Conc. in
mosses, m
g/k
g
0
15
30
45
To
tal d
ep
ositio
n, g
/km
2 /y
Conc. in moss
Deposition flux Cd
0
3
6
9
12
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Co
nc. in
mo
sses, m
g/k
g
0.0
0.6
1.2
1.8
2.4
Tota
l depositio
n, kg
/km
2 /y
Conc. in moss
Deposition flux Pb
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Selected sites
Pb, Cd
Hg
- in air
- in precip.
- co-located
Evaluation of long-term trends Joint analysis of measurements and modelling
Items 1.1.4, 1.1.8, 1.3.2b Co-operation with TFMM
0
10
20
30
40
19
90
(Ja
n)
19
90
(A
ug
)
19
91
(M
ar)
19
91
(O
ct)
19
92
(M
ay)
19
92
(D
ec)
19
93
(Ju
l)
19
94
(F
eb
)
19
94
(S
ep
)
19
95
(A
pr)
19
95
(N
ov)
19
96
(Ju
n)
19
97
(Ja
n)
19
97
(A
ug
)
19
98
(M
ar)
19
98
(O
ct)
19
99
(M
ay)
19
99
(D
ec)
20
00
(Ju
l)
20
01
(F
eb
)
20
01
(S
ep
)
20
02
(A
pr)
20
02
(N
ov)
20
03
(Ju
n)
20
04
(Ja
n)
20
04
(A
ug
)
20
05
(M
ar)
20
05
(O
ct)
20
06
(M
ay)
20
06
(D
ec)
20
07
(Ju
l)
20
08
(F
eb
)
20
08
(S
ep
)
20
09
(A
pr)
20
09
(N
ov)
20
10
(Ju
n)
Co
nce
ntr
atio
ns in
air
, n
g/m
3
Observed Modelled
Trend (observed) Trend (modelled)
Pb (DE1, Germany)
0
1
2
3
19
90
(Ja
n)
19
90
(A
ug
)
19
91
(M
ar)
19
91
(O
ct)
19
92
(M
ay)
19
92
(D
ec)
19
93
(Ju
l)
19
94
(F
eb
)
19
94
(S
ep
)
19
95
(A
pr)
19
95
(N
ov)
19
96
(Ju
n)
19
97
(Ja
n)
19
97
(A
ug
)
19
98
(M
ar)
19
98
(O
ct)
19
99
(M
ay)
19
99
(D
ec)
20
00
(Ju
l)
20
01
(F
eb
)
20
01
(S
ep
)
20
02
(A
pr)
20
02
(N
ov)
20
03
(Ju
n)
20
04
(Ja
n)
20
04
(A
ug
)
20
05
(M
ar)
20
05
(O
ct)
20
06
(M
ay)
20
06
(D
ec)
20
07
(Ju
l)
20
08
(F
eb
)
20
08
(S
ep
)
We
t d
ep
ositio
n,
g/k
m2/m
on
th
Observed Modelled
Trend (observed) Trend (modelled)
Hg (SE2, SE14, Sweden)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
0
5
10
15
201
99
0
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
Air c
on
ce
ntr
atio
n, n
g/m
3
Approximation
Model
Pb (DE3, Germany)
Evaluation of long-term trends Smoothed approximation of long-term changes
21
21
tt
eCeCy
Bi-exponential approximation:
1, 2 – characteristic times
0
20
40
60
80
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
Me
an
de
po
sitio
n, g
/km
2/y Approximation
Model
Cd
Long-term changes of HM deposition to Europe
0
1
2
3
4
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
Me
an
de
po
sitio
n, kg
/km
2/y
Approximation
Model
Pb
0
5
10
15
20
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
Me
an
de
po
sitio
n, g
/km
2/y Approximation
Model
Hg
Items 1.1.4, 1.1.8, 1.3.2b Co-operation with TFMM
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Evaluation of long-term trends Long-term changes in EMEP countries (1990-2010)
Items 1.1.4, 1.1.8, 1.3.2b Co-operation with TFMM
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
Me
an
de
po
siti
on
, kg
/km
2/y
Switzerland Pb
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
Me
an
de
po
sitio
n, kg
/km
2/y
Sweden Pb
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
Me
an
de
po
sitio
n, kg
/km
2/y
Belarus Pb
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Evaluation of long-term trends Long-term changes in EMEP countries (1990-2010)
0
5
10
15
20
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Slo
ve
nia
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rgU
nite
d_
Kin
gd
om
Fra
nce
Sp
ain
Au
str
iaB
elg
ium
Lith
ua
nia
Ne
the
rla
nd
sG
erm
an
yS
we
de
nIta
lyF
inla
nd
Mo
na
co
Po
rtu
ga
lB
ela
rus
Ukra
ine
La
tvia
Esto
nia
De
nm
ark
No
rwa
yM
on
ten
eg
roH
un
ga
ryM
old
ova
Ire
lan
dC
roa
tia
Cze
ch
_R
ep
ub
licS
lova
kia
Po
lan
dB
osn
ia_
He
rze
go
vin
aR
om
an
iaR
ussia
Se
rbia
Gre
ece
FY
R_
Ma
ce
do
nia
Bu
lga
ria
Alb
an
iaC
yp
rus
Ma
lta
