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Honors Biology
Chapter 1
Themes of Life
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Biology
Bio- = life
-ology = study of
Therefore, biology is the study of life.
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Organisms Living things
Include all six kingdoms:
Animals, plants, fungi, protists, eubacteria andarchaebacteria
What does it mean for an organism to beliving?
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Themes
Recurring ideas that will be presented
throughout the text
Focus on vocabulary for these ideas
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Cell structure and function Structure = how it is built
Function = what it does
Important point how do structureand function reinforce each other?
Muscle cell vs. bone cell
Plant cell vs. animal cell
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Unicellular, multicellular (differentiation)
Uni = one Multi = many
Unicellular organisms the one cell does all ofthe tasks of living
Multicellular organisms if cells aredifferentiated, then the different cell types canspecialize
Differentiation = process of cell types becomingdifferent from one another
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Stability and homeostasis Homeostasis = Stable level of internal conditions
Processes involved may include Water movement Temperature control
Maintenance of concentration of materials
Control of rate of reactions
Generally, consider automatic responses
Generally, not involving behaviors or conscious choices
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Reproduction and inheritance Reproduction = creation of offspring
Inheritance = passing on of traits must involve DNA
(gene = segment of DNA that controls production of one polypeptide)
Sexual vs. asexualTwo cells uniting (fertilization) to form new individual
vs.One cell or cohesive group of parent cells to form new individual
Consider hermaphrodites: male and female together
If self-fertile, need only one parent for sexual reproduction
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Evolution
Definition = a change in a species over time
Notes:
change does not imply more complex orsimpler, just different
species is for the whole group, not for anyindividual
Natural selection most commonly accepted theoryon the mechanism for how such changes occur
Involves survival of the fittest (fitting the environment)
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Interdependence of organisms
WE ARE NOT ALONE!
Ecology study of the interaction betweenorganisms and their environments
Ecosystems the organisms and environment in aparticular area
Eco = house or home
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Matter , energy, organization
Matter = anything with mass and volume
Energy
Many forms (examples?) Transformations
Transfers
No creation or destruction (which law is that?
Heterotrophs vs. autotrophsother feeders vs. self feeders
Photosynthesis and respiration
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Life Can it be defined?
Good question!
Note that no single trait can definesomething as alive or not alive.
Must use a suite of traits to determinestatus.
Different texts use slightly different sets oftraitsgo with it.
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Cells
All living organisms are composed of cells.
A cell is the basic unit of structure andfunction in living organims.
Unicellular vs. multicellular.
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Organization
Organisms are organized in theirstructure and function.
Individual cells are organized.
Cells within multicellular organisms are
organized. Chemical reactions within organisms are
organized.
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Energy use
All organisms use energy.
It takes energy to stay organized.
For Earth, ultimate energy source is the sun.
Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs
Movement of energy between organisms andwithin organisms.
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Homeostasis
Stability of internal conditions.
All organisms have limits for the conditionsunder which they can survive.
Use lots of mechanisms to ensure that theinternal conditions stay within the limits.
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Growth (size and number of cells and
development)
Growth can be increase in size of cells, or
increase in number of cells to increase size of
multicellular organism.
Growth can also be a reference to
developmental changes (not size).
Development = changes in organism as it becomes
mature.
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Reproduction
Production of offspring.
Recall need for DNA to be involved.
May be sexual or asexual; some organisms can
utilize both methods.
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Adaptation
Noun; adaptation = feature of an organism
that helps it to survive.
Not a behavioral issue.
Achieve adaptations through evolution.
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Scientific Processes and Methods
Scientific process is fluid.
There is exact listing of steps that must all
occur every time.
Many processes are involved.
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Observe and Collect Data
Observations are made with senses and sometimesuse tools.
Data may be qualitative (descriptive).
Data may be quantitative (number-based). Count (use senses and note each instance)
Measure (use a tool to get some indication of howmuch; consider significant figures); should indicateunits.
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Measure
See note above about measuring.
Use metrics only. Not more accurate, but easier to convert from one size
unit to another.
Length use meters Mass use grams
Volume use liters (not standard, but common)
Time use seconds
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Organize Data
Make graphs, charts, tables, maps.
Always doing so in order to see if meaningful(significant) patterns occur.
Special note:
Graphs -- independent variable on X axis,dependent variable on Y axis.
Ask yourself:
Does variable A depend on variable B?Or does variable B depend on variable A?
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Classify
Grouping information into smaller collections
based on similarities
Taxonomy = science of classifying organisms.
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Hypothesize
Hypo= below or under
Thesis = definitive statement about some phenomenon
Hypothesis a statement that is not definitive aboutsome phenomenon
A testable statement about observable phenomenon
Always involves prediction
Should be testable
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Predict
Always part of a good hypothesis
If..., then.
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Experiment
Should test the hypothesis
Limit the number of variables as much aspossible
Controlled experiment involves at least twoiterations (runs or repeats) of the procedure The control version = version that will serve as a
basis of comparison
The experimental version = changed in some wayfrom the control, and compare results from thisversion to the control
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Analyze Data
More are better
More reliable if they are replicated
Check for patterns
relies on organization of data Significance = the perceived pattern / result is NOT
due to chance
In other words, the results happened because something
caused them to happen statistics
Used to support or refute hypothesis
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Infer
Draw conclusions based on observations
Not directly observed
Very common in molecular biology,
biochemistry, chemistry
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Model
Helps to explain a broad body of ideas and
show how they inter-relate
May be visual, verbal, mathematical
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Develop theory
Theory = proposed explanation of some
observable phenomenon
Why it happens
How it happens
Must be supported by substantial amount of
data
May be revised as new data become available
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Communicate
Share information and ideas
Data
Theories
Visual, verbal, mathematical
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Scientific Method
Observe --> Hypothesize -->Experiment
Support Hypothesis --> RepeatExp. --> Theorize
OR Refute Hypothesis and begin again
Above is typical part of process for a
professional scientist
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Tools and Techniques
Microscopes
Light Microscope use light to form images
Know the parts of a light micrscope
Compound vs. dissecting
Light goes through specimen vs. light bounces off
specimen
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Microscopes (cont.)
ElectronMicroscope use beam of electrons
to form image
TEM vs. SEM
Electons go through specimen vs. electrons
bounce off of specimen
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Microscopes (cont.)
Scanning Tunneling
Computer-generated image based on electron
clouds
Used for surfaces of substances
Atomic view (sort of)
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Microscopes (cont.)
Phase Contrast
Uses light in different phases to create more
contrast in different parts of a specimen
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Cell Culture
Fractionation
Centrifugation Cell culture = grow cells in controlled conditions
(flask, petri dish, etc.)
Fractionation = break cells apart to studyindividual parts (blender is sometimes useful)
Centrifugation = method of separating materialsbased on density or mass
Involves spinning mixtures at high speed
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Chromatography (Paper, Thin layer, Column)
Electrophoresis
Sampling Chromatography = method of separating
materials based on how well they dissolve in asolve and move along a path with the solvent
Electrophoresis = method of separating materialsbased on how well they follow a current ofelectricity through some medium (gel)
Sampling = method of study
Study a small group Apply results to larger group
Example: political polls Or look at 1000 dandelion,s and make inference about ALL
dandelions
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