Gregor Mendel is considered the “ Father of Genetics ”

GenesGenes are composed of DNADNA && are located on chromosomeschromosomes

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/5940588.html

Gregor MendelGregor Mendel is considered the ““Father of GeneticsFather of Genetics””

http://www.payer.de/fundamentalismus/fund0229.gif

http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/mendel1440.htm

AllelesAlleles are the TWOTWO alternatealternate forms of a genegene ONEONE from each parentparent

http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/14.3.gif

There are two lociloci illustrated below……One

for flower color && another for stem length

http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/genetics-%20genes/img021.gif

Mendel’sMendel’s law of segregationlaw of segregation is illustrated during meiosis Imeiosis I

http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch9meiosisnotes.html

During meiosis IImeiosis II, sister sister chromatidschromatids separate

http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k4ch9meiosisnotes.html

Usually only oneone of the twotwo alleles is expressed This expressed allele is known as the dominant alleledominant allele

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004367/media/mendel.gif

What do genesgenes code for??http://www.nchpeg.org/dental/images/GENES.GIF

What are examples of proteinsproteins??http://www.cybered.net/content.asp?contentid=684

In guinea pigsguinea pigs, blackblack coat color is dominant over whitewhite coat color

http://pics.hoobly.com/full/bd553abb0b9e97f3ef883a9c01150055.jpghttp://www.meerschweinchen.de/cavia/pict/SHa-2.jpg

TEST CROSSTEST CROSShttp://www.saburchill.com/IBbiology/chapters03/003.html

In mice, greygrey (GG) is dominant over whitewhite (gg). Therefore, the genotypegenotype for a grey mouse could be GGGG or GgGg. How could we find out??

Dihybrid CrossDihybrid Crosshttp://www.gwu.edu/~darwin/BiSc150/One/genetics.htm

A dihybrid cross results in a phenotypic ratiophenotypic ratio of

99:33:33:11

Mendel’s Law of Independent AssortmentLaw of Independent Assortmenthttp://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/c13x9independent-assortment.jpg

Independent AssortmentIndependent Assortmenthttp://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mitosis/sf9x5b.jpg

Incomplete DominanceIncomplete Dominancehttp://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mendel/c14x9incomplete-dominance.jpg

How do you think the pinkpink flower in the middle came to be??

Incomplete DominanceIncomplete Dominancehttp://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mendel/incomplete.htm

Both dominant alleles (RR & & WW)express themselves, with each producing proteinsproteins that contribute to flower color

RoanRoan coat color is a mixture of red red && whitewhite hairs

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Belgisk_hest.jpg

Blood TypesBlood Typeshttp://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mendel/blood.htm

http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/images/ABObloodsystem.gif

GenesGenes found on the SAMESAME chromosomechromosome are linkedlinked && usually inherited togetherinherited together

http://nwcreation.net/images/chromosome.jpghttp://www.harcourtschool.com/glossary/science/images/gr5/gene5.jpg

Crossing OverCrossing Overhttp://www.nicerweb.com/doc/class/bio1151/Locked/media/ch13/13_11CrossingOver_L.jpg

Crossing overCrossing over can unlinkunlink linked geneslinked genes http://img.sparknotes.com/content/testprep/bookimgs/sat2/biology/0001/crossingover.gif

For humanshumans, the sex of the child depends on whether the sperm cellsperm cell (nn) that fertilized the egg cellegg cell (nn) carried an XX or YY chromosome

Note, this is NOTNOT necessarily the case for other organisms

Map of Human ChromosomesMap of Human ChromosomesFundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (5th Edition), Martini. (2001). Page 1096.

The XX && YY Chromosomes Chromosomeshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowSection&rid=gnd.section.295

HemophiliaHemophilia is a sex-linkedsex-linked disorder. The genegene is on the XX chromosomechromosome.

http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/hemophilia.jpg

http://www.hemophiliagalaxy.com/patients/images/genetics4c.gif

RedRed--GreenGreen Colorblindness Colorblindness

http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/111F98Lect/colorblind/ http://www.csun.edu/~vceed002/biology/senses/vision_labs/2a.jpg

Muscular DystrophyMuscular Dystrophy

http://members.lycos.nl/guvennekes/hpbimg/mattie%20stepanek.jpg

http://www.artmed.pl/gfx/scol1.jpg

Chromosome mutationsChromosome mutations can be detected through karyotypekaryotype analysis

NondisjunctionNondisjunction results in gametesgametes with the incorrect #incorrect # of chromosomes

http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/mendel/c15x11nondisjunction.jpg

Down SyndromeDown Syndromehttp://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/dna/chromosomes2.gifhttp://www.dsamn.org/photogallery/photoAlbums/DSAMFaces/full/scan0033.jpg

Chromosome MutationsChromosome Mutations

http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/xo&xxy.jpg

http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/HumanBioogy/bills_developmental_abnormalities.htm

Turner’s SyndromeTurner’s Syndrome (XOXO) && Klinefelter’s SyndromeKlinefelter’s Syndrome (XXYXXY)

ttp://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/HumanBioogy/bills_developmental_abnormalities.htm http://www.mf.uni-lj.si/acta-apa/acta-apa-02-4/3.1.jpg

Other Chromosome MutationsOther Chromosome Mutationshttp://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/13&18.jpg

http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/HumanBioogy/Finished%20Images/gen09.gif

Polyploid PlantsPolyploid Plantshttp://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/24-13-Autopolyploidy-L.gif

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/hybrids1.htm

UV radiationUV radiation can cause gene gene mutationsmutations by altering DNADNA

http://www.opt.pacificu.edu/ce/catalog/15719-GO/Fig%206.jpg

Genetic Variation in HumansGenetic Variation in Humans

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions Do any classmates have the same number you

have? How many different combinations of the 5 traits

are possible? How many combinations would be possible with 6 traits?

In terms of what happens during meiosis and fertilization, explain how all the various combinations of alleles are possible.

Why is it virtually certain that, except for identical twins, even offspring of the same parents will not be genetically identical?

Using your own key, list your 5 traits and the possible genotype(s) for each. Note that all the traits listed are recessive.