Ice
lan
dT
urk
ey
Ge
org
iaA
rme
nia
Aze
rba
ijanM
ea
n r
ed
uctio
n r
ate
, %
pe
r ye
ar
Pb
Items 1.1.4, 1.1.8, 1.3.2b
0
5
10
15
20
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Slo
ve
nia
Lu
xe
mb
ou
rgU
nite
d_
Kin
gd
om
Fra
nce
Sp
ain
Au
str
iaB
elg
ium
Lith
ua
nia
Ne
the
rla
nd
sG
erm
an
yS
we
de
nIta
lyF
inla
nd
Mo
na
co
Po
rtu
ga
lB
ela
rus
Ukra
ine
La
tvia
Esto
nia
De
nm
ark
No
rwa
yM
on
ten
eg
roH
un
ga
ryM
old
ova
Ire
lan
dC
roa
tia
Cze
ch
_R
ep
ub
licS
lova
kia
Po
lan
dB
osn
ia_
He
rze
go
vin
aR
om
an
iaR
ussia
Se
rbia
Gre
ece
FY
R_
Ma
ce
do
nia
Bu
lga
ria
Alb
an
iaC
yp
rus
Ma
lta
Ice
lan
dT
urk
ey
Ge
org
iaA
rme
nia
Aze
rba
ijanM
ea
n r
ed
uctio
n r
ate
, %
pe
r ye
ar
Hg
Analysis of long-term trends will be further discussed at TFMM Workshop (November, 2014)
Co-operation with TFMM
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Country-scale pollution assessment Case studies of HM pollution in selected EMEP countries
Approach:
Evaluation of pollution levels in a country with fine spatial resolution involving variety of national data
Requirements:
• Detailed emissions data (fine resolution, source categories, LPS)
• Additional measurements from national monitoring networks
• Participation of national experts in joint analysis of the results
Countries involved:
Country Czech Rep Croatia Netherlands Belarus
Status complete complete complete in progress
Croatia
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Co-operation with TFMM Items 1.3.5, 1.1.9
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
• Contribution of different emission source categories
Pb deposition in the Netherlands
Heavy metal pollution in the Netherlands
Additional information on country scale:
• Pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (down to 5×5 km2)
• Contamination of the country provinces
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Me
an
de
po
sitio
n, kg
/km
2 /y
Source categories:
- Aviation
- Small-scale combustion
- Industrial processes
- Transport
- Iron and steel production
- Other
Co-operation with TFMM Items 1.3.5, 1.1.9
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Pb deposition in the Netherlands
Heavy metal pollution in the Netherlands
Major foreign contributors:
- Germany
- Belgium
- United Kingdom
- France
Major national contributor:
- Noord-Holland province
• Contribution of different emission source categories
• Transboundary transport between country’s provinces
Additional information on country scale:
• Pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (down to 5×5 km2)
• Contamination of a country provinces
Co-operation with TFMM Items 1.3.5, 1.1.9
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Heavy metal pollution in the Netherlands
Percents
Contribution of LPS to Pb deposition
(Tata Steel IJmuiden BV, Netherlands)
• Pollution from large point sources
• Contribution of different emission source categories
• Transboundary transport between country’s provinces
Additional information on country scale:
• Pollution levels with fine spatial resolution (down to 5×5 km2)
• Contamination of a country provinces
Co-operation with TFMM Items 1.3.5, 1.1.9
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Monitoring data:
• 1 background site (Berezinsky reserve)
• 19 urban stations
• Heavy metal measurements in soil
Case studies: Further activity Co-operation with TFMM Items 1.3.5, 1.1.9
Preparation of input data for modelling September, 2014
Pilot calculations with fine resolution October, 2014
Joint analysis of the results January, 2015
Calculation of country-specific information March, 2015
