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Development of the coordination between postureand manual control
Jeffrey M. Haddad a,, Laura J. Claxton a, Rachel Keen b, Neil E. Berthier c,Gary E. Riccio d, Joseph Hamill d, Richard E. A. Van Emmerik d
a Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USAb Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USAc Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USAd Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:Received 3 November 2010Revised 1 August 2011Available online xxxx
Keywords:BalanceManual precisionDevelopmentManual controlPostural controlCoordination
a b s t r a c t
Studies have suggested that proper postural control is essential forthe development of reaching. However, little research has exam-ined the development of the coordination between posture andmanual control throughout childhood. We investigated the coordi-nation between posture and manual control in children (7- and10-year-olds) and adults during a precision fitting task as taskconstraints became more difficult. Participants fit a block throughan opening as arm kinematics, trunk kinematics, and center ofpressure data were collected. During the fitting task, the precision,postural, and visual constraints of the task were manipulated.Young children adopted a strategy where they first move theirtrunk toward the opening and then stabilize their trunk (freezedegrees of freedom) as the precision manual task is being per-formed. In contrast, adults and older children make compensatorytrunk movements as the task is being performed. The 10-year-oldswere similar to adults under the less constrained task conditions,but they resembled the 7-year-olds under the more challengingtasks. The ability to either suppress or allow postural fluctuationsbased on the constraints of a suprapostural task begins to developat around 10 years of age. This ability, once developed, allows chil-dren to learn specific segmental movements required to completea task within an environmental context.
2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
0022-0965/$ - see front matter 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.08.002
Corresponding author. Fax: 765 496 1239.E-mail address: jmhaddad@purdue.edu (J.M. Haddad).
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology xxx (2011) xxxxxx
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Journal of Experimental ChildPsychology
journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/locate/ jecp
Please cite this article in press as: Haddad, J. M., et al. Development of the coordination between posture andmanual control. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.08.002
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.08.002mailto:jmhaddad@purdue.eduhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.08.002http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00220965http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jecphttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.08.002Recommended