Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau

Medical Imaging Techniques

François RameauGuillaume Lemaître

17th February 2009

Outline

Introduction

Radiography

Computed Tomography (CT)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Medical ultrasonography

Conclusion

Outline

Introduction

Radiography

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)Medical ultrasonography

Conclusion

IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion

Introduction

Computer vision and imaging theory are used in medical imaging techiques

Important to know basic notions of these technologies

Medical imaging allows to :

Create a reconstruction of human body

Reveal, diagnose and examine diseases

Study of metabolism and morphology

Outline

Introduction

Radiography

Computed Tomography (CT)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Conclusion

FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages

Radiography – Functionning

First Radiograph in 1895

X-ray : wavelength = 5 picometers

The film provides a measure of the ray attenuation in tissue

Radiography – Functionning

White represents high densityBlack represents low density

Radiography – Field of use

Bones imaging

Dental domain

Radiography – Advantages/Disadvantages

Advantages:

Disadvantages::

Excellent for imaging bones

Noninvasive

Good availability

Harmful rays

Bad results for soft tissues

Low cost

Outline

Introduction

Radiography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Conclusion

Computed Tomography (CT) – Functionning

A recent technology (1970)

Use X-rays

Examples of slices with CT :

Computed Tomography (CT) – Field of use

Cardiac Imaging

Bones Imaging

Cerebral Imaging

Reconstitution of organs in 3D

Pulmonary Imaging

Computed Tomography (CT) – Advantages/Disadvantages

Advantages:

Disadvantages::

Excellent for bones imaging

Provides 3D anatomical information

Good availability

Harmful rays

Bad result for soft tissue

Claustrophobia

Noninvasive

Outline

Introduction

Radiograph

Conclusion

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning

First Imaging in 1975

Structure of MRI :

MRI is based on NMR : Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Consequence :

Use spin theory

Spin theory :

Compass needle

Hydrogenous Atom

Initial Position :

Position of moment

Parallel direction:

Parallel directionAntiparallel direction

Excitation - Relaxation :

Excite moment of spin with Lamor frequency defined by :

NoyauSpin Net

γ(MHz/T)

1H 1/2 42,58

Align moment of spin on xy scale :

Calculate relaxation time

Long relaxtion time = high energy emittedShort relaxation time = low energy emitted

Reception of energy with antenna

Examples of slices with MRI :

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Field of use

Angio – MRI

Cardiac – MRI

Cholangio – MRI

Cerebral – MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Advantages/Disadvantages

Advantages:

Disadvantages::

Main modality for image guided surgerySuperb ability to discriminate between subtle differences in tissue characteristicsVery safe

Less accurate for bone scanningProblem with metal corps

Problem of avaibilaty

Cost of machine MRI (3 million €)

Outline

Introduction

Radiography

Conclusion

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Functionning

Injection of radioactive product :Fluorine associated with glucoseThe device emits positrons

Positrons create reaction with tracer (radioactive product) : Gamma ray

Emission of gamma ray is detected by the machine

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Functionning

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Field of use

Oncology

Neurology

Cardiology

Psychiatry

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Advantages/Disadvantages

Advantages:

Disadvantages::

Functional imaging

Used in a lot of domains

Amount of radiation is small

Invasive method

Outline

Introduction

Radiography

Conclusion

Medical ultrasonography – Functionning

First Imaging in 1979

Transducter :

Emit ultrasounds

Receive the echo of ultrasounds emitted

Translation of echo :

Compare the emitted frequency and the received frequency

Examples of slices and reconstruction with ultrasonography :

Medical ultrasonography – Field of use

Cardiology

Endocrinology

Gyneacology

Obstetrics

Ophtalmology

Medical ultrasonography – Advantages/Disadvantages

Advantages:

Disadvantages::

Noninvasive

Clean & safe

In-expensive

NoisyGas filled and bony structures cannot be imaged because they absorb ultrasound waves.

Outline

Introduction

Radiography

Conclusion

Constant development in medical imaging

Each method is specific

Thanks for your attention

Guillaume Lemaître François Rameau

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