Preparation of the report April, 2015
Assessment of heavy metal pollution in EECCA countries (Belarus)
Emissions data (Pb, 2010):
• Resolution – 10x10 km2
• Source categories
• Large-point sources
Timeline:
Assessment results will be presented at the next TFMM meeting in spring 2015
Measurement sites in Belarus
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Objective: Provide boundary concentrations of heavy
metals for national scale simulations with MINNI model
Support of national scale modelling Co-operation with national experts from Italy (MINNI project)
Co-operation with TFMM Items 1.3.5, 1.1.9
Air concentrations of As over EMEP domain (simulated by MSC-E)
Considered species: Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cu, Se
Domain: Italy and surrounding
territories
Period: 2010
Emissions: EMEP official data, expert
estimates 0.1
0.3
0
0.5
1
2
5
10
MINNI simulations
ng/m3
Should we intensify activities on heavy metals of second priority within EMEP?
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Current activities on implementation
of the new grid:
• Preparation of input information for
the new EMEP domain
• Adaptation of GLEMOS model code for
regional simulations on the new grid
• Pilot simulations on the new EMEP grid
with high spatial resolution
• Preliminary evaluation against EMEP
observations
Current and new EMEP domains
Current EMEP domain
New EMEP domain
Further development of GLEMOS (Global EMEP Multi-media Modelling System)
Transition of the modelling system to the new EMEP grid
Co-operation with TFMM Item 1.3.4
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Required information: Orography (m, a.s.l.)
Precipitation (mm/month)
Input information for the new grid Preparation of variety of input information for modeling
Fraction of forests and shrubs (%)
Land cover information should be harmonized between the EMEP and WGE Centers
• Geophysical information (orography, …)
• Generation of meteorological input
(wind speed, precipitation, …)
• Land use/land cover information
• Characteristics of underlying surface
and vegetation (LAI, OM content, …)
• Data on reactants and aerosols in the
atmosphere
• Generation of oceanic data (sea
currents, salinity, …)
Co-operation with TFMM Item 1.3.4
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Pilot modelling on the new EMEP grid Nested simulations of Hg deposition (January and July 2010)
Hg total deposition over
the globe (1°×1°)
Hg deposition over the new EMEP
grid (0.2°×0.2°)
Co-operation with TFMM Item 1.3.4
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Hg0 concentration (0.2°×0.2°) and locations
of EMEP monitoring sites
Comparison of simulated Hg0 concentration with measurements
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3
Observed, ng/m3
Modelle
d,
ng/m
3
January
July
1:12:1
1:2
Evaluation of monthly mean
Hg wet deposition
Evaluation of pilot modelling results Co-operation with TFMM Item 1.3.4
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Comparison of simulated Hg wet deposition with measurements
Hg wet deposition (0.2°×0.2°) and locations
of EMEP monitoring sites
0
1
2
0 1 2
Observed, g/km2/y
Mo
de
lled,
g/k
m2/y
January
July
1:12:1
1:2
Evaluation of monthly mean
Hg wet deposition
Evaluation of pilot modelling results Co-operation with TFMM Item 1.3.4
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Comparison of hourly Hg concentration (January 2010)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
DOY
Hg
0 c
on
ce
ntr
atio
n,
ng
/m3
Observed GLEMOS
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
DOY
Hg
(II)
pa
rt c
on
ce
ntr
atio
n,
pg
/m3
Observed GLEMOS
Model Observations
Hg0
Hg(II)part
Day of year
Day of year
Location of Waldhof site
Underlying map – Hg
anthropogenic emissions
(0.2°x0.2°)
Evaluation of pilot modelling results Simulated Hg0 concentration vs. measurements at Waldhof (DE2)
DE2
Co-operation with TFMM Item 1.3.4
Evaluation of the model performance on the new EMEP grid will be continued with other pollutants (Pb, Cd, POPs)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Elaboration of multi-media model approach for Hg
General cycling of Hg in the ocean Development of model parameterizations:
• Air-water exchange of Hg between the atmosphere and the ocean
• Hg oxidation and reduction under solar and dark conditions
• Hg adsorption by suspended particulate matter and colloids
• Methylation and demethylation (biotic and abiotic)
Literature survey of Hg processes in seawater is published in Ocean Science Discussion (Batrakova et al., 2014)
Simulated Hg concentration in seawater
Item 1.3.8c
Further development of GLEMOS
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Objective:
Multi-model assessment of Hg atmos. processes and Hg pollution levels over the globe and in selected regions
Mercury multi-model assessment Co-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project
Tasks of the analysis:
• Global Hg concentration and deposition patterns
• Regional Hg patterns in Europe and Asia
• Hg dispersion and processes in the Polar regions
• Inverse modelling and evaluation of Hg emissions
• Source-receptor relationships on a global scale
Hg processes in the atmosphere
Storage in centralized database
Simulations program
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 …
Distributed analysis
Measurements Simulation results
Multi-model experiments
GMOS
network
Information flows of the study
Co-operation with TF HTAP Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, 1.6.3
TF HTAP
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
• Regional Hg networks (EMEP, AMAP, MDN, AMNet, NAtChem, …)
• GMOS global network for Hg (2012 - …)
Mercury multi-model assessment
GMOS GMOS
EMEP
EMEP
AMAP
NAtChem
MDN AMNet
NAtChem
AMNet
MDN
AMAP
• Hg measurements within EMEP (1990 - …)
Co-operation with TF HTAP
More close co-operation between EMEP and other monitoring programs is required to get access to measurement data
Co-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project
Monitoring networks and programs for Hg:
Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, 1.6.3
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
EMEP/MSC-E performs general coordination of the study and leads Hg model assessment on a global scale
Participating models:
Model Scale Institution
GLEMOS global/regional EMEP/MSC-E
ICHMERIT global CNR-IIA (Italy)
GRAHM global Environment Canada
GEOS-Chem global MIT (USA)
CMAQ-Hg-Hem hemispheric Lamar University (USA)
WRF-Chem regional CNR-IIA (Italy)
CMAQ-Hg regional HZG (Germany)
Co-operation with TF HTAP
Mercury multi-model assessment Co-operation with TF HTAP and EU GMOS project
Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, 1.6.3
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Co-operation with international bodies
Support of Minamata Convention on Mercury (UNEP)
EMEP/MSC-E activities:
• Participation in the Global Mercury Assessment
2013 for the 5th session of the Intergovernmental
Negotiation Committee (Geneva, January 2013)
• Updated model estimates for the Conference of
Plenipotentiaries on adoption of the Minamata
Convention (Japan, October 2013)
• Update of Global Mercury Assessment in co-
operation with UNEP and AMAP for the 6th session
of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee
(Thailand, November 2014)
Antarctica Arctic Middle East
CIS countries
c
Australia North America
Africa South America Europe
c
East Asia Central America Southeast Asia
South Asia Size scale (units: g/km2/y)
Europe
Africa
Middle East
North America
Central America Other
South Asia
East Asia
Southeast Asia
Australia
CIS countries
Natural / legacySouth America
5
10
20
Antarctica Arctic Middle East
CIS countries
cc
Australia North America
Africa South America Europe
cc
East Asia Central America Southeast Asia
South Asia Size scale (units: g/km2/y)
Europe
Africa
Middle East
North America
Central America Other
South Asia
East Asia
Southeast Asia
Australia
CIS countries
Natural / legacySouth America
5
10
20
5
10
20
Items 1.1.7, 1.3.6
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Simulated Hg annual deposition in 2010 (GLEMOS)
Intercontinental transport of Hg Pilot estimates of source-receptor relationships for Hg deposition
Source regions
South Asia East Asia
South East Asia Australia and New Zealand
Africa Middle East
North America Mexico & Central America South America
Europe CIS countries
Arctic Antarctica
Source/receptor regions:
Natural and legacy sources
Hg d
epositio
n f
lux, g/k
m 2 /y
0
5
10
15
20
Items 1.3.6, 1.3.8c, 1.6.2
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Simulated Hg annual deposition in 2010 (GLEMOS)
Hg deposition to the ocean Source attribution of Hg deposition to fishing areas (2010)
Hg d
epositio
n f
lux, g/k
m /y
2
0
4
8
12
- Hg deposition flux
0
6
12
18
Fis
heries p
roduction, x10 t/y
6
- Total marine capture fisheries
production (FAO, 2013)
FAO fishing areas
18 - Arctic Sea
21 - Northwest Atlantic
27 - Northeast Atlantic
31 - Western Central Atlantic
34 - Eastern Central Atlantic
37 - Mediterranean and Black Sea
41 - Southwest Atlantic
47 - Southeast Atlantic
48 - Antarctic Atlantic
51 - Western Indian Ocean
57 - Eastern Indian Ocean
58 - Antarctic Indian Ocean
61 - Northwest Pacific
67 - Northeast Pacific
71 - Western Central Pacific
77 - Eastern Central Pacific
81 - Southwest Pacific
87 - Southeast Pacific
88 - Antarctic Pacific
Items 1.3.6, 1.3.8c, 1.6.2
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Workplan elements on HMs for 2015
Assessment of heavy metal pollution:
Operational monitoring and modelling pollution levels within EMEP and evaluation of modelling results against measurements (1.1.4, 1.3.2b)
Country-scale assessment of HM pollution within the Case studies (Belarus) in co-operation with TFMM and national experts (1.3.5)
Evaluation of the role of large point sources (LPS) in HM pollution within EMEP countries (1.3.5)
Research and development:
Further testing and evaluation of regional modelling on the new EMEP grid (1.3.4)
Further development of multi-media modelling of Hg to assess contribution of secondary and legacy sources their interaction with climate change (1.3.6, 1.3.8c)
Refinement of wind re-suspension of HMs and study of Hg interaction with atmospheric aerosol (1.3.6, 1.3.8c)
EMEP Steering Body, Geneva, 2014
Workplan elements on HMs for 2015
Co-operation with international bodies:
Assessment of HM pollution of the Baltic Sea (HELCOM) (1.1.7)
Coordination of multi-model study of Hg dispersion in the environment within GMOS/TFHTAP model experiments (1.1.7, 1.6.3, co-funded by EC)
Update of Global Mercury Assessment in co-operation with UNEP and AMAP to support Minamata Convention (1.1.7, 1.3.6, 1.6.2, co-funded by AMAP)